998 resultados para Liberté intellectuelle


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Conférence-midi prononcée à la Direction des bibliothèques le 17 mars 2005.

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We propose finite sample tests and confidence sets for models with unobserved and generated regressors as well as various models estimated by instrumental variables methods. The validity of the procedures is unaffected by the presence of identification problems or \"weak instruments\", so no detection of such problems is required. We study two distinct approaches for various models considered by Pagan (1984). The first one is an instrument substitution method which generalizes an approach proposed by Anderson and Rubin (1949) and Fuller (1987) for different (although related) problems, while the second one is based on splitting the sample. The instrument substitution method uses the instruments directly, instead of generated regressors, in order to test hypotheses about the \"structural parameters\" of interest and build confidence sets. The second approach relies on \"generated regressors\", which allows a gain in degrees of freedom, and a sample split technique. For inference about general possibly nonlinear transformations of model parameters, projection techniques are proposed. A distributional theory is obtained under the assumptions of Gaussian errors and strictly exogenous regressors. We show that the various tests and confidence sets proposed are (locally) \"asymptotically valid\" under much weaker assumptions. The properties of the tests proposed are examined in simulation experiments. In general, they outperform the usual asymptotic inference methods in terms of both reliability and power. Finally, the techniques suggested are applied to a model of Tobin’s q and to a model of academic performance.

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In this paper, we propose several finite-sample specification tests for multivariate linear regressions (MLR) with applications to asset pricing models. We focus on departures from the assumption of i.i.d. errors assumption, at univariate and multivariate levels, with Gaussian and non-Gaussian (including Student t) errors. The univariate tests studied extend existing exact procedures by allowing for unspecified parameters in the error distributions (e.g., the degrees of freedom in the case of the Student t distribution). The multivariate tests are based on properly standardized multivariate residuals to ensure invariance to MLR coefficients and error covariances. We consider tests for serial correlation, tests for multivariate GARCH and sign-type tests against general dependencies and asymmetries. The procedures proposed provide exact versions of those applied in Shanken (1990) which consist in combining univariate specification tests. Specifically, we combine tests across equations using the MC test procedure to avoid Bonferroni-type bounds. Since non-Gaussian based tests are not pivotal, we apply the “maximized MC” (MMC) test method [Dufour (2002)], where the MC p-value for the tested hypothesis (which depends on nuisance parameters) is maximized (with respect to these nuisance parameters) to control the test’s significance level. The tests proposed are applied to an asset pricing model with observable risk-free rates, using monthly returns on New York Stock Exchange (NYSE) portfolios over five-year subperiods from 1926-1995. Our empirical results reveal the following. Whereas univariate exact tests indicate significant serial correlation, asymmetries and GARCH in some equations, such effects are much less prevalent once error cross-equation covariances are accounted for. In addition, significant departures from the i.i.d. hypothesis are less evident once we allow for non-Gaussian errors.

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Traduction française de l'article du professeur David Vaver, « The public image of publishers and copyright ». Texte d’une présentation au 6e Symposium international sur le droit d’auteur de l’Union internationale des éditeurs, tenu à Montréal, les 24-26 avril 2006.

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This paper is a translation of the first part of an article published in Cahiers de propriété intellectuelle (2003).

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Un résumé en anglais est également disponible.

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Un résumé en anglais est également disponible

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Un résumé en anglais est également disponible.

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En 1989, le législateur québécois a restreint la liberté contractuelle des époux en imposant à tous les couples l'obligation de partager, au jour de la dissolution matrimoniale, un certain nombre de biens à caractère familial. Selon toute vraisemblance, le législateur souhaitait endiguer les injustices économiques engendrées par le divorce des femmes mariées dans les années 40, 50 et 60 sous un régime de séparation conventionnelle de biens. En visant l'ensemble des couples, le législateur a certes atteint son but, mais au détriment de ceux qui auraient pu raisonnablement et équitablement tirer profit du contrat de mariage. Après avoir mis en relief la rigidité des principes juridiques sur la base desquels le contrat de mariage a pu autrefois s'imposer au mépris d'une justice conjugale élémentaire, l'auteur examine les législations des autres provinces canadiennes qui, de tout temps, accordent aux tribunaux le pouvoir de réviser le contenu d'un marriage contract en cas d'iniquité ou d'abus. À la lumière de ces législations et de l'interprétation qu'en a retenu la Cour suprême du Canada dans l'arrêt Hartshorne, l'auteur propose l'introduction, en droit québécois, d'un pouvoir de révision ou d'annulation judiciaire du contrat de mariage pour cause de lésion et d'imprévision, ces normes de contrôle judiciaire étant à même d'assurer un meilleur équilibre entre liberté et équité.

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