Controle químico em pós-emergência de espécies de Brachiaria em três estádios vegetativos

The aim of this study was to correlate the chemical control efficacy in post-emergence of Brachiaria decumbens Stapf. (signal grass) and Brachiaria plantaginea Hitchc. (alexandergrass) through ACCase-inhibitor enzyme herbicide application in function of the stage of development of the plant in order to contribute to the chemical management of these weed species. B. decumbens and B. plantaginea were sown in plastic pots filled with soil and kept in a greenhouse. For chemical control evaluation, the following herbicides were tested (g ha-1): fluazifop-p-butyl at 150, haloxyfop-methyl at 50, and sethoxydim at 230. The herbicides were applied in all three plant development phases: stage 1 (plants presenting 4-6 leaves at 15 days after emergence), stage 2 (plants presenting 3-4 tillers at 23 days after emergence), and stage 3 (adult plants in the beginning of flowering at 48 days after emergence). Evaluations were done at 4, 7, 10, 14, 17, 21, 24, and 28 days after herbicide application. The developmental stage of the two Brachiaria species was instrumental in the efficiency of the control provided by different herbicides. Sethoxydim was the most efficient herbicide in controlling Brachiaria species in the three evaluated development stages.

Seletividade de produtos fitossanitários utilizados na cultura da soja para pupas de Trichogramma pretiosum Riley, 1879 (Hymenoptera: Trichogrammatidae)

Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq)

Eficácia do glyphosate e 2,4-d no controle de commelina villosa

The aim of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of glyphosate and 2,4-D alone and in combination, in the control of Commelina villosa. We studied two methodologies for evaluating herbicide absorption in eight time intervals for washing (simulating rainfall after application) and cutting of leaves (simulating abortion as a defense strategy): 2, 4, 6, 8, 12, 24 and 48 hours after herbicide application, and a treatment without washing or cutting the leaves in a completely randomized design with four replications in a 3 x 7 + 1 factorial design (three herbicides x seven periods – hours after application). Herbicides and doses tested were: glyphosate (1,440 g ha-1), 2,4-D (720 g ha-1) and a mixture of glyphosate + 2,4-D (1,080 + 720 g ha-1). The simulation of rain interfered negatively in the plant control with glyphosate. The control with the herbicide 2,4-D was affected only for the period of 2 hours. Periods of rain simulation did not influence the control of plants with a mixture of glyphosate + 2,4-D. For the study with the cutting of treated leaves, all treatments regardless of the period of cutting the leaves were influenced negatively in terms of plant control, the plants showing regrowth when treated with 2,4-D alone.

Métodos de controle químicos e físicos de Marchantia polymorpha

Marchantia polymorpha develops under environmental conditions of high relative humidity and shading. As this habitat is the usually used in nurseries for the growth of seedlings of native tree species that species grows very quickly among developing tree seedlings and causes severe losses. This study was undertaken viewing more efficient either physical or chemical methods for the control of M. polymorpha. Two experiments were conducted under greenhouse conditions. In the first acetic acid (10, 20, and 40% of concentration), oxygenated water (50 and 100%) and the herbicides glyphosate (1,680 g AI ha) and fomesafen (375 g AI ha-1 ) were applied to the seedlings. In the second, the treatments consisted of soil previously submitted to a temperature of 105 °C for 48 hours, soil submitted to solarization in black plastic and in transparent plastic bags for 30 days, preemergence application of diuron (1,750 g AI ha-1 ) and trifluralina (1,575 g AI ha-1 ). The visual evaluations of the methods were performed 7, 14, 21, and 28 days after the application (DAA) and at 60 and 120 DAA, respectively, for the first and the second experiment. Only diuron and trifluralina resulted in a 100% control of M. polymorpha 120 DAA.

Cultivo de Lentinula edodes e Pleurotus ostreatus em bagaço de cana-de-açúcar

Pós-graduação em Microbiologia - IBILCE

Eficácia biológica e feitos tóxicos de fontes de cobre e diquat para organismos aquáticos

Pós-graduação em Agronomia (Produção Vegetal) - FCAV

Avaliação de contaminação com óleo diesel por meio dos métodos de Eletrorresistividade e Polarização Induzida em Santa Ernestina-SP

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)

Estudo da efetividade da atenuação natural de compostos BTEX em área contaminada por querosene de aviação

Pós-graduação em Geociências e Meio Ambiente - IGCE

Colunas de Winogradsky com águas contaminadas por petróleo e derivados monitoradas por ensaios ecotoxicológicos

Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq)

Análise histopatológica de fígado de tilápias (Oreochromis Niloticus) expostas ao herbicida 2,4-D comercial

The action of man has led, over the years, major impacts on the environment, especially in aquatic ecosystems, leading to an impairment of water quality, considered one of the essential factors for the maintenance of vital functions and consequently the life of the planet. Among the activities considered a risk for the environment are linked to pollution from many sources and even entire watersheds, whether by industrial waste, sewage, or for substances used in agriculture, such as pesticides, herbicides and fertilizers. The (2,4-D) 2,4- dichlorophenoxyacetic acid is used worldwide, and the fact that its genotoxicity is proven by several studies and by its long persistence in soil, which enables the leaching and percolation of compounds affecting water bodies, toxicity studies are relevant and justifiable. Thus, this study aimed to evaluate the toxicity of 2,4-D by examining the liver of the fish Oreochromis niloticus exposed to different dilutions. Portions of liver were collected and fixed for histological and histochemical techniques to detect total proteins, polysaccharides and lipids. lipids. Treatment with 2,4-D herbicide apparently did not alter the lipid profiles, the accumulation of polysaccharides, and the presence of total proteins. The 2.5 and 5.0% were lethal to fish. These mortalities are probably of high toxic and cytotoxic potential of 2,4-D herbicide results. Several histopathological changes were found, such as: loss of cytoplasmic integrity, loss of cell limit, nuclear deformation, vacuolated cytoplasm, tissue disorganization and hydropic degeneration. Statistically significant changes were: hydropic degeneration and vacuolated cytoplasm. It is concluded, therefore, that the qualitative morphological analysis is an important method for observing changes in liver toxicology studies. As the O. niloticus species is an efficient biological indicator of water pollution by 2,4-D

Utilização das sementes de Moringa oleifera como adsorvente para a remoção de corantes têxteis em meio aquoso

Com o grande crescimento da população e consequentemente o aumento significativo do consumo de produtos de origem industrial, quantidades enormes de efluentes são geradas, e muitas vezes descartadas de forma imprópria. Esses resíduos industriais comumente são eliminados em mananciais hídricos, afetando lençóis freáticos, córregos, rios e oceanos. Uma das maiores evidências da poluição da água é a alteração de sua cor original. Despejo de efluentes têxteis, por exemplo, alem de alterar drasticamente a cor dos mananciais, geram produtos e subprodutos tóxicos, nocivos tanto para a flora como para a fauna aquática. Essas substâncias possuem alta persistência em meio aquático devido a sua natureza química, conferindo a estes efluentes um lento processo de biodegradação e podendo ter efeito bioacumulativo na cadeia alimentar. Assim veem sendo desenvolvidas diversas maneiras de se controlar a quantidade e a qualidade de efluentes industriais, dentre eles os de corantes têxteis. As técnicas mais utilizadas são a cloração, filtração, tratamentos floculantes e adsorção por Carvão Ativados. Porem, muitas vezes esses processos possuem desvantagens, como, por exemplo, o alto custo e alterações drásticas no pH. Assim tratamentos alternativos, como o uso de Moringa oleifera, veem sendo muito estudados. Este trabalho visou avaliar o potencial do uso das sementes de Moringa oleifera como adsorvente na remoção de corantes têxteis em meio aquoso. Para isso foi analisado a remoção do corante Direct Violet 51, utilizando pó das sementes. Foram realizados testes com diferentes tempos de contato nos valores de pH 2,5, 4,5 e 6,5. Posteriormente novos testes foram realizados, utilizando o sobrenadante e a biomassa das sementes, ambos na forma livre e imobilizada em alginato de calcio, bem como reutilização destes. Através da analise das amostras, notou-se que o processo de coagulação/floculação sobressaiu-se em...

Colunas de Winogradsky com águas contaminadas por petróleo e derivados monitoradas por ensaios ecotoxicológicos

Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq)

Análise histopatológica de fígado de tilápias (Oreochromis Niloticus) expostas ao herbicida 2,4-D comercial

The action of man has led, over the years, major impacts on the environment, especially in aquatic ecosystems, leading to an impairment of water quality, considered one of the essential factors for the maintenance of vital functions and consequently the life of the planet. Among the activities considered a risk for the environment are linked to pollution from many sources and even entire watersheds, whether by industrial waste, sewage, or for substances used in agriculture, such as pesticides, herbicides and fertilizers. The (2,4-D) 2,4- dichlorophenoxyacetic acid is used worldwide, and the fact that its genotoxicity is proven by several studies and by its long persistence in soil, which enables the leaching and percolation of compounds affecting water bodies, toxicity studies are relevant and justifiable. Thus, this study aimed to evaluate the toxicity of 2,4-D by examining the liver of the fish Oreochromis niloticus exposed to different dilutions. Portions of liver were collected and fixed for histological and histochemical techniques to detect total proteins, polysaccharides and lipids. lipids. Treatment with 2,4-D herbicide apparently did not alter the lipid profiles, the accumulation of polysaccharides, and the presence of total proteins. The 2.5 and 5.0% were lethal to fish. These mortalities are probably of high toxic and cytotoxic potential of 2,4-D herbicide results. Several histopathological changes were found, such as: loss of cytoplasmic integrity, loss of cell limit, nuclear deformation, vacuolated cytoplasm, tissue disorganization and hydropic degeneration. Statistically significant changes were: hydropic degeneration and vacuolated cytoplasm. It is concluded, therefore, that the qualitative morphological analysis is an important method for observing changes in liver toxicology studies. As the O. niloticus species is an efficient biological indicator of water pollution by 2,4-D

Utilização das sementes de Moringa oleifera como adsorvente para a remoção de corantes têxteis em meio aquoso

Com o grande crescimento da população e consequentemente o aumento significativo do consumo de produtos de origem industrial, quantidades enormes de efluentes são geradas, e muitas vezes descartadas de forma imprópria. Esses resíduos industriais comumente são eliminados em mananciais hídricos, afetando lençóis freáticos, córregos, rios e oceanos. Uma das maiores evidências da poluição da água é a alteração de sua cor original. Despejo de efluentes têxteis, por exemplo, alem de alterar drasticamente a cor dos mananciais, geram produtos e subprodutos tóxicos, nocivos tanto para a flora como para a fauna aquática. Essas substâncias possuem alta persistência em meio aquático devido a sua natureza química, conferindo a estes efluentes um lento processo de biodegradação e podendo ter efeito bioacumulativo na cadeia alimentar. Assim veem sendo desenvolvidas diversas maneiras de se controlar a quantidade e a qualidade de efluentes industriais, dentre eles os de corantes têxteis. As técnicas mais utilizadas são a cloração, filtração, tratamentos floculantes e adsorção por Carvão Ativados. Porem, muitas vezes esses processos possuem desvantagens, como, por exemplo, o alto custo e alterações drásticas no pH. Assim tratamentos alternativos, como o uso de Moringa oleifera, veem sendo muito estudados. Este trabalho visou avaliar o potencial do uso das sementes de Moringa oleifera como adsorvente na remoção de corantes têxteis em meio aquoso. Para isso foi analisado a remoção do corante Direct Violet 51, utilizando pó das sementes. Foram realizados testes com diferentes tempos de contato nos valores de pH 2,5, 4,5 e 6,5. Posteriormente novos testes foram realizados, utilizando o sobrenadante e a biomassa das sementes, ambos na forma livre e imobilizada em alginato de calcio, bem como reutilização destes. Através da analise das amostras, notou-se que o processo de coagulação/floculação sobressaiu-se em...

Toxicity of herbicides on Escherichia coli growth

Agriculture uses a huge variety and quantity of chemicals. If, on one hand, the goal is to increase productivity, on the other hand these products contaminate aquatic environments. Among these products, herbicides deserve greater attention in relation to contamination of aquatic environments due to their extensive use to weed control. This study was carried out because the effects of these molecules on aquatic microorganisms such as Escherichia coli, is still unclear. Using microdilution plate assays, Escherichia coli were exposed to various commercial formulations of herbicides widely used in Brazil. The herbicide paraquat was the only one able to prevent the growth of Escherichia coli and is characterized as bacteriostatic.