Totuus naisen seksuaalisuudesta, osa 2

Vastine Anna Rotkirchin kirjoitukseen Catherine M:n uusi alastomuus / Naistutkimus 2002 : 3.

Jejum pré-operatório de 8 horas ou de 2 horas: o que revela a evidência?

Insulin resistance is a transitory phenomenon of the metabolic response to trauma. In uncomplicated operations it lasts for 2-4 weeks postoperatively, and is directly related to the magnitude of the injury. The fasting status caused by conventional fasting protocols aggravates this resistance and may induce hyperglycemia. Conventional preoperative fasting time may aggravate this resistance and increment the elevation of glycemia especially because it is frequently longer than the expected 6-8h and may reach 10-16 hs. Additionally, overnight fasting may cause variable degrees of dehydration depending on the extension of the fasting period. Recently, various societies of anesthesia and nutrition have changed their guidelines to propose a reduction of preoperative fasting to 2h with clear fluids containing carbohydrates. These new protocols (ACERTO, ERAS) are based on the safety of this routine as consistently demonstrated by various randomized trials and a meta-analysis.

Estudo dopplerfluxométrico das artérias uterinas antes e após inserção do DIU

OBJETIVO: averiguar se ocorrem alterações nos parâmetros da dopplervelocimetria em usuárias do dispositivo intra-uterino (DIU) T cobre 380, por meio do estudo das artérias uterinas antes e depois da inserção do DIU em mulheres lactantes e não lactantes. MÉTODOS: ensaio clínico prospectivo, analítico, com 100 pacientes, em que avaliamos à dopplervelocimetria: índice de resistência (IR), índice de pulsatilidade (IP) e relação sístole/diástole (SD). As pacientes selecionadas foram submetidas à avaliação pré-inserção do DIU e a novos exames pós-inserção, realizados com 30 dias (um ciclo) e com 90 dias (três ciclos). RESULTADOS: os valores obtidos nas artérias uterinas no grupo antes da inserção do DIU foram de 0,9 para o IR, de 2,4 para o IP e de 10,0 para a relação SD. Os valores 30 dias após a inserção do DIU foram de 0,9 para o IR, de 2,5 para o IP e de 10,7 para a relação SD. Após três ciclos aferimos um valor de 0,9 para o IR, de 2,5 para o IP e de 10,7 para a relação SD. A comparação dos resultados obtidos antes e depois da inserção do DIU mostrou valor p de 0,51 para o IR, de 0,37 para o IP e de 0,51 para a relação SD, demonstrando que após a inserção, não houve modificações significativas na dopplervelocimetria. CONCLUSÕES: o uso do DIU T cobre 380 não tem efeito nos índices de dopplervelocimetria das artérias uterinas tanto em pacientes amamentando ou não.

Crescimento intra-uterino restrito diagnosticado pelo índice ponderal de Rohrer e sua associação com morbidade e mortalidade neonatal precoce

OBJETIVO: diagnosticar o crescimento intra-uterino restrito (CIUR) por meio do índice ponderal de Rohrer e sua associação com morbidade e mortalidade neonatal precoce. MÉTODOS: estudo retrospectivo, descritivo e de coorte transversal, no qual foram incluídos 2741 recém-nascidos (RN), sendo 2053 casos de grávidas hígidas, 228 de pré-eclâmpsia leve (PE), 52 com PE grave, 25 com PE que evoluiu para eclâmpsia, 136 de ruptura prematura das membranas (RPM) e 247 de tabagistas. O índice ponderal (IP) de Rohrer foi calculado segundo a equação: IP = peso/estatura³ x 100 e se utilizaram os valores 2,25 e 3,10 dos percentis 10 e 90 de Lubchenco. Classificou-se como CIUR assimétrico aquele RN com IP < 2,25 e peso inferior ao percentil 10, como simétrico, IP entre 2,25 e 3,10 e peso inferior ao percentil 10, ao passo que adequado para idade gestacional (AIG) aquele com IP entre 2,25 e 3,10 e peso entre os percentis 10 e 90. O estudo estatístico foi realizado pelo teste t não pareado, teste não paramétrico do chi2 e teste exato de Fisher, considerado significante valor de p < 0,05. RESULTADOS: o baixo peso (<2500 g) ao nascer incidiu em 3,6% (100/2741) dos casos, ao passo que a taxa de CIUR diagnosticado pelo IP foi de 15,7% (430/2741), sendo 14,0% assimétricos e 1,7% simétricos. A taquipnéia transitória foi a complicação mais freqüente (8,3%) entre os assimétricos, seguido da asfixia (5,7%) e infecção (2,6%). A taquipnéia transitória incidiu em 6,5% dos simétricos, seguido da asfixia (4,3%), síndrome de aspiração de mecônio (2,2%), hipoglicemia (2,2%) e infecção (2,2%). O óbito neonatal precoce foi semelhante entre os RN com CIUR e AIG, ambos alcançando cifra de 0,3%. CONCLUSÕES: o índice ponderal de Rohrer diagnosticou os diferentes padrões de crescimento intra-uterino, os quais não seriam reconhecidos utilizando-se o peso em função da idade gestacional. Os RN assimétricos apresentaram maior taxa de taquipnéia transitória e de asfixia, entretanto sem significância estatística em relação às demais modalidades de crescimento intra-uterino. A taxa de óbito neonatal precoce foi semelhante entre os RN assimétricos e os AIG.

Avaliação do fluxo na artéria renal fetal entre a 22ª e a 38ª semana em gestações normais

OBJETIVO: descrever os valores encontrados para o índice de resistência (IR), índice de pulsatilidade (IP) e relação sístole/diástole (S/D) das artérias renais fetais em gestações sem complicações entre a 22ª e a 38ª semana de gestação e avaliar se estes valores variam durante esse período. MÉTODOS: estudo observacional, no qual 45 fetos de gestações não-complicadas foram avaliados na 22ª, 26ª, 30ª, 34ª e 38ª semanas gestacional. Os exames ultra-sonográficos com Doppler foram feitos por um único observador que utilizou aparelho com transdutor de 4 a 7 MHz. Para a aquisição do traçado de velocidade das artérias renais, uma amostra, com tamanho entre 1 e 2 mm, foi posicionada no terço médio da artéria renal para avaliação através da ultra-sonografia com Doppler pulsado, sempre por um único observador. A avaliação do IR, do IP e da relação S/D das artérias renais (direita e esquerda) foi realizada a partir de três ondas consecutivas utilizando-se o modo automático. Para demonstrar diferença nos valores dos índices com a variação da idade gestacional, comparamos os valores obtidos nas diferentes idades gestacionais através do teste ANOVA com medidas repetidas no tempo (repeated measures ANOVA) com pós-teste de Tukey. RESULTADOS: Não houve diferença significativa entre a artéria renal direita e a esquerda quando se compararam o IR, o IP e a relação S/D. Entretanto, observou-se modificação dos valores destes parâmetros entre a 22ª semana (IR=0,9 ± 0,02; IP=2,44 ± 0,2; relação S/D=11,6 ± 2,2; média ± desvio padrão do valor médio da artéria renal direita e esquerda) e a 38ª semana (IR=0,8 ± 0,03; IP=2,1 ± 0,2; relação S/D=8,7 ± 2,3) de idade gestacional. CONCLUSÕES: os parâmetros avaliados (IR, IP e relação S/D) apresentam valores decrescentes entre a 22ª e a 38ª semana, sem diferença entre os lados direito e esquerdo do feto.

Hiperperfusão no território orbital de gestantes portadoras de lúpus eritematoso sistêmico

OBJETIVO: analisar o comportamento da artéria oftálmica em grávidas portadoras de lúpus eritematoso sistêmico (GL), sem doença renal em atividade, comparando com não-grávidas com lúpus (NGL), sem doença renal em atividade e grávidas normais (GN). MÉTODOS: estudo observacional que analisou as variáveis doplervelocimétricas da artéria oftálmica de 20 GN, 10 GL e 17 NGL. As variáveis analisadas foram os índices de pulsatilidade (IP), a velocidade diastólica final (VDF) e a razão entre picos de velocidade (RPV). Foram calculadas as médias dos índices e respectivos desvios padrões. Para comparação das médias dos índices dos três grupos, utilizou-se o teste de variância (ANOVA) e prova pós-análise de Tukey, com intervalo de confiança de 95% (p<0,05). RESULTADOS: o grupo de gestante normal apresentou as seguintes médias e desvio padrão dos parâmetros da artéria oftálmica: IP=2,4±0,3; RPV=0,5±0,1 e VDF=5,1±2,1 cm/seg. Já os dois grupos GL e NGL mostraram, respectivamente, as seguintes médias e desvio padrão da artéria oftálmica: IP=2,0±0,4 e 1,9±0,4; RPV=0,6±0,1 e 0,6±0,1; VDF=9,7±3,9 cm/s e 8,1±4,3 cm/s. Não houve diferenças estatísticas significativas quando comparadas as médias do IP, VDF e RPV entre os grupos GL e NGL. Porém, observaram-se diferenças estatísticas significativas entre as médias do IP, VDF e RPV dos grupos GN e GL, com valores mais elevados de VDF e RPV no grupo GL. CONCLUSÕES: houve redução da impedância vascular da artéria oftálmica e hiperperfusão orbital nos dois grupos de pacientes com lúpus em relação às grávidas normais. Os conhecimentos obtidos neste estudo poderão auxiliar no melhor entendimento da fisiopatologia do lúpus eritematoso sistêmico, bem como poderá ser empregado em estudos futuros como método complementar para o diagnóstico diferencial entre a pré-eclâmpsia e a atividade de doença renal nas gestantes com lúpus.

Factors predicting mortality in type 2 diabetes. With special reference to physical exercise, blood pressure, proteinuria, inflammation and P wave duration

Background: Type 2 diabetes patients have a 2-4 fold risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD) compared to the general population. In type 2 diabetes, several CVD risk factors have been identified, including obesity, hypertension, hyperglycemia, proteinuria, sedentary lifestyle and dyslipidemia. Although much of the excess CVD risk can be attributed to these risk factors, a significant proportion is still unknown. Aims: To assess in middle-aged type 2 diabetic subjects the joint relations of several conventional and non-conventional CVD risk factors with respect to cardiovascular and total mortality. Subjects and methods: This thesis is part of a large prospective, population based East-West type 2 diabetes study that was launched in 1982-1984. It includes 1,059 middle-aged (45-64 years old) participants. At baseline, a thorough clinical examination and laboratory measurements were performed and an ECG was recorded. The latest follow-up study was performed 18 years later in January 2001 (when the subjects were 63-81 years old). The study endpoints were total mortality and mortality due to CVD, coronary heart disease (CHD) and stroke. Results: Physically more active patients had significantly reduced total, CVD and CHD mortality independent of high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP) levels unless proteinuria was present. Among physically active patients with a hs-CRP level >3 mg/L, the prognosis of CVD mortality was similar to patients with hs-CRP levels ≤3 mg/L. The worst prognosis was among physically inactive patients with hs-CRP levels >3 mg/L. Physically active patients with proteinuria had significantly increased total and CVD mortality by multivariate analyses. After adjustment for confounding factors, patients with proteinuria and a systolic BP <130 mmHg had a significant increase in total and CVD mortality compared to those with a systolic BP between 130 and 160 mmHg. The prognosis was similar in patients with a systolic BP <130 mmHg and ≥160 mmHg. Among patients without proteinuria, a systolic BP <130 mmHg was associated with a non-significant reduction in mortality. A P wave duration ≥114 ms was associated with a 2.5-fold increase in stroke mortality among patients with prevalent CHD or claudication. This finding persisted in multivariable analyses. Among patients with no comorbidities, there was no relationship between P wave duration and stroke mortality. Conclusions: Physical activity reduces total and CVD mortality in patients with type 2 diabetes without proteinuria or with elevated levels of hs-CRP, suggesting that the anti-inflammatory effect of physical activity can counteract increased CVD morbidity and mortality associated with a high CRP level. In patients with proteinuria the protective effect was not, however, present. Among patients with proteinuria, systolic BP <130 mmHg may increase mortality due to CVD. These results demonstrate the importance of early intervention to prevent CVD and to control all-cause mortality among patients with type 2 diabetes. The presence of proteinuria should be taken into account when defining the target systolic BP level for prevention of CVD deaths. A prolongation of the duration of the P wave was associated with increased stroke mortality among high-risk patients with type 2 diabetes. P wave duration is easy to measure and merits further examination to evaluate its importance for estimation of the risk of stroke among patients with type 2 diabetes.

Specific fluorogenic substrates for neprilysin (neutral endopeptidase, EC 3.4.24.11) which are highly resistant to serine- and metalloproteases

Two intramolecularly quenched fluorogenic peptides containing o-aminobenzoyl (Abz) and ethylenediamine 2,4-dinitrophenyl (EDDnp) groups at amino- and carboxyl-terminal amino acid residues, Abz-DArg-Arg-Leu-EDDnp (Abz-DRRL-EDDnp) and Abz-DArg-Arg-Phe-EDDnp (Abz-DRRF-EDDnp), were selectively hydrolyzed by neutral endopeptidase (NEP, enkephalinase, neprilysin, EC 3.4.24.11) at the Arg-Leu and Arg-Phe bonds, respectively. The kinetic parameters for the NEP-catalyzed hydrolysis of Abz-DRRL-EDDnp and Abz-DRRF-EDDnp were Km = 2.8 µM, kcat = 5.3 min-1, kcat/Km = 2 min-1 µM-1 and Km = 5.0 µM, kcat = 7.0 min-1, kcat/Km = 1.4 min-1 µM-1, respectively. The high specificity of these substrates was demonstrated by their resistance to hydrolysis by metalloproteases [thermolysin (EC 3.4.24.2), angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE; EC 3.4.24.15)], serineproteases [trypsin (EC 3.4.21.4), a-chymotrypsin (EC 3.4.21.1)] and proteases present in tissue homogenates from kidney, lung, brain and testis. The blocked amino- and carboxyl-terminal amino acids protected these substrates against the action of aminopeptidases, carboxypeptidases and ACE. Furthermore, DR amino acids ensured total protection of Abz-DRRL-EDDnp and Abz-DRRF-EDDnp against the action of thermolysin and trypsin. Leu-EDDnp and Phe-EDDnp were resistant to hydrolysis by a-chymotrypsin. The high specifity of these substrates suggests their use for specific NEP assays in crude enzyme preparations

A micromethod for quantitation of debrisoquine and 4-hydroxydebrisoquine in urine by liquid chromatography

We describe a new simple, selective and sensitive micromethod based on HPLC and fluorescence detection to measure debrisoquine (D) and 4-hydroxydebrisoquine (4-OHD) in urine for the investigation of xenobiotic metabolism by debrisoquine hydroxylase (CYP2D6). Four hundred µl of urine was required for the analysis of D and 4-OHD. Peaks were eluted at 8.3 min (4-OHD), 14.0 min (D) and 16.6 min for the internal standard, metoprolol (20 µg/ml). The 5-µm CN-reverse-phase column (Shimpack, 250 x 4.6 mm) was eluted with a mobile phase consisting of 0.25 M acetate buffer, pH 5.0, and acetonitrile (9:1, v/v) at 0.7 ml/min with detection at lexcitation = 210 nm and lemission = 290 nm. The method, validated on the basis of measurements of spiked urine, presented 3 ng/ml (D) and 6 ng/ml (4-OHD) sensitivity, 390-6240 ng/ml (D) and 750-12000 ng/ml (4-OHD) linearity, and 5.7/8.2% (D) and 5.3/8.2% (4-OHD) intra/interassay precision. The method was validated using urine of a healthy Caucasian volunteer who received one 10-mg tablet of Declinax®, po, in the morning after an overnight fast. Urine samples (diuresis of 4 or 6 h) were collected from zero to 24 h. The urinary excretion of D and 4-OHD, Fel (0-24 h), i.e., fraction of dose administered and excreted into urine, was 6.4% and 31.9%, respectively. The hydroxylation capacity index reported as metabolic ratio was 0.18 (D/4-OHD) for the person investigated and can be compared to reference limits of >12.5 for poor metabolizers (PM) and <12.5 for extensive metabolizers (EM). In parallel, the recovery ratio (RR), another hydroxylation capacity index, was 0.85 (4-OHD: SD + 4-OHD) versus reference limits of RR <0.12 for PM and RR >0.12 for EM. The healthy volunteer was considered to be an extensive metabolizer on the basis of the debrisoquine test.

Gliclazide and bedtime insulin are more efficient than insulin alone for type 2 diabetic patients with sulfonylurea secondary failure

To determine the effects of combined therapy of gliclazide and bedtime insulin on glycemic control and C-peptide secretion, we studied 25 patients with type 2 diabetes and sulfonylurea secondary failure, aged 56.8 ± 8.3 years, with a duration of diabetes of 10.6 ± 6.6 years, fasting plasma glucose of 277.3 ± 64.6 mg/dl and a body mass index of 27.4 ± 4.8 kg/m². Patients were submitted to three therapeutic regimens lasting 2 months each: 320 mg gliclazide (phase 1), 320 mg gliclazide and bedtime NPH insulin (phase 2), and insulin (phase 3). At the end of each period, glycemic and C-peptide curves in response to a mixed meal were determined. During combined therapy, there was a decrease in all glycemic curve values (P<0.01). Twelve patients (48%) reached fasting plasma glucose <140 mg/dl with a significant weight gain of 64.8 kg (43.1-98.8) vs 66.7 kg (42.8-101.4) (P<0.05), with no increase in C-peptide secretion or decrease in HbA1. C-Peptide glucose score (C-peptide/glucose x 100) increased from 0.9 (0.2-2.1) to 1.3 (0.2-4.7) during combined therapy (P<0.01). Despite a 50% increase in insulin doses in phase 3 (12 U (9-30) vs 18 U (11-60); P<0.01) only 3 patients who responded to combined therapy maintained fasting plasma glucose <140 mg/dl (P<0.02). A tendency to a higher absolute increase in C-peptide (0.99 (0.15-2.5) vs 0.6 (0-2.15); P = 0.08) and C-peptide incremental area (2.47 (0.22-6.2) vs 1.2 (0-3.35); P = 0.07) was observed among responders. We conclude that combined therapy resulted in a better glucose response to a mixed meal than insulin alone and should be tried in type 2 diabetic patients before starting insulin monotherapy, despite difficulties in predicting the response.

Role of nitric oxide of the median preoptic nucleus (MnPO) in the alterations of salivary flow, arterial pressure and heart rate induced by injection of pilocarpine into the MnPO and intraperitoneally

We investigated the effect of L-NAME, a nitric oxide (NO) inhibitor and sodium nitroprusside (SNP), an NO-donating agent, on pilocarpine-induced alterations in salivary flow, mean arterial blood pressure (MAP) and heart rate (HR) in rats. Male Holtzman rats (250-300 g) were implanted with a stainless steel cannula directly into the median preoptic nucleus (MnPO). Pilocarpine (10, 20, 40, 80, 160 µg) injected into the MnPO induced an increase in salivary secretion (P<0.01). Pilocarpine (1, 2, 4, 8, 16 mg/kg) ip also increased salivary secretion (P<0.01). Injection of L-NAME (40 µg) into the MnPO prior to pilocarpine (10, 20, 40, 80, 160 µg) injected into the MnPO or ip (1, 2, 4, 8, 16 mg/kg) increased salivary secretion (P<0.01). SNP (30 µg) injected into the MnPO or ip prior to pilocarpine attenuated salivary secretion (P<0.01). Pilocarpine (40 µg) injection into the MnPO increased MAP and decreased HR (P<0.01). Pilocarpine (4 mg/kg body weight) ip produced a decrease in MAP and an increase in HR (P<0.01). Injection of L-NAME (40 µg) into the MnPO prior to pilocarpine potentiated the increase in MAP and reduced HR (P<0.01). SNP (30 µg) injected into the MnPO prior to pilocarpine attenuated (100%) the effect of pilocarpine on MAP, with no effect on HR. Administration of L-NAME (40 µg) into the MnPO potentiated the effect of pilocarpine injected ip. SNP (30 µg) injected into the MnPO attenuated the effect of ip pilocarpine on MAP and HR. The present study suggests that in the rat MnPO 1) NO is important for the effects of pilocarpine on salivary flow, and 2) pilocarpine interferes with blood pressure and HR (side effects of pilocarpine), that is attenuated by NO.

Effect of Sapindus trifoliatus on hyperalgesic in vivo migraine models

Phytotherapies have offered alternative sources of therapy for migraine and gained much importance in prophylactic treatment. Sapindus trifoliatus is a medium-sized deciduous tree growing wild in south India that belongs to the family Sapindaceae. The pericarp is reported for various medicinal properties. A thick aqueous solution of the pericarp is used for the treatment of hemicrania, hysteria or epilepsy in folklore medicine. We have investigated the antihyperalgesic effects of the lyophilized aqueous extract of S. trifoliatus in animal models predictive of experimental migraine models using morphine withdrawal-induced hyperalgesia on the hot-plate test and on 0.3% acetic acid-induced abdominal constrictions in adult male Swiss albino mice. The extract significantly (N = 10, P < 0.05) increased the licking latency in the hot-plate test when administered ip at 10 mg/kg (6.70 ± 0.39 s in saline control vs 18.76 ± 0.96 s in S. trifoliatus-treated animals) and significantly (N = 10, P < 0.001) reduced the abdominal constrictions when administered ip at 2 and 10 mg/kg (40.20 ± 1.36 in saline control vs 30.20 ± 1.33 and 23.00 ± 0.98 for 2 and 10 mg/kg, ip, respectively, in S. trifoliatus-treated animals). Furthermore, when administered ip at 20 and 100 mg/kg, the extract significantly (N = 10, P < 0.05) inhibited the apomorphine-induced climbing behavior in mice (climbing duration 15.75 ± 5.0 min for saline control vs 11.4 ± 1.28 and 3.9 ± 1.71 min for 20 and 100 mg/kg, respectively, in S. trifoliatus-treated animals). In receptor radioligand-binding studies, the extract exhibited affinity towards D2 receptors. The findings suggest that dopamine D2 antagonism could be the mechanism involved in the antihyperalgesic activity of the aqueous extract of S. trifoliatus.

Effect of cyhalothrin on Ehrlich tumor growth and macrophage activity in mice

Cyhalothrin, a pyrethroid insecticide, induces stress-like symptoms, increases c-fos immunoreactivity in the paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus, and decreases innate immune responses in laboratory animals. Macrophages are key elements in cellular immune responses and operate at the tumor-host interface. This study investigated the relationship among cyhalothrin effects on Ehrlich tumor growth, serum corticosterone levels and peritoneal macrophage activity in mice. Three experiments were done with 10 experimental (single gavage administration of 3.0 mg/kg cyhalothrin daily for 7 days) and 10 control (single gavage administration of 1.0 mL/kg vehicle of cyhalothrin preparation daily for 7 days) isogenic BALB/c mice in each experiment. Cyhalothrin i) increased Ehrlich ascitic tumor growth after ip administration of 5.0 x 106 tumor cells, i.e., ascitic fluid volume (control = 1.97 ± 0.39 mL and experimental = 2.71 ± 0.92 mL; P < 0.05), concentration of tumor cells/mL in the ascitic fluid (control = 111.95 ± 16.73 x 106 and experimental = 144.60 ± 33.18 x 106; P < 0.05), and total number of tumor cells in the ascitic fluid (control = 226.91 ± 43.22 x 106 and experimental = 349.40 ± 106.38 x 106; P < 0.05); ii) increased serum corticosterone levels (control = 200.0 ± 48.3 ng/mL and experimental = 420.0 ± 75.5 ng/mL; P < 0.05), and iii) decreased the intensity of macrophage phagocytosis (control = 132.3 ± 19.7 and experimental = 116.2 ± 4.6; P < 0.05) and oxidative burst (control = 173.7 ± 40.8 and experimental= 99.58 ± 41.7; P < 0.05) in vitro in the presence of Staphylococcus aureus. These data provide evidence that cyhalothrin simultaneously alters host resistance to Ehrlich tumor growth, hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenocortical (HPA) axis function, and peritoneal macrophage activity. The results are discussed in terms of data suggesting a link between stress, HPA axis activation and resistance to tumor growth.

Impact of a 2-year intervention program on cardiometabolic profile according to the number of goals achieved

We investigated the impact of lifestyle goal achievement on cardiovascular risk factors after a 2-year behavioral intervention program applied to 394 adults (113 with diabetes, mean age 60.2 ± 11.4 years, 56% women) and targeting four goals: ≥5% weight loss; ≥150 min/week physical activities; <10% saturated fat intake/day; ≥400 g fruit and vegetable intake/day. Baseline characteristics and changes in variables after intervention among the four categories of number of goals achieved (none, 1, 2, and ≥3) were compared by independent ANOVA or the Kruskal-Wallis test. Individuals without diabetes achieving a higher number of goals were more likely to be older (3 or 4 goals: 61.8 ± 12.6 years vs none: 53.3 ± 10.3 years, P < 0.05) and to have a lower mean BMI (3 or 4 goals: 21.7 ± 2.6 kg/m² vs none: 29.0 ± 4.8 kg/m², P < 0.05), diastolic blood pressure (3 or 4 goals: 77.3 ± 2.1 mmHg vs none: 85.4 ± 9.6 mmHg, P < 0.05), triglyceride (3 or 4 goals: 116.1 ± 95.1 mg/dL vs none: 144.8 ± 65.5 mg/dL, P < 0.05) and insulin levels (3 or 4 goals: 3.6 ± 2.4 μU/L vs none: 5.7 ± 4.0 μU/L, P < 0.05) than those achieving fewer goals. The absolute changes in cardiovascular risk factors tended to be more pronounced with increasing number of goals achieved in individuals without diabetes. The intervention had a beneficial impact on the cardiometabolic profile of individuals with normal or altered glucose metabolism. The number of goals achieved in this lifestyle intervention was associated with the magnitude of improvement of cardiovascular risk factors in individuals without diabetes. Participants with a better cardiometabolic profile seemed to be more likely to have a healthy lifestyle.

Efeitos do controle glicêmico obtido em curto prazo sobre a microalbuminúria e a filtração glomerular em pacientes diabéticos do tipo 2 com controle glicêmico precário

INTRODUÇÃO: O controle intensivo da glicemia reduz significativamente o risco de desenvolvimento de complicações microvasculares, incluindo a nefropatia. OBJETIVOS: Foi avaliado o impacto do controle glicêmico, por meio do cálculo da glicemia média semanal (GMS) e variabilidade glicêmica (VG), sobre a pressão arterial (PA) nas 24 horas (MAPA), excreção urinária de albumina (EUA) e taxa de filtração glomerular (TFG). MÉTODOS: 53 pacientes com diabetes mellitus tipo 2 (DM2), dividida aleatoriamente em dois grupos para receber tratamento convencional ou intensivo. Esse último incluía visitas semanais para ajustes da medicação e aplicação de um plano educacional durante seis semanas. RESULTADOS: Observou-se controle glicêmico (GMS < 150 mg/dL e VG < 50) em 75% (n = 21) dos pacientes do grupo intervenção (GI) (n = 28) e em 24% (n = 6) do grupo convencional (GC) (n = 25) (p < 0,001). Dos 27 pacientes dos dois grupos que obtiveram controle glicêmico, 14 apresentavam inicialmente média da PA sistólica (PAS) > 120 mmHg e que se reduziu de 138,4 ± 10,1 para 127,8 ± 11,6 mmHg (p = 0,023) ao final das seis semanas. Foram observadas reduções da PAS e PA diastólica (PAD) na vigília e durante o sono, que não ocorreram no grupo (n = 17) sem controle glicêmico e PAS >120 mmHg. Inicialmente, 15 pacientes apresentavam TFG >120 mL/min, sendo que após seis semanas, apenas o subgrupo que alcançou controle glicêmico (n = 7) mostrou redução de 137,2 ± 16 para 122,2 ± 25,2 mL/min (p = 0,02). No inicio do estudo, outros quinze pacientes apresentavam microalbuminúria. Após seis semanas, independente de terem alcançado o controle glicêmico preconizado, observou-se redução da EUA de 63,0 ± 43,1 para 24,8 ± 19,5 mg/g de creatinina (p = 0,02). CONCLUSÃO: Assim, o controle glicêmico obtido em curto prazo resultou na redução da PA, da TFG e da EUA nos pacientes com DM2 que apresentavam alterações desses parâmetros, alterações benéficas no que se refere à proteção renal.