Cetáceos en Canarias

[ES]El motivo de esta charla informativa es para quienes estén interesados en conocer los cetáceos que residen en Canarias; una iniciación al conocimiento de estas especies de mamíferos marinos, de saber cómo viven, cómo se trabaja en la toma de datos, cómo debemos protegerlos y cuidarlos para su supervivencia, ya que hay una gran variedad que transitan por nuestras costas

Prologo a las investigaciones dirigidas por el Dr. Adolf Zilch

La primera tarea de un Instituto nuevo que se dedica a la investigación científica pura dentro de un territorio poco conocido es elaborar un catálogo de las riquezas naturales que constituyen la fauna y la flora de dicho país. Por esta razón es la tarea básica de nuestro Instituto Tropical de Investigaciones Científicas de El Salvador investigar la fauna y flora un mapa geológico del país. Las clases de los vertebrados están terminadas o actualmente en trabajo, tenemos ya en nuestras manos los manuscritos acerca de las aves, anfibios y reptiles de El Salvador; actualmente se están estudiando los mamíferos un especialista en peces, la última clase de vertebrados, llegara a principios del año entrante. También diferentes grupos de los invertebrados, como por ejemplo los caracoles terrestres y varios grupos de insectos están ya investigados. En cuanto a la flora, se está elaborando una descripción de las especies de las catorce familias de la fanerógamas pentacíclicas, a las cuales pertenecen las orquídeas y las bromeliáceas. El trabajo de la fauna y flora tiene dos fines: describir las especies nuevas recién descubiertas y comprobar la presencia de las especies ya conocidas que hasta ahora no se habían descrito.

Sphingidae de El Salvador: (Resultado del viaje de exploración Dr. Adolf Zilch 1951 en El Salvador Nº2)

Entre los miles de lepidópteros coleccionados por el Dr. Adolf Zilch durante su estancia en El Salvador se hallaban 204 sphingidae de 33 especies donde no se anota diferentemente los animales proceden de San Salvador. Todos fueron coleccionados mediante captura por luz, por ofrecerse precisamente buena ocasión para aquel método en el Instituto Tropical de Investigaciones Científicas de El Salvador. Los faroles colocados alrededor del Instituto atraían con su luz resplandeciente masas de insectos noche tras noche y el Dr. Zilch los coleccionaba cada tres o cuatro horas en la pared iluminada del edificio. En los anales del Instituto de Biología de 1942, Carlos especificó para México 154 especies de sphingidae.

Reseñas

Tres familias del gran orden de los coleópteros fueron el objeto de estudio sobre faunas salvadoreñas recién publicadas en una revista científica alemana: los crisomélidos habían sido coleccionados en El Salvador por los Drs. R. Mertens (1950) y A. Zilch (1951) ambos entonces investigaron en el Instituto Tropical. El artículo citado los denomina con sus lugares de hallazgos correspondientes. 10 especies de cicindélidos, coleópteros muy listos, se coleccionaron durante la permanencia del Dr. A. Zilch en el Instituto Tropical, otras especies mas no se lograron recoger por causa de su rapidez, aunque se persiguieron intensamente. Como hasta ahora no se conocía en El Salvador más que una sola especie de esta familia el estudio realizado presenta un aumento considerable del conocimiento de la fauna salvadoreña. La lista publicada a base de este material es la primera de mariposas salvadoreñas, aunque en El Salvador se mencionaba de vez en cuando lugar de hallazgo. Entre las 129 especies y subespecies denominadas se hayo una especie y una subespecie nueva, lo que fue una gran sorpresa, porque las mariposas diurnas, representantes más atractivos de la fauna, se habían estudiado en el mundo entero desde los primeros esfuerzos zoológicos.

Diagnóstico de la calidad microbiológica del agua durante un ciclo de cultivo de camarón marino del grupo de cooperativas del sector El Zompopero, Bahía de Jiquilisco, Usulután

La producción global de la acuicultura está creciendo sustancialmente y aporta cada vez mayores volúmenes de alimento de origen acuático que es demandado para el consumo humano y la actual tendencia se mantendrá por mucho tiempo por su aporte proteico y fácil preparación culinaria. El crecimiento de la acuicultura tiene el potencial de satisfacer las necesidades de alimentos y contribuir a la disponibilidad, seguridad alimentaria, la reducción de la pobreza y el desarrollo sostenible y esto es ampliamente reconocido para cumplir con el Desarrollo de los Objetivos del Milenio (FAO, 2007). La acuicultura es un sector muy diverso y está caracterizada por incluir muchos y diferentes sistemas, sitios, prácticas, procesos y productos. También hay una amplia variedad de condiciones políticas, sociales, económicas y ambientales en las cuales se desarrolla. En la medida que ésta crece, adquiere especial importancia por los posibles impactos negativos que provocan sobre el ambiente, las comunidades locales y los consumidores. El entorno y la acción antropogénica en la que se realiza en otras zonas conectadas geográficamente también influyen de manera determinante con variables ambientales que tienen alta incidencia en los rendimientos de la producción.

Antibacterial activity of the marine sponge Ircinia Campana collected at Punta Uva Limón against Staphylococcus Aureus

The sponges are simple multicellularorganisms; they inhabit in marine environments from the polar seas to the tropical waterswhere they are more abundant. These species are exposed to large populations of microbes, reason that explains their complex morphological and cellular defense mechanism, which are used by these organisms to fight against pathogens. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the antibacterial activity of the marine sponge Ircinia campana, whichinhabits in the south of the Caribbean coast of Costa Rica against  Sthapylococcus aureus gram-positive bacteria. Sampleswere collected in Punta Uva in Limónduring July of 2007. The active compounds were obtainedby extraction with acetone (crude extract); and subsequently, chromatographic extracts were obtained using fractions 1:4 hexane: ethyl acetate. The antibacterial activities of the different fractions, including the  crude extract were tested.Our results suggest a zone of inhibition of 14.60 ±0.25 mm for the crude extract and18.70±0.25mm for the most active fraction separated by chromatography. The metabolite responsible for the antibacterial activity was isolated by High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC)and preliminarily characterized through ultraviolet (UV) and infrared (IR) spectroscopy.

Purificação e caracterização parcial de uma B-D glicosidase de Artemia franciscana com ação sobre celobiose e lactose

-D-glucosidase (EC 3.2.1.21) is one of the most interesting glycosidases, especially for hydrolysis cellobiose releasing glucose, is last step degradation of cellulose. This function makes the -D-glucosidase is of great interest as a versatile industrial biocatalyst, being critical to various bio-treatment / biorefinery processes, such as bioethanol production. Hen in the report, a -D-glucosidase was extracts from protein extracted of the invertebrate marine Artemia franciscana was purified and characterized with a combination of precipitation with ammonium sulfate (0 - 30%, 30 to 50%, 50 to 80%), the fraction saturated in the range of 30 to 50% (called F-II) was applied in a molecular exclusion chromatography, in Sephacryl S-200, the fractions corresponding to the first peak of activity of -D-glucosidase were gathered and applied in a chromatography of ion exchange in Mono Q; the third peak this protein obtained chromatography, which coincides with the peak of activity of -D-glucosidase was held and applied in a gel filtration chromatography Superose 12 where the first peak protein, which has activity of -D-glucosidase was rechromatography on Superose 12. This enzyme is probably multimerica, consisting of three subunit molecular mass of 52.7 kDa (determined by SDS-PAGE) with native molecular mass of 157 kDa (determined by gel filtration chromatography on Superose 12 under the system FPLC). The enzyme was purified 44.09 times with a recovery of 1.01%. Using up p-nitrophenyl-β-D-glucopiranoside as substrate obtained a Km apparent of 0.229 mM and a Vmax of 1.109 mM.60min-1.mL-1mM. The optimum pH and optimum temperature of catalysis of the synthetic substrate were 5.0 and 45 °C, respectively. The activity of the -D-glucosidase was strongly, inhibited by silver nitrate and N- etylmaleimide, this inhibition indicates the involvement of radical sulfidrila the hydrolysis of synthetic substrate. The -D-glucosidase of Artemia franciscana presented degradativa action on celobiose, lactose and on the synthetic substrate -nitrophenyl-β-D-glucopiranoside indicating potential use of this enzyme in the industry mainly for the production of bioethanol (production of alcohol from the participating cellulose), and production hydrolysate milk (devoid of milk lactose)

Potencial terapêutico de um heparinóide isolado do invertebrado marinho Litopenaeus vannamei

The occurrence of bioactive compounds in marine organisms comes awaking the interest of the pharmaceutical industry. Heparin, a sulfated polysaccharide which presence was already identified in several marine invertebrates, is very attractive due its remarkable functional versatility. Besides to intervene in blood coagulation, this molecule has a great anti-inflammatory potential. However, its strong anticoagulant activity difficult the clinical exploitation of its anti-inflammatory properties. Thus, the aims of this work were to evaluate the effect of a heparin-like compound (heparinoid), isolated from the cephalotorax of the Litopenaeus vannamei shrimp, on the inflammatory response, hemostasia and synthesis of antithrombotic heparan sulfate by endothelial cells, besides studying some aspects concerning its structure. The purified heparinoid was structurally characterized following an analytical boarding, involving electrophoresis and chromatography. The structural analysis have shown that this compound possess a high content of glucuronic acid residues and disulfated disaccharide units. In contrast to mammalian heparin, the heparinoid was incapable to stimulate the synthesis of heparan sulfate by endothelial cells in the tested concentrations, beyond to show reduced anticoagulant activity and hemorrhagic effect. In a model of acute inflammation, the compound isolated from the shrimp reduced more than 50% of the cellular infiltration. Besides reduce the activity of MMP-9 and proMMP-2 of the peritoneal lavage of inflamed animals, the heparinoid also reduced the activity of MMP-9 secreted by activated human leukocytes. These results demonstrate the potential of heparinoid from L. vannamei to intervene in the inflammatory response. For possessing reduced anticoagulant activity and hemorrhagic effect, this compound can serve as a structural model to direct the development of more specific therapeutical agents to the treatment of inflammatory diseases

Efeitos bioquímicos e fisiológicos da exposição ao níquel no caranguejo euraliano neohelice granulata

Em invertebrados eurialinos, a exposição a metais pode induzir distúrbios respiratórios, iônicos e osmóticos, bem como estresse oxidativo. Diversos estudos sobre o efeito combinado da salinidade da água e a exposição a metais em invertebrados estuarinos estão relatados na literatura, porém a maioria destes estudos estão focados em apenas alguns metais como Cd, Cu, Pb e Zn. Entretanto, poucos estudos avaliaram as respostas bioquímicas e fisiológicas de invertebrados eurialinos à exposição ao Ni em diferentes salinidades. No presente estudo, o caranguejo estuarino Neohelice granulata foi mantido sob condições controle (sem adição de Ni na água) ou exposto (96 h) a concentrações subletais de Ni (100 e 1000 µg/L) em duas salinidades (2 e 30). Após exposição, o consumo de oxigênio corporal foi medido e amostras de tecidos (hemolinfa, hepatopâncreas, músculo, e brânquias anteriores e posteriores) foram coletadas para análises posteriores. A concentração osmótica e a composição iônica (Na+ , Cl- , Ca2+, Mg2+ e K+ ) foram determinadas nas amostras de hemolinfa. A atividade da lactato desidrogenase (LDH) foi medida na hemolinfa, hepatopâncreas e músculo, enquanto a peroxidação lipídica (LPO) foi analisada no hepatopâncreas, músculo e brânquias (anteriores e posteriores). Os caranguejos controle não apresentaram diferença na concentração osmótica em função da salinidade, porém aqueles aclimatados à salinidade 2 apresentaram menores concentrações hemolinfáticas de Na+ , K + e Mg2+, bem como maiores níveis de LPO nas brânquias (anteriores e posteriores) e hepatopâncreas do que aqueles aclimatados à salinidade 30. O consumo de oxigênio corporal e a atividade tecidual da LDH foram semelhantes nos caranguejos controles aclimatados a 2 e 30. Estes resultados indicam que, após duas semanas de manutenção em laboratório, N. granulata apresenta ajustes fisiológicos da concentração osmótica (2‰: hiper-regulação; 30‰: hipo-regulação), composição iônica hemolinfática e taxas 4 metabólicas (aeróbica e anaeróbica) em função da salinidade, com conseqüente maior dano oxidativo em lipídios durante a hiper-regulação em baixa salinidade. Quanto à exposição ao Ni, houve aumento do consumo de oxigênio corporal, da atividade da LDH hemolinfática e da concentração hemolinfática de K+ na salinidade 2. Na salinidade 30 foi observado um aumento da atividade da LDH hemolinfática, da concentração osmótica e de Cl- hemolinfática, bem como uma diminuição das concentrações hemolinfáticas de K+ e Mg2+. Nos caranguejos aclimatados à salinidade 2, os efeitos do Ni parecem estar associados a distúrbios metabólicos (aeróbico e anaeróbico), enquanto distúrbios osmóticos e ionoregulatórios foram mais evidentes nos caranguejos aclimatados e expostos ao Ni na salinidade 30.

Primer registro de Helcystogramma sp.(Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae) en Cuba.

Helcystogramma sp., es una nueva especie de microlepidóptero que afecta desde la siembra hasta la cosecha del boniato o camote (Ipomoea batatas L. Lam.) en Cuba. Debido a la falta de conocimientos y a la escasa bibliografía relacionada con las especies del género Helcystogramma en nuestro país, nos propusimos como objetivo conocer aspectos bio-ecológicos de este microlepidóptero, con la finalidad de proporcionar nuevos conocimientos para un futuro manejo de esta plaga. El trabajo se realizó desde septiembre 2013 a septiembre de 2014, en el Instituto de Investigaciones de Viandas Tropicales (INIVIT), Santo Domingo, Villa Clara, Cuba. Los insectos se estudiaron por observación directa en campos de I. batatas. La larva de este microlepidóptero es muy ágil, dobla la hoja, la cual pega con hilos de seda, creando una protección para su desarrollo hasta el estado de pupa, se alimenta dentro de esta cavidad a partir de la misma hoja, sin afectar la epidermis inferior. Sus poblaciones han aumentado considerablemente, llegando a 20 larvas/m2 en verano. La especies Helcystogramma sp., se cita por primera vez para Cuba y además se registra como una nueva especie de insecto que se alimenta del boniato. ABSTRACT. Primer registro de Helcystogramma sp. (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae) en Cuba. Helcystogramma sp. is a new species of microlepidoptera affecting from planting to sweet potato (I. batatas L. Lam.) harvest crop in Cuba. Due to the lack of knowledgze and limited literature relate with the Helcystogramma genus in our country, the goal of this study was to know the bioecological aspects of such microlepidoptera, in order to provide new insights for future management of this pest. The study was conducted from September 2013 to September 2014 at the Research Institute of Tropical Root and Tuber Crops, Bananas and Plantains (INIVIT), Santo Domingo, Villa Clara, Cuba. Insects were studied by direct observation in sweet potato (I. batatas) fields. The microlepidoptera larvae is very agile, folds the sheet which sticks with silk threads, creating a protection for its development to the pupal stage. The larvae will feed in the cavity from the same leaf without affecting the lower epidermis. Their populations have increased significantly, reaching 20 larvae / m2 in summer. The species Helcystogramma sp., is cited for the first time in Cuba and it is reported as a new species of insect that feeds on sweet potato leaves.

Determinação de motivos de ligação à quitina em vicilinas de Canavalia ensiformis e Vigna unguiculata através de métodos in silico e relação com suas toxicidades para o bruquídeo Callosobruchus maculatus (Coleoptera:Bruchidae)

Chitin is an important structural component of the cellular wall of fungi and exoskeleton of many invertebrate plagues, such as insects and nematodes. In digestory systems of insects it forms a named matrix of peritrophic membrane. One of the most studied interaction models protein-carbohydrate is the model that involves chitin-binding proteins. Among the involved characterized domains already in this interaction if they detach the hevein domain (HD), from of Hevea brasiliensis (Rubber tree), the R&R consensus domain (R&R), found in cuticular proteins of insects, and the motif called in this study as conglicinin motif (CD), found in the cristallography structure of the β-conglicinin bounded with GlcNac. These three chitin-binding domains had been used to determine which of them could be involved in silico in the interaction of Canavalia ensiformis and Vigna unguiculata vicilins with chitin, as well as associate these results with the WD50 of these vicilins for Callosobruchus maculatus larvae. The technique of comparative modeling was used for construction of the model 3D of the vicilin of V. unguiculata, that was not found in the data bases. Using the ClustalW program it was gotten localization of these domains in the vicilins primary structure. The domains R&R and CD had been found with bigger homology in the vicilins primary sequences and had been target of interaction studies. Through program GRAMM models of interaction ( dockings ) of the vicilins with GlcNac had been gotten. The results had shown that, through analysis in silico, HD is not part of the vicilins structures, proving the result gotten with the alignment of the primary sequences; the R&R domain, although not to have structural similarity in the vicilins, probably it has a participation in the activity of interaction of these with GlcNac; whereas the CD domain participates directly in the interaction of the vicilins with GlcNac. These results in silico show that the amino acid number, the types and the amount of binding made for the CD motif with GlcNac seem to be directly associates to the deleterious power that these vicilins show for C. maculatus larvae. This can give an initial step in the briefing of as the vicilins interact with alive chitin in and exert its toxic power for insects that possess peritrophic membrane

Utilização da berberina na identificação dos mastócitos do molusco Anomalocardia brasiliana

Berberine is an alkaloid used as a fluorochrome in the identification of heparin and DNA. Enerback, 1974, described the technique used until today to study granules rich in heparin of vertebrate mast cells. Santos et al., 2003, studied mast cells of the mollusk Anomalocardia brasiliana using biochemical and histological analysis. This work used the fluorescent dye berberine technique to improve characterization of these cells. Mollusk organs (ctenidium and mantle) were processed with routine histological techniques. Tissue sections were treated with berberine 0,02% in redistilled water acidified to pH 4, by the addition of citric acid for 20 minutes. The visualization was made through fluorescence microscopy with ultraviolet region emission. The mast cell fluorescence had a strong yellow color, where cell nuclei appeared more greenish. This result was very similar to the ones reported before. Mast cells are location at the epithelium surface is the same in both organs, mantle and ctenidium. The fluorescence was easily observed in the granules. Therefore, this technique showed to be good and sensitive to study mast cell of invertebrates

Bioecology and conservation of Duck Mussel Species (Anodonta anatina L., 1758) in Northeastern Portugal

Freshwater mussel (Mollusca, Bivalvia, Unionoida) populations are one of the most endangered faunistic groups. Mussels play an important role in the functioning of aquatic ecosystems, because they are responsible for the filtration and purification of water. They have a complex life cycle, with a parasitic larvae and usually limited host fish species. The real status of these populations is still poorly understood worldwide. The objectives of the present work were the study of bioecology of duck mussel (Anodonta anatina L.) populations of Tua Basin (NE Portugal). It was made the characterization of the ecological status of Rabaçal, Tuela and Tua Rivers, selecting 15 sampling sites, equally distributed by the three rivers. Samplings were made in the winter of 2016, and several physico-chemical water parameters measured and two habitat quality indexes calculated (GQC and QBR indexes). Benthic macroinvertebrate communities were sampled based on the protocols established by the Water Framework Directive. Host fish populations for duck mussel were determined in laboratorial conditions, testing several native and exotic fish species. The results showed that several water quality variables (e.g. dissolved oxygen, conductivity, pH, total dissolved solids, and nutrients) can be used for the classification of river typology. Other responsive metrics were also determined to identify environmental degradation. For instances, hydromorphological conditions (GQC and QBR indexes) and biota related metrics (e.g. composition, distribution, abundance, diversity of invertebrate communities) contributed to the evaluation of the ecological integrity. The upper zones of Rabaçal and Tuela rivers were classified with excellent and good ecological integrity, while less quality was found in downstream zones. The host fish tests showed that only native species are effective hosts, essential for the conservation purposes of this mussel species. Threats, like pollution, sedimentation and river regularization (3 big dams are in construction or in filling phase), are the main cause of habitat loss for native mussel and fish populations in the future. Rehabilitation and mitigation measures are essential for these lotic ecosystems in order to preserve the prioritary habitats and the native species heavily threatened.

Mineral and organic pollution in river Sabor (Northeastern Portugal): ecotoxicological effects on freshwater fauna

Aquatic ecosystems are final collectors of all kinds of pollution as an outcome of anthropogenic inputs, such us untreated industrial and municipal sewage and agricultural pollutants. There are several aquatic ecosystems that are threatened by mineral and organic pollution. In Northeastern Portugal, near Bragança, different watercourses are suffering negative impacts of human activities. It has been developed several studies in the monitoring of environmental impacts in these river basins, namely in Rio Fervença, affected by organic pollution, and in Portelo stream, affected, since 2009, by the collapse and continuous input of mining deposits. In this sense, the present study aimed to continue the monitoring study of ecological status of freshwater ecosystems of Northeastern Portugal, namely the following objectives: a) mineral pollution effects of mining deposits sudden incorporated into Portelo stream; b) organic pollution due to domestic and industrial inputs in River Fervença. Also, since fish are useful experimental models to evaluate toxicological mechanisms of contaminants, c) acute toxicity tests with Cu were conducted in laboratory conditions. During 2015/2016, it was made abiotic and biotic characterization of 16 sampling sites distributed by both Portelo and Fervença rivers, tributaries of main River Sabor (Douro Basin). Several physicochemical parameters were determined and Riparian Quality (QBR Index) and Channel Quality (GQC) Indexes were determined for habitat evaluation. Fish and invertebrate communities were sampled, according to protocols of Water Framework Directive (WFD). Several metrics were determined, with particular emphasis on the Biotic Index IBMWP and the Northern Portuguese Invertebrate Index (IPtIN). Acute toxicity tests were conducted with an Iberian fish species, common barbel (Luciobarbus bocagei) and some plasmatic electrolytes levels were evaluated, to assess their contribution to mitigate osmoregulatory adverse effects of Cu. Also, same electrolytes were measured after changing to clean water, in attempt to assess fish capacity to reverse this situation. Results obtained for both rivers showed a significant level of disturbance that affected decisively water, habitat and biological quality of aquatic ecosystems. Mineral and Organic Pollution in River Sabor (NE Portugal): Ecotoxicological Effects on Freshwater Fauna Due to this change of environmental conditions in Portelo stream (extreme pH values, high conductivity and presence of heavy metals), several biological metrics (e.g. taxonomic richness, abundance, diversity, evenness) confirmed, comparatively with reference sites, a substantial decrease on ecological integrity status. The same pattern was found for Fervença River; however other water parameters, namely the content of most limiting nutrients (e.g. N and P) seemed to have more influence in the composition and structure of macroinvertebrate and fish communities. In fact, despite the operation of the Sewage Treatment Plant of Bragança, Fervença River presented significant levels of disturbance that affected decisively the quality and ecological integrity of the aquatic ecosystem. The synergic effect of domestic and industrial pollution, intensive agriculture, regulation and degradation of aquatic and riparian habitats contributed to the decrease of ecological condition, namely in the downstream zones (after Bragança). The results for acute toxicity, showed that fish can change Na+ and K+ levels face to Cu exposition and, depending of Cu concentration tested, can also return to normal levels, providing some insights to that are believed to occurred in fish population, near the Portelo mines. The low ecological integrity status detected in the lotic ecosystems in NE Portugal as a result of mineral and organic pollution deserves the development of several measures for rehabilitation and improving of water quality. On the other hand, environmental education actions are needed to contribute to improvement of ecological integrity of the river and its conservation.

Identificação e expressão de genes relacionados à via esteroidogênica e resposta antioxidante após a exposição à Atrazina em Poecilia vivipara (Poeciliidae, Cyprinodontiformes)

O herbicida Atrazina (ATR) é um agrotóxico utilizado há cerca de 50 anos, responsável pelo controle seletivo de plantas daninhas em cultivo de arroz, milho e cana-de-açúcar, principalmente. Estudos recentes apontam diversos efeitos desse herbicida em invertebrados e vertebrados, através da contaminação do solo, bem como da lixiviação para os ecossistemas aquáticos. Foi demonstrado que a ATR é um desregulador endócrino, além de causar efeitos como estresse oxidativo, imunotoxicidade e distúrbios no metabolismo energético. No presente estudo, a espécie nativa Poecilia vivipara foi utilizada como modelo experimental para identificar e analisar a expressão de genes atuantes na via esteroidogênica (StAR e Cyp19a1) e genes atuantes no sistema de defesa antioxidante enzimático (SOD-1 e CAT), frente a exposição à diferentes concentrações de ATR. Sequências parciais dos genes-alvo foram obtidas e comparadas com sequências disponíveis de espécies próximas. Foram analisadas a expressão órgãoespecífica para cada um dos genes isolados, bem como a expressão dos genes frente à exposição ao herbicida atrazina. Os animais foram expostos a ATR em concentrações de 2, 10 e 100 µg/L e a expressão dos genes em gônadas e fígado desses animais foram analisadas em 24 e 96 horas de exposição. As sequências obtidas dos genes StAR, Cyp19a1, SOD-1 e CAT apresentaram 821, 80, 954, 350 pares de bases respectivamente, com identidades que variam de 86 a 100% com espécies filogeneticamente próximas a P. vivipara. Os animais apresentaram uma maior expressão dos genes StAR e Cyp19a1 nas gônadas e no fígado, enquanto a menor expressão se mostrou em órgãos como intestino e baço. Já os genes SOD e CAT apresentaram uma maior expressão no fígado, e menor expressão no intestino. Em relação à expressão gênica frente à exposição à ATR, os resultados apontaram para uma indução dos genes StAR, SOD e CAT em 24 horas, nas gônadas e no fígado, enquanto 8 que a expressão do gene Cyp19a1 foi aumentada apenas após 96 horas de exposição. Foi demonstrado que o herbicida ATR, mesmo em baixas concentrações, é capaz de desregular a expressão de genes que codificam tanto para proteínas componentes da via de síntese de hormônios esteróides, quanto para enzimas atuantes na resposta antioxidante celular de P. vivipara.