Determinantes de la intención del consumidor de ir a un destino turístico. Aplicación al caso de "Mundo Maya-México"

[ES] Cada destino turístico tiene una marca que puede elegir el consumidor a la hora de viajar. Este trabajo examina, a través de un modelo causal que contrastamos empíricamente para el caso de Mundo Maya-México, el papel que desempeña la reputación, las emociones y la confianza en la intención de compra de los consumidores de un destino turístico.

Respuesta a la sequía de Pinus radiata D. Don y su implicación en los procesos de tolerancia

160 p. (Bibliogr. 141-160)

Mechanisms Responsible for the Trophic Effect of Beta-Adrenoceptors on the I-to Current Density in Type 1 Diabetic Rat Cardiomyocytes

Background/Aims: In diabetic ventricular myocytes, transient outward potassium current (I-to) amplitude is severely reduced because of the impaired catecholamine release that characterizes diabetic autonomic neuropathy. Sympathetic nervous system exhibits a trophic effect on I-to since incubation of myocytes with noradrenaline restores current amplitude via beta-adrenoceptor (beta AR) stimulation. Here, we investigate the intracellular signalling pathway though which incubation of diabetic cardiomyocytes with the beta AR agonist isoproterenol recovers I-to amplitude to normal values. Methods: Experiments were performed in ventricular myocytes isolated from streptozotocin-diabetic rats. I-to current was recorded by using the patch-clamp technique. Kv4 channel expression was determined by immunofluorescence. Protein-protein interaction was determined by coimmunoprecipitation. Results: Stimulation of beta AR activates first a G alpha s protein, adenylyl cyclase and Protein Kinase A. PKA-phosphorylated receptor then switches to the G alpha i protein. This leads to the activation of the beta AR-Kinase-1 and further receptor phosphorylation and arrestin dependent internalization. The internalized receptor-arrestin complex recruits and activates cSrc and the MAPK cascade, where Ras, c-Raf1 and finally ERK1/2 mediate the increase in Kv4.2 and Kv4.3 protein abundance in the plasma membrane. Conclusion: beta(2)AR stimulation activates a G alpha s and G alpha i protein dependent pathway where the ERK1/2 modulates the Ito current amplitude and the density of the Kv4.2 and Kv4.2 channels in the plasma membrane upon sympathetic stimulation in diabetic heart.

Ca2+ Influx and Tyrosine Kinases Trigger Bordetella Adenylate Cyclase Toxin (ACT) Endocytosis. Cell Physiology and Expression of the CD11b/CD18 Integrin Major Determinants of the Entry Route

Humans infected with Bordetella pertussis, the whooping cough bacterium, show evidences of impaired host defenses. This pathogenic bacterium produces a unique adenylate cyclase toxin (ACT) which enters human phagocytes and catalyzes the unregulated formation of cAMP, hampering important bactericidal functions of these immune cells that eventually cause cell death by apoptosis and/or necrosis. Additionally, ACT permeabilizes cells through pore formation in the target cell membrane. Recently, we demonstrated that ACT is internalised into macrophages together with other membrane components, such as the integrin CD11b/CD18 (CR3), its receptor in these immune cells, and GM1. The goal of this study was to determine whether ACT uptake is restricted to receptor-bearing macrophages or on the contrary may also take place into cells devoid of receptor and gain more insights on the signalling involved. Here, we show that ACT is rapidly eliminated from the cell membrane of either CR3-positive as negative cells, though through different entry routes, which depends in part, on the target cell physiology and characteristics. ACT-induced Ca2+ influx and activation of non-receptor Tyr kinases into the target cell appear to be common master denominators in the different endocytic strategies activated by this toxin. Very importantly, we show that, upon incubation with ACT, target cells are capable of repairing the cell membrane, which suggests the mounting of an anti-toxin cell repair-response, very likely involving the toxin elimination from the cell surface.

Novel mechanisms for regulation of cell survival and migration by ceramide 1-phosphate

201 p. : gráf.

Analysis of SUMOylated proteins using SUMO-traps

6 p. [+ 7 p. Supplementary Information]

Cell fate specification during Caenorhabditis elegans male tail development

The cells of the specialized mating structures of the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans adult male tail develop from sex-specific divisions of postembryonic blast cells. One male-specific blast cell, B, is the precursor to all the cells of the copulatory spicules. Both cell interactions and autonomous fate specification mechanisms are utilized in the B lineage to specify fate.

During development the anterior daughter of B, B.a, generates four distinct pairs of cells. Cell ablation experiments indicate that the cells of each pair respond to positional cues provided by other male-specific blast cells. F and U promote anterior fates, Y.p promotes some posterior fates, and the B.a progeny promote posterior fates. The cells within each pair may also interact.

The lin-3/let-23 signalling pathway, identified for its function in C. elegans hermaphrodite vulval induction, mediates the signal from F and U. Reduction-of-function mutations in lin-3 (EGF-like signal), let-23 (receptor), sem-5 (adaptor), let-60 (ras), or lin-45 (raf) disrupt the fates of the anterior cells, and mimic F and U ablation. In addition, ectopically expressed lin-3 disrupts the fates of the posterior cells, and can promote anterior fates even in the absence of F and U.

A genetic screen of over 9000 mutagenized gametes recovered 22 mutations in 20 loci that disrupt fate specification in male tail lineages. Seven of these mutations may represent new genes that play a role in male tail development.

The first division of the B cell is asymmetric. The gene vab-3 is required for specification of B.a fates, and it may represent a factor whose activity is localized to the B.a cell via the gene lin-17. lin-17 acts both at the first division of the B cell and at specific other cell divisions in the lineage.

时变带限信道中光通信的均衡与去噪技术

A semi-blind equalization method is proposed based on combination of adaptive and blind equalization techniques, which is more effective for optical signal processing in time-varied band-limited channel. The numerical simulation of Poisson noise OOK optical pulse signal in a band-limited channel using digital equalization techniques is performed, and the results are compared. The semi-blind equalization matchs the channel faster and sustains convergence were identified. In addition, the wavelet de-noise technique is introduced in the de-nosing area of optical signa process. The criteria of choosing wavelet basises is obtained that smooth wavelet soft threshold method is better. The corresponding numerical simulation is also conducted.

FTY720 attenuates excitotoxicity and neuroinflammation

Background: FTY720 (fingolimod, Gilenya(TM)), a structural analog of sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P), is the first oral drug approved for treatment the relapsing-remitting form of multiple sclerosis (MS), and its efficacy has been related to induced lymphopenia and consequent immunosuppression via modulation of S1P(1) receptors (S1P(1)R). However, due to its lipophilic nature, FTY720 crosses the blood brain barrier (BBB) and could act directly on neural cells. In this study, we investigated the effectiveness of FTY720 as a neuroprotective agent using in vitro and in vivo models of excitotoxic neuronal death and examined if FTY720 exerts a direct action on neurons, or/and an indirect modulation of inflammation-mediated neurodegeneration as a possible mechanism of neuroprotection. Methods: Primary neuronal and organotypic cortical cultures were treated with N-methyl-D-aspartic acid (NMDA) to induce excitotoxic cell death (measured by lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) assay or propidium iodide uptake, respectively). The effects of FTY720 treatment (10, 100 and 1,000 nM) on neuronal survival were examined. As an in vivo model of neuronal death and inflammation, we used intracerebroventricular (icv) administration of kainic acid (KA; 0.5 mu g/2 mu l) in Sprague-Dawley rats. FTY720 was applied icv (1 mu g/2 mu l), together with KA, plus intraperitoneally (ip; 1 mg/kg) 24 h before, and daily, until sacrifice 3 days after icv. Rats were evaluated for neurological score, neuronal loss in CA3 hippocampal region and activation of microglia at the lesion site. In addition, we tested FTY720 as a modulator of microglia responses using microglial cell cultures activated with lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and its effects in stress signalling pathways using western blotting for p38 and JNK1/2 mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs). Results: FTY720 was able to reduce excitotoxic neuronal death in vitro. Moreover, in vivo repeated FTY720 administration attenuated KA-induced neurodegeneration and microgliosis at the CA3 lesion site. Furthermore, FTY720 negatively modulates p38 MAPK in LPS-activated microglia, whereas it had no effect on JNK1/2 activation. Conclusions: These data support a role for FTY720 as a neuroprotective agent against excitotoxin-induced neuronal death and as a negative modulator of neuroinflammation by targeting the p38 MAPK stress signalling pathway in microglia.

The movements of salmon in relation to variations in air and water temperatures

The temperature of water in a river system affects fish in various ways; it has an influence on feeding habits, movement and metabolism. All fish vary in their ability to tolerate fluctuations in temperature, but those that live in a reasonably stable environment are more sensitive to major changes (tropical fish) than are salmon which can tolerate abrupt changes. The body temperature of the majority of fish differs from that of the surrounding water by only 0.5 to 1.0 degrees, and changes in temperature can, in many cases, be a signalling factor for some process, for example spawning, migration or feeding. It has been found, after monitoring the activity in 2,623 salmon in the River Lune, that they live in a water temperature of 0-17 degrees. Whilst salmon ova can develop in a temperature range of 0-12 degrees, spawning takes place within a much closer range, and these tolerances will be found in the Report. This report offers data and analysis of fish movement correlated to water temperature for the years 1964/65.

Sinalização da MAPK/ERK na diferenciaçãao da oligodendroglia: efeitos de inibidores da MEK sobre a morfologia e distribuição de proteínas de oligodendrócitos/mielina in vitro

A via de sinalização da cinase regulada por fatores extracelulares, da família das proteínas cinases ativadas por mitógenos (MAPK/ERK) é importante tanto para a sobrevivência como para a progressão da diferenciação de oligodendrócitos. Neste trabalho, a via da MAPK/ERK foi avaliada na oligodendroglia in vitro com a utilização de inibidores da MEK. A morfologia celular, assim como a distribuição de proteínas foram analisadas em diferentes estágios de maturação da oligodendroglia. Culturas primárias de oligodendrócitos foram tratadas com os inibidores da MEK PD98059 ou U0126, aos 5 ou 11dias in vitro (div), por 30min, 24 ou 48h. A oligodendroglia foi distinguida com marcadores estágio-específicos: A2B5, 23nucleotídeo cíclico 3 fosfodiesterase (CNPase) e proteína básica de mielina (MBP), e classificada de acordo com sua morfologia em diferentes estágios de desenvolvimento. O tratamento aumentou significativamente o número de células com morfologia mais imatura e diminuiu o número de células maduras. Além disso, aumentou o número de células redondas e sem prolongamentos as quais não puderam ser classificadas em nenhum dos estágios de desenvolvimento da oligodendroglia. Os efeitos mais evidentes foram observados logo após o menor tempo de tratamento. Células redondas eram positivas para CNPase e MBP, porém não foram marcadas com A2B5 ou com NG2, indicando que seriam células maduras incapazes de estender ou manter seus prolongamentos. De fato, estas mudanças foram acompanhadas por alterações na distribuição de proteínas de oligodendrócitos como a MBP e a CNPase, assim como alterações em proteínas de citoesqueleto, como actina, tubulina e na cinase de adesão focal (FAK). A MBP foi observada nas células tratadas em um padrão de distribuição desorganizado e disperso, oposto ao padrão contínuo que é observado nas células das culturas controle. Além disso, o tratamento causou uma desorganização na distribuição da CNPase, actina e tubulina. Nas células das culturas controle, estas proteínas apresentam um padrão organizado compondo as estruturas de citoqueleto semelhantes a nervuras. Após um pequeno período de tratamento (30min), actina e tubulina apresentaram o mesmo padrão de marcação puntiforme que a CNPase apresentou. O tratamento também reduziu os pontos de adesão focal demonstrados pela FAK. Com o decorrer do tratamento, após 24 e 48h, actina e tubulina aparentavam estar se reorganizando em um padrão filamentar. Estes resultados indicam um efeito importante da via da MAPK/ERK na ramificação e alongamento dos prolongamentos dos oligodendrócitos, com possíveis consequências para a formação da bainha de mielina.

A Tenascina-C e a sinalização celular na diferenciação tubulogênica endotelial

A matriz extracelular (MEC) é capaz de modular a adesão celular, induzindo processos de sinalização celular. No estado de aderência intermediária, induzido por proteínas matricelulares, as células tendem a se diferenciar, migrar e proliferar. A tenascina-C é uma proteína matricelular amplamente secretada em gliomas que está envolvida na proliferação e angiogênese tumoral. A MEC de gliomas, possui elevada incorporação de tenascina-C (TN-C), uma glicoproteína matricelular desadesiva que compete com a glicoproteína adesiva fibronectina (FN), desestabilizando os contatos focais e induzindo proliferação celular em gliomas. Neste trabalho nós nos propusemos a investigar o papel da TN-C tumoral no fenótipo angiogênico de células endoteliais. Recentemente em um trabalho publicado pelo nosso grupo observamos que as células endoteliais semeadas sobre matrizes de glioma (U373 MG) aderem menos e são deficientes na capacidade de formar tubos quando comparadas com àquelas plaqueadas sobre MEC de HUVECs. No entanto, neste trabalho, reproduzimos este fenótipo semeando as células endoteliais em suportes de TN-C /FN miméticos da composição da matriz tumoral nativa. Por western blotting, observamos um aumento na fosforilação em treonina 638 da proteína PKCα, um possível sítio inibitório, e um aumento na ativação de PKCδ. O efeito antagônico na regulação dessas isoformas de PKC foi demonstrado quando usamos inibidores seletivos de PKC α e δ e um ativador de PKCα (PMA). Observamos que quando tratamos as HUVECs plaqueadas sobre MEC de U373 com PMA, resgatamos a capacidade dessas células de formar tubos, o pré-tratamento dessas HUVECs com inibidor de PKC δ (rotlerina) resgatou parcialmente a capacidade tubulogênica dessas células. O pré-tratamento das HUVECs que foram semeadas sobre MEC da HUVEC (que formam tubos normalmente) com um inibidor de PKC α (RO320432) levou a diminuição da capacidade tubulogênica. Além disso, esta matriz também induz ativação de ERK e AKT. Investigamos também se o bloqueio dos diferentes domínios da TN-C na matriz derivada de glioma poderia, de alguma forma, reverter o defeito angiogênico das células, propiciado pela interação com a matriz extracelular de gliomas. O pré-tratamento da matriz extracelular de glioma com anticorpos anti-TN-C (contra os domínios FNIII 1-3, 4-5 FNIII e N-terminal) resgatou parcialmente a capacidade das células endoteliais de formar tubos. Nossos dados sugerem que a indução do fenótipo vascular observado em muitos gliomas, com predomínio de vasos mal formados e sub-funcionais, pode ser parcialmente devido ao comprometido da sinalização mediada por PKCs em células endoteliais, bem como do aumento da ativação das vias de ERK e Akt.

Fundamental limits on the suppression of molecular fluctuations.

Negative feedback is common in biological processes and can increase a system's stability to internal and external perturbations. But at the molecular level, control loops always involve signalling steps with finite rates for random births and deaths of individual molecules. Here we show, by developing mathematical tools that merge control and information theory with physical chemistry, that seemingly mild constraints on these rates place severe limits on the ability to suppress molecular fluctuations. Specifically, the minimum standard deviation in abundances decreases with the quartic root of the number of signalling events, making it extremely expensive to increase accuracy. Our results are formulated in terms of experimental observables, and existing data show that cells use brute force when noise suppression is essential; for example, regulatory genes are transcribed tens of thousands of times per cell cycle. The theory challenges conventional beliefs about biochemical accuracy and presents an approach to the rigorous analysis of poorly characterized biological systems.

The simulation of stress fibre and focal adhesion development in cells on patterned substrates.

The remodelling of the cytoskeleton and focal adhesion (FA) distributions for cells on substrates with micro-patterned ligand patches is investigated using a bio-chemo-mechanical model. We investigate the effect of ligand pattern shape on the cytoskeletal arrangements and FA distributions for cells having approximately the same area. The cytoskeleton model accounts for the dynamic rearrangement of the actin/myosin stress fibres. It entails the highly nonlinear interactions between signalling, the kinetics of tension-dependent stress-fibre formation/dissolution and stress-dependent contractility. This model is coupled with another model that governs FA formation and accounts for the mechano-sensitivity of the adhesions from thermodynamic considerations. This coupled modelling scheme is shown to capture a variety of key experimental observations including: (i) the formation of high concentrations of stress fibres and FAs at the periphery of circular and triangular, convex-shaped ligand patterns; (ii) the development of high FA concentrations along the edges of the V-, T-, Y- and U-shaped concave ligand patterns; and (iii) the formation of highly aligned stress fibres along the non-adhered edges of cells on the concave ligand patterns. When appropriately calibrated, the model also accurately predicts the radii of curvature of the non-adhered edges of cells on the concave-shaped ligand patterns.

Collective Cell Migration: Leadership, Invasion and Segregation

A number of biological processes, such as embryo development, cancer metastasis or wound healing, rely on cells moving in concert. The mechanisms leading to the emergence of coordinated motion remain however largely unexplored. Although biomolecular signalling is known to be involved in most occurrences of collective migration, the role of physical and mechanical interactions has only been recently investigated. In this paper, a versatile framework for cell motility is implemented in-silico in order to study the minimal requirements for the coordination of a group of epithelial cells. We find that cell motility and cell-cell mechanical interactions are sufficient to generate a broad array of behaviours commonly observed in vitro and in vivo. Cell streaming, sheet migration and susceptibility to leader cells are examples of behaviours spontaneously emerging from these simple assumptions, which might explain why collective effects are so ubiquitous in nature. This analysis provides also new insights into cancer metastasis and cell sorting, suggesting in particular that collective invasion might result from an emerging coordination in a system where single cells are mechanically unable to invade.