"All Have to Live in Me...": A Study of the Use of English Alongside Other African Languages in a Kenyan School

The purpose of this paper, which builds on an earlier paper published in this Journal (Vol. 20, No. 6), is to develop the discussion around how English has been taught, used and perceived in Kenya, using data gathered from a small second-level English-medium school in Kenya. The complex relationships between language and identity are at work in the everyday routines of both staff and pupils within such a context. The paper seeks to set out a clear methodology for gathering data which could help describe these relationships with more clarity while also subjecting the data to analysis informed by the growing body of research and theory that focuses on language policy in post-colonial and neo-colonial settings. Finally, these pieces of data are used as the basis of a further exploration of the implications for classroom practice in teaching English in this environment.

Use of antigen mimics to produce specific antibodies to anti-coccidial drugs

A range of polyclonal antibodies was successfully produced to the coccidiostatic drugs diclazuril and robenidine. Initial attempts to make immunogenic complexes of both drugs were ineffective due to difficulties encountered while trying to couple the compounds to large carrier proteins. Structural mimics, which could act as haptens for each drug, were sought and identified. The compounds identified were more open to chemical manipulation and were conjugated to carrier proteins to produce effective immunogens. The most sensitive antisera produced displayed IC(50)s of 1.5 ng/ml and 13 ng/ml for diclazuril and robenidine respectively. The antibody for diclazuril was shown to be specific, cross-reacting only with clazuril by 15%. The robenidine antibody displayed a low cross-reactivity of 1.2% to the compound used to produce the antibody. (C) 2007 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

From the UV to the static-field limit: rates and scaling laws of intense-field ionization of helium

We present high-accuracy calculations of ionization rates of helium at UV (195 nm) wavelengths. The data are obtained from full-dimensionality integrations of the helium-laser time-dependent Schrödinger equation. Comparison is made with our previously obtained data at 390 nm and 780 nm. We show that scaling laws introduced by Parker et al extend unmodified from the near-infrared limit into the UV limit. Static-field ionization rates of helium are also obtained, again from time-dependent full-dimensionality integrations of the helium Schrödinger equation. We compare the static-field ionization results with those of Scrinzi et al and Themelis et al, who also treat the full-dimensional helium atom, but with time-independent methods. Good agreement is obtained.

National identification and anti-immigrant prejudice: Individual and contextual effects of national definitions

In this study, we examined the relationship between national identification and anti-immigrant prejudice in a multilevel analysis of ISSP survey data from 37,030 individuals in 31 countries. We argue that this relationship depends on how national groups are defined by their members. Across the 31 national samples, the correlation between national identification and prejudice ranged from weakly negative (-.06) to moderately positive (.37). The relationship was significantly stronger in countries where people on average endorsed a definition of national belonging based on language, and weaker where people on average defined the nation in terms of citizenship. These effects occurred at a national rather than individual level, supporting an explanation in terms of the construction of nationality that prevails in a given context. Endorsement of the ancestry-based criteria for nationality was positively associated with prejudice, but only at the individual level.