Role of a GenoType MTBDRplus line probe assay in early detection of multidrug-resistant tuberculosis at a Brazilian reference center

Resistance to Mycobacterium tuberculosis is a reality worldwide, and its diagnosis continues to be difficult and time consuming. To face this challenge, the World Health Organization has recommended the use of rapid molecular tests. We evaluated the routine use (once a week) of a line probe assay (Genotype MTBDRplus) for early diagnosis of resistance and for assessment of the main related risk factors over 2 years. A total of 170 samples were tested: 15 (8.8%) were resistant, and multidrug resistance was detected in 10 (5.9%). The sensitivity profile took 3 weeks (2 weeks for culture and 1 week for rapid testing). Previous treatment for tuberculosis and the persistence of positive acid-fast smears after 4 months of supervised treatment were the major risk factors observed. The use of molecular tests enabled early diagnosis of drug-resistant bacilli and led to appropriate treatment of the disease. This information has the potential to interrupt the transmission chain of resistant M. tuberculosis.

Promoting inflammatory lymphangiogenesis by vascular endothelial growth factor-C (VEGF-C) aggravated intestinal inflammation in mice with experimental acute colitis

Angiogenesis and lymphangiogenesis are thought to play a role in the pathogenesis of inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD). However, it is not understood if inflammatory lymphangiogenesis is a pathological consequence or a productive attempt to resolve the inflammation. This study investigated the effect of lymphangiogenesis on intestinal inflammation by overexpressing a lymphangiogenesis factor, vascular endothelial growth factor-C (VEGF-C), in a mouse model of acute colitis. Forty eight-week-old female C57BL/6 mice were treated with recombinant adenovirus overexpressing VEGF-C or with recombinant VEGF-C156S protein. Acute colitis was then established by exposing the mice to 5% dextran sodium sulfate (DSS) for 7 days. Mice were evaluated for disease activity index (DAI), colonic inflammatory changes, colon edema, microvessel density, lymphatic vessel density (LVD), and VEGFR-3mRNA expression in colon tissue. When acute colitis was induced in mice overexpressing VEGF-C, there was a significant increase in colonic epithelial damage, inflammatory edema, microvessel density, and neutrophil infiltration compared to control mice. These mice also exhibited increased lymphatic vessel density (73.0±3.9 vs 38.2±1.9, P<0.001) and lymphatic vessel size (1974.6±104.3 vs 1639.0±91.5, P<0.001) compared to control mice. Additionally, the expression of VEGFR-3 mRNA was significantly upregulated in VEGF-C156S mice compared to DSS-treated mice after induction of colitis (42.0±1.4 vs 3.5±0.4, P<0.001). Stimulation of lymphangiogenesis by VEGF-C during acute colitis promoted inflammatory lymphangiogenesis in the colon and aggravated intestinal inflammation. Inflammatory lymphangiogenesis may have pleiotropic effects at different stages of IBD.

Influência de frações da parede celular de levedura (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) sobre os índices séricos de glicose e lipídios, microbiota intestinal e produção de ácidos graxos voláteis (AGV) de cadeias curtas de ratos em crescimento

Os índices séricos de glicose e lipídios, a microbiota intestinal e a produção de ácidos graxos voláteis de cadeias curtas (AGV) foram determinados em ratos Wistar submetidos às dietas: padrão (AIN-P), padrão modificada (AIN-M) e às dietas contendo frações de parede celular de levedura: glicana insolúvel (GI), manana (M) e glicana mais manana (G+M), como única fonte de fibra alimentar. O fracionamento da parede celular (PC) foi realizado por processos físicos e químicos de extração, centrifugação e secagem em "spray dryer". Os índices séricos foram dosados através de "kits" comerciais. A microbiota e a produção de AGV foram determinadas nos conteúdos intestinais, incluindo cólon, ceco e reto. Considerando os níveis de colesterol no tempo (T0) e no tempo 28 (T28), as dietas AIN-P, AIN-M e M apresentaram efeito hipocolesterolêmico, tendo em vista que a composição das dietas eram de natureza hipercolesterolêmica. Em relação à glicose sérica, no tempo (T0) observou-se uma elevação geral da glicemia, sugerindo um efeito hiperglicêmico das dietas estudadas. A dieta G+M foi a que apresentou valores significantemente mais elevados de lipídios séricos no tempo T14, e os níveis mais baixos foram observados na dieta M e na dieta GI no T14 e nas dietas AIN-M e AIN-P. A dieta AIN-P foi a que apresentou valor significantemente mais elevado de triacilgliceróis nos tempos T14 e T28. Os níveis mais baixos nos tempos T14 foram constatados para as dietas G+M e GI e no tempo T28 para as dietas AIN-M e M. De um modo geral, não houve modificações significativas na microbiota intestinal dos animais em nenhuma das dietas. Dentre os AGV, o ácido acético foi o predominante, seguido do propiônico e do butírico, em todas as dietas estudadas.

Avaliação do efeito fisiológico da farinha de semente de abóbora (Cucurbita maxima, L.) no trato intestinal de ratos

O presente trabalho teve por objetivo avaliar o efeito fisiológico da Farinha de Semente de Abóbora (FSA) no trato intestinal de ratos Wistar machos recém desmamados, submetidos a dietas experimentais contendo Farinhas de Semente de Abóbora (FSAs) integral, peneirada e residual, por 10 dias. As dietas experimentais foram obtidas substituindo-se 30% do valor total de amido e dextrina, da ração controle, pela FSA correspondente. As farinhas e rações controle e experimentais foram caracterizadas quimicamente. Os animais divididos em grupos foram avaliados quanto ao crescimento, consumo, material fecal e pH cecal. As FSAs e rações experimentais apresentaram relevantes teores de fibras alimentares, proteínas e lipídios. Dietas contendo FSAs integral, peneirada e residual levaram a um ganho ponderal e ingestão similar entre todos os grupos. Em relação ao grupo controle, os animais experimentais submetidos a dietas contendo FSAs apresentaram maior volume e peso fecais (p < 0,05), além de significativa excreção de fibra insolúvel, em especial o grupo FSA residual. Apenas a FSA residual proporcionou queda (p < 0,05) do pH cecal. Os resultados obtidos indicam o potencial da FSA como fonte de fibra e sua capacidade em atuar aumentando peso e volume fecal, promovendo laxação.

Roles of keratins in intestinal health and disease

Intermediate filament keratins (K) play a pivotal role in protein targeting and epithelialcytoprotection from stress as evidenced by keratin mutations predisposing to human liver and skin diseases and possibly inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). The K8-null (K8-/-) mice exhibit colonic phenotype similar to IBD and marked spontaneous colitis, epithelial hyperproliferation, decreased apoptosis, mistargeting of proteins leading to defective ion transport and diarrhea. The K8-heterozygote (K8+/-) mouse colon appears normal but displays a defective sodium (Na+) and chloride (Cl-) transport similar to, but milder than K8-/-. Characterization of K8+/- colon revealed ~50% less keratins (K7, K8, K19, K20) compared to K8 wild type (K8+/+). A similar ~50% decrease was seen in K8+/- mRNA levels as compared to K8+/+, while the mRNA levels for the other keratins were unaltered. K8+/- keratins were arranged in a normal colonic crypt expression pattern, except K7 which was expressed at the top of crypts in contrast to K8+/+. The K8+/- colon showed mild hyperplasia but no signs of inflammation and no resistance to apoptosis. Experimental colitis induced by using different concentrations of dextran sulphate sodium (DSS) showed that K8+/- mice are slightly more sensitive to induced colitis and showed a delayed recovery compared to K8+/+. Hence, the K8+/- mouse with less keratins and without inflammation, provided a novel model to study direct molecular mechanisms of keratins in intestinal homeostasis and ion transport. Different candidate ion transporters for a possible role in altered ion transport seen in the K8-/- and K8+/- mouse colon were evaluated. Besides normal levels of CFTR, PAT-1 and NHE-3, DRA mRNA levels were decreased 3-4-fold and DRA protein nearly entirely lost in K8-/- caecum, distal and proximal colon compared to K8+/+. In K8+/- mice, DRA mRNA levels were unaltered while decreased DRA protein level and patchy distribution was detected particularly in the proximal colon and as compared to K8+/+. DRA was similarly decreased when K8 was knocked-down in Caco-2 cells, confirming that K8 levels modulate DRA levels in an inflammation-independent manner. The dramatic loss of DRA in colon and caecum of K8-/- mice was responsible for the chloride transport defect. The milder ion transport in K8+/- colon might be related to DRA suggesting a role for K8 in regulation of DRA expression and targeting. The current study demonstrates the importance of keratins in stress protection and cell signaling. Furthermore, we have also successfully developed a novel, simple, fast, cost effective, non-invasive in vivo imaging method for the early diagnosis of murine colitis with specificity for both genetic and experimental colitis. The said modality provides continuous measurements of reactive oxygen and nitrogen species (RONS) and minimizes the use of an increased number of experimental animals by using a luminal derivative chemiluminescent probe, L-012 which provides a cost-effective tool to study the level and longitudinal progression of colitis.

Determinación de inhibición de migraciones de macrófagos en pacientes con amibiasis extraintestinal y su correlación con amibiasis intestinal

Tesis (Maestría en Ciencias con Especialidad en Microbiología Médica) U.A.N.L.

Parasitismo intestinal en la tropa residente en el campo militarde Monterrey, N.L. por Enrique Beltrán y Eduardo Aguirre Pequeño

UANL

Participación del sistema nervioso entérico y los receptores NMDA en la activación del endotelio intestinal durante la lesión por isquemia-reperfusión.

Tesis (Doctor en Medicina) UANL, 2009.

The proprotein convertase PC5/6 is protective against intestinal tumorigenesis: in vivo mouse model

BACKGROUND: The secretory basic amino acid-specific proprotein convertases (PCs) have often been associated with cancer/metastasis. By controlling the cleavage of cancer-associated proteins, PCs play key roles in multiple steps of cancer development. Most analyses of the implication of PCs in cancer/metastasis relied on the use of in vitro overexpression systems or inhibitors that can affect more than one PC. Aside from the role of furin in salivary gland tumorigenesis, no other in vivo genetic model of PC-knockout was reported in relation to cancer development. RESULTS: Since PC5/6 is highly expressed in the small intestine, the present study examined its in vivo role in intestinal tumorigenesis. Analysis of human intestinal tumors at various stages showed a systematic down-regulation of PC5/6 expression. Since gene inactivation of PC5/6 leads to lethality at birth, we generated mice lacking PC5/6 in enterocytes and analyzed the impact of the presence or absence of this PC in the mouse ApcMin/+ model that develops numerous adenocarcinomas along the intestinal tract. This resulted in viable mice with almost no expression of PC5/6 in small intestine, but with no overt phenotype. The data showed that by themselves ApcMin/+ tumors express lower levels of PC5/6 mRNA, and that the lack of PC5/6 in enterocytes results in a significantly higher tumor number in the duodenum, with a similar trend in other intestinal segments. Finally, the absence of PC5/6 is also associated with a premature mortality of ApcMin/+ mice. CONCLUSION: Overall, these data suggest that intestinal PC5/6 is protective towards tumorigenesis, especially in mouse duodenum, and possibly in human colon.

Caractérisation des souches de Salmonella Typhimurium responsables de septicémies chez le porc

Depuis quelques années, il y a émergence de souches de Salmonella enterica sérovar Typhimurium multirésistantes causant une septicémie et la mort chez le porc. Ceci constitue un problème majeur pour l’industrie porcine et possiblement pour la santé publique. L’objectif de ce projet était de comparer et de caractériser une souche capable de causer une septicémie chez le porc et une souche commensale, en observant l’interaction avec des cellules épithéliales, des macrophages humains et d’identifier des gènes exprimés par les souches septicémiques et les souches commensales. Tout d’abord, l’infection de cellules épithéliales permet d’observer l’adhérence et l’invasion des bactéries, pour ainsi mettre en évidence la capacité des souches à coloniser le tractus gastro-intestinal. La souche commensale possède un pouvoir d’adhésion supérieur à la souche septicémique. Par la suite, l’infection de macrophages permet de caractériser le niveau de phagocytose et de survie. L’importance de la survie dans les macrophages pourrait permettre de faire un lien avec la septicémie. Toutefois, aucune différence n’est observable dans les conditions qui ont été testé. Ensuite, la technique SCOTS (Selective Capture of Transcribed Sequences) est utilisée pour capturer des gènes uniques à la souche septicémique et un autre SCOTS est fait pour capturer les gènes spécifiques à la souche commensale. Finalement, les gènes sont clonés, leur spécificité face aux souches est analysé par dot blot et ils sont identifiés par séquençage suivient d’une analyses bioinformatiques. Les gènes identifiés par SCOTS, lors des captures pour la souche septicémique et la souche commensale, se trouvent à être des gènes communs aux Salmonella. Toutefois, la différence de pathologie causée par les deux souches, n’est peut-être pas l’acquisition de nouveaux gènes, mais plutôt une différence d’expression entre les deux souches.

Optimizing urothelial cell preparation for the human urinary micronucleus assay.

Biological monitoring of early genotoxic effects in urothelial cells using the urinary micronucleus (MNu) assay is promising for early detection of cancer, such as bladder carcinoma. But many problems are encountered, the major being the poorly differential staining of cells, particularly in women having an important amount of squamous cells. We have optimized the protocol and obtained a differential staining of the cell types present in urine on 10 subjects. Following Carnoy I fixation and Papanicolaou staining, urothelial cells were blue while most squamous cells were pink. This differential staining allowed for optimization of the MNu assay on a single urine void, for both females and males. Even if our MNu means were comparable to the literature, the great variation in reported MNu results could reside in the ability of scorers to distinguish correctly between urothelial and squamous cells. When monitoring exposed populations, this erroneous distinction could largely influence the results, even more in women’s urine samples. Given a situation where exposure would not increase micronuclei frequency in vaginal squamous cells, their erroneous analysis in the MNu assay could mask an early genotoxic effect. Therefore, as transitional cell carcinoma of the bladder originates from transformed urothelial cells, restricting micronuclei analysis to urothelial cells could yield a more precise estimate of cancer risk in exposed populations. Moreover, it is hoped that the improvements proposed in this paper will allow for an easier implementation of the MNu assay in various set-ups and enhance its specificity, since MNu are considered a suitable biomarker.

Effet de l’insuffisance rénale chronique sur les enzymes du cytochrome P450 dans le cerveau de rat

Introduction: Nous avons déjà montré que l’insuffisance rénale chronique (IRC) entraîne une régulation négative du cytochrome P450 (CYP450) dans le foie et l’intestin de rat. La présente étude cherche à déterminer l’effet de l’IRC sur l’expression des enzymes du CYP450 dans le cerveau de rat. L’expression génique, protéique ainsi que l’activité des isoenzymes du CYP450 ont été analysées dans différentes régions du cerveau (hippocampe, cervelet, cortex et parenchyme cérébral) afin de déterminer l’effet de l’insuffisance rénale chronique sur le métabolisme cérébral des médicaments par le CYP450. Méthodes: Le cerveau entier de rats atteints d’IRC (induite par une néphrectomie sub-totale 5/6) et de rats témoins (laparotomie blanche) a été disséqué en 4 parties (cortex, cervelet, hippocampe et parenchyme cérébral). L’expression protéique et celle de l’ARNm des isoformes 1A, 2C11, 2D, 3A et 4A du cytochrome P450 a été étudiée respectivement par immunobuvardage de type Western et PCR en Temps Réel. L’activité du CYP3A a été mesurée par le métabolisme du DFB en DFH sur des préparations de microsomes de cerveau. Une technique de culture cellulaire d’astrocytes a été mise au point et a permis d’évaluer l’expression des enzymes dans ces cellules suite à l’incubation des astrocytes avec le sérum de rats atteints d’insuffisance rénale chronique. Résultats: Chez les rats atteints d’IRC, les niveaux géniques de CYP1A, 2C et 3A sont diminués d’au moins 40% (p < 0,05) dans presque toutes les parties étudiées. Les niveaux d’ARNm du CYP2D demeurent inchangés. De plus, une diminution significative d’au moins 45% (p < 0,05) de l’expression protéique des CYP1A, 2C et 3A est observée dans presque toutes les structures étudiées. L’activité enzymatique de CYP3A est diminuée significativement dans le cerveau de rats IRC, ainsi que l’expression des enzymes du CYP2C11 dans les astrocytes en culture lorsqu’incubés avec du sérum de rat urémique. Conclusions: Ces études démontrent que le cerveau est également affecté par l’IRC. Ceci se traduit par une diminution de l’expression protéique, génique, ainsi que de l’activité des enzymes du CYP450. Cette diminution pourrait expliquer une augmentation des effets secondaires dans le système nerveux central en IRC.