Análisis y preparación estadística de variables para el diseño de un modelo credit score de gestión de riesgo de crédito

El presente estudio busca enfatizar la labor previa a la construcción de cualquier modelo de gestión de riesgo crediticio basado en un sistema tipo scoring. Esta importante fase inicial involucra la identificación de las fuentes de información, la verificación de la cantidad y calidad de los datos, la determinación y tipificación de variables cualitativas, cuantitativas, demográficas, así como la verificación y cuantificación del poder discriminante de dichas variables respecto el objetivo planteado. Con este fin se profundiza en el análisis estadístico a nivel descriptivo, en forma individual y conjunta de los datos, además de bosquejar los pasos esenciales en la arquitectura de un modelo credit score de gestión de riesgo crediticio.

Gestión de riesgo de crédito de la Cooperativa de Ahorro y Crédito Maquita Cushunchic: análisis y preparación estadística de variables para el diseño de un modelo Credit Score de cartera de consumo

El presente estudio busca analizar y preparar estadísticamente un conjunto de variables para el diseño de un modelo de aprobación CREDIT SCORE de cartera de consumo, tipo probabilístico, que apoye al oficial de crédito en la toma de la decisión antes de conceder o no un crédito de consumo; para que la decisión no sea subjetiva sino objetiva, medible (probabilística) apoyada en una ecuación que contenga sustento teórico y empírico dado por la base de datos histórica de la Cooperativa de ahorro y crédito Maquita Cushunchic. En la presente tesis partimos con fundamentación teórica que sustenta nuestro trabajo de investigación. En el segundo capítulo se realiza un diagnostico situacional de la empresa, donde se define la visión, la misión y definición de temas estratégicos. En el tercer capítulo realizaremos un análisis y preparación estadística de variables para el diseño de un modelo de aprobación CREDIT SCORE de cartera de consumo, esta fase involucra “la identificación de las fuentes de información, la verificación de cantidad y calidad de los datos, la determinación y tipificación de variables cualitativas, cuantitativas y demográficas, así como la verificación y cuantificación del poder discriminante de dichas variables respecto al objetivo planteado” 1, todo esto se lo realiza con el objetivo de aplicar un concepto de sistemas de calificación de crédito que se define de la siguiente manera: “la calificación supone que el desempeño de los prestamos futuros con características dadas, será parecido al desempeño de los prestamos pasados con características similares"2. Lo que se busca finalmente es que el modelo sea una herramienta de apoyo empírico que ayude a la toma de decisiones antes de conceder o no un credito. Finalmente termina este trabajo formulando conclusiones y recomendaciones.

Desarrollo de un Score de crédito para el financiamiento automotríz, con base en el análisis estadístico de variables

El mercado automotriz en el Ecuador es uno de los sectores que dinamiza la economía; a través de la producción e importación de vehículos y la comercialización de estos. El crecimiento de este sector en los últimos años ha sido constante y sostenido, al igual que el incremento de financiamientos otorgados a los consumidores o sujetos de crédito para la compra de un vehículo. El presente trabajo tiene como propósito el desarrollo de un score de crédito para el financiamiento automotriz que permita identificar a los buenos y malos solicitantes y así decidir entre otorgar o no el crédito. Para ello se han desarrollado cuatro capítulos. En el primer capítulo se realiza una introducción sobre el mercado automotriz su producción, niveles de importación, cadena de distribución, y otros; además de la composición del parque automotor y problemas de movilidad y el comportamiento de compra y los niveles de crédito automotriz. En el segundo capítulo se trata sobre la base de datos de las organizaciones y los tipos de variables que pueden contener y se explica los tipos de modelos de regresiones que se pueden realizar. En el tercer capítulo se define al modelo de score de crédito y los pasos a seguir para la construcción de este. En el cuarto capítulo se desarrollan todos los pasos para la construcción del score de crédito y en quinto capítulo se encuentran las conclusiones y recomendaciones del presente trabajo.

Variables associated with nest survival of Golden-winged Warblers (Vermivora chrysoptera) among vegetation communities commonly used for nesting

Among shrubland- and young forest-nesting bird species in North America, Golden-winged Warblers (Vermivora chrysoptera) are one of the most rapidly declining partly because of limited nesting habitat. Creation and management of high quality vegetation communities used for nesting are needed to reduce declines. Thus, we examined whether common characteristics could be managed across much of the Golden-winged Warbler’s breeding range to increase daily survival rate (DSR) of nests. We monitored 388 nests on 62 sites throughout Minnesota, Wisconsin, New York, North Carolina, Pennsylvania, Tennessee, and West Virginia. We evaluated competing DSR models in spatial-temporal (dominant vegetation type, population segment, state, and year), intraseasonal (nest stage and time-within-season), and vegetation model suites. The best-supported DSR models among the three model suites suggested potential associations between daily survival rate of nests and state, time-within-season, percent grass and Rubus cover within 1 m of the nest, and distance to later successional forest edge. Overall, grass cover (negative association with DSR above 50%) and Rubus cover (DSR lowest at about 30%) within 1 m of the nest and distance to later successional forest edge (negative association with DSR) may represent common management targets across our states for increasing Golden-winged Warbler DSR, particularly in the Appalachian Mountains population segment. Context-specific adjustments to management strategies, such as in wetlands or areas of overlap with Blue-winged Warblers (Vermivora cyanoptera), may be necessary to increase DSR for Golden-winged Warblers.

Estimating the spatial scales of regionalized variables by nested sampling, hierarchical analysis of variance and residual maximum likelihood

The variogram is essential for local estimation and mapping of any variable by kriging. The variogram itself must usually be estimated from sample data. The sampling density is a compromise between precision and cost, but it must be sufficiently dense to encompass the principal spatial sources of variance. A nested, multi-stage, sampling with separating distances increasing in geometric progression from stage to stage will do that. The data may then be analyzed by a hierarchical analysis of variance to estimate the components of variance for every stage, and hence lag. By accumulating the components starting from the shortest lag one obtains a rough variogram for modest effort. For balanced designs the analysis of variance is optimal; for unbalanced ones, however, these estimators are not necessarily the best, and the analysis by residual maximum likelihood (REML) will usually be preferable. The paper summarizes the underlying theory and illustrates its application with data from three surveys, one in which the design had four stages and was balanced and two implemented with unbalanced designs to economize when there were more stages. A Fortran program is available for the analysis of variance, and code for the REML analysis is listed in the paper. (c) 2005 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Estimating the spatial scales of regionalized variables by nested sampling, hierarchical analysis of variance and residual maximum likelihood

The variogram is essential for local estimation and mapping of any variable by kriging. The variogram itself must usually be estimated from sample data. The sampling density is a compromise between precision and cost, but it must be sufficiently dense to encompass the principal spatial sources of variance. A nested, multi-stage, sampling with separating distances increasing in geometric progression from stage to stage will do that. The data may then be analyzed by a hierarchical analysis of variance to estimate the components of variance for every stage, and hence lag. By accumulating the components starting from the shortest lag one obtains a rough variogram for modest effort. For balanced designs the analysis of variance is optimal; for unbalanced ones, however, these estimators are not necessarily the best, and the analysis by residual maximum likelihood (REML) will usually be preferable. The paper summarizes the underlying theory and illustrates its application with data from three surveys, one in which the design had four stages and was balanced and two implemented with unbalanced designs to economize when there were more stages. A Fortran program is available for the analysis of variance, and code for the REML analysis is listed in the paper. (c) 2005 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Excess open solar magnetic flux from satellite data: 2. A survey of kinematic effects

We investigate the “flux excess” effect, whereby open solar flux estimates from spacecraft increase with increasing heliocentric distance. We analyze the kinematic effect on these open solar flux estimates of large-scale longitudinal structure in the solar wind flow, with particular emphasis on correcting estimates made using data from near-Earth satellites. We show that scatter, but no net bias, is introduced by the kinematic “bunching effect” on sampling and that this is true for both compression and rarefaction regions. The observed flux excesses, as a function of heliocentric distance, are shown to be consistent with open solar flux estimates from solar magnetograms made using the potential field source surface method and are well explained by the kinematic effect of solar wind speed variations on the frozen-in heliospheric field. Applying this kinematic correction to the Omni-2 interplanetary data set shows that the open solar flux at solar minimum fell from an annual mean of 3.82 × 1016 Wb in 1987 to close to half that value (1.98 × 1016 Wb) in 2007, making the fall in the minimum value over the last two solar cycles considerably faster than the rise inferred from geomagnetic activity observations over four solar cycles in the first half of the 20th century.

Optimal kinematic control of an autonomous underwater vehicle

This note investigates the motion control of an autonomous underwater vehicle (AUV). The AUV is modeled as a nonholonomic system as any lateral motion of a conventional, slender AUV is quickly damped out. The problem is formulated as an optimal kinematic control problem on the Euclidean Group of Motions SE(3), where the cost function to be minimized is equal to the integral of a quadratic function of the velocity components. An application of the Maximum Principle to this optimal control problem yields the appropriate Hamiltonian and the corresponding vector fields give the necessary conditions for optimality. For a special case of the cost function, the necessary conditions for optimality can be characterized more easily and we proceed to investigate its solutions. Finally, it is shown that a particular set of optimal motions trace helical paths. Throughout this note we highlight a particular case where the quadratic cost function is weighted in such a way that it equates to the Lagrangian (kinetic energy) of the AUV. For this case, the regular extremal curves are constrained to equate to the AUV's components of momentum and the resulting vector fields are the d'Alembert-Lagrange equations in Hamiltonian form.

The Namib Sand Sea digital database of aeolian dunes and key forcing variables

A new digital atlas of the geomorphology of the Namib Sand Sea in southern Africa has been developed. This atlas incorporates a number of databases including a digital elevation model (ASTER and SRTM) and other remote sensing databases that cover climate (ERA-40) and vegetation (PAL and GIMMS). A map of dune types in the Namib Sand Sea has been derived from Landsat and CNES/SPOT imagery. The atlas also includes a collation of geochronometric dates, largely derived from luminescence techniques, and a bibliographic survey of the research literature on the geomorphology of the Namib dune system. Together these databases provide valuable information that can be used as a starting point for tackling important questions about the development of the Namib and other sand seas in the past, present and future.

Kinematic modeling of head-neck movements

The main objective is to generate kinematic models for the head and neck movements. The motivation comes from our study of individuals with quadriplegia and the need to design rehabilitation aiding devices such as robots and teletheses that can be controlled by head-neck movements. It is then necessary to develop mathematical models for the head and neck movements. Two identification methods have been applied to study the kinematics of head-neck movements of able-body as well as neck-injured subjects. In particular, sagittal plane movements are well modeled by a planar two-revolute-joint linkage. In fact, the motion in joint space seems to indicate that sagittal plane movements may be classified as a single DOF motion. Finally, a spatial three-revolute-joint system has been employed to model 3D head-neck movements.

Correlations of control variables in variational data assimilation

Variational data assimilation systems for numerical weather prediction rely on a transformation of model variables to a set of control variables that are assumed to be uncorrelated. Most implementations of this transformation are based on the assumption that the balanced part of the flow can be represented by the vorticity. However, this assumption is likely to break down in dynamical regimes characterized by low Burger number. It has recently been proposed that a variable transformation based on potential vorticity should lead to control variables that are uncorrelated over a wider range of regimes. In this paper we test the assumption that a transform based on vorticity and one based on potential vorticity produce an uncorrelated set of control variables. Using a shallow-water model we calculate the correlations between the transformed variables in the different methods. We show that the control variables resulting from a vorticity-based transformation may retain large correlations in some dynamical regimes, whereas a potential vorticity based transformation successfully produces a set of uncorrelated control variables. Calculations of spatial correlations show that the benefit of the potential vorticity transformation is linked to its ability to capture more accurately the balanced component of the flow.