Avaliação de Índices de Função Sistólica do Ventrículo Esquerdo em Canis lupus familiaris por Técnica de Ecocardiografia Doppler

A função cardíaca é fortemente condicionada pela mioarquitectura do coração, pelo que o estudo da relação morfologia-função ventricular nos mamíferos é de grande importância no diagnóstico e tratamento de patologias cardíacas. O cálculo dos volumes cardíacos durante todo o ciclo cardíaco tem uma importância fundamental para o estudo da função ventricular e para a definição dos padrões hemodinâmicos. Foi objectivo deste trabalho, o estudo de índices de função sistólica ventricular esquerda, em 25 cães (Cannis lupus familiaris), através da utilização de diferentes técnicas ecocardiográficas, como o Modo M, ecocardiografia bidimensional, Doppler tecidular e a ecocardiografia de contraste. Foi utilizado contraste ultrasonográfico, para melhorar a definição do endocárdio e possibilitar maior rigor no cálculo dos volumes ventriculares, e na avaliação da função ventricular sisto-diastólica global e regional. Os resultados apresentados foram sujeitos a tratamento estatístico com software Analyze-it. O Doppler tecidular mostrou ser um método robusto para avaliar a função sistólica. A ecocardiografia de contraste permitiu não só obter uma melhor definição endocárdica, como obter valores de fracção de ejecção com diferença estatisticamente significativa. Como os três métodos utilizados avaliam diferentes aspectos da função sistólica, função ventricular radial, circunferencial e longitudinal, não podem ser comparados directamente entre si.

New scientific paradigms for probiotics and prebiotics

The inaugural meeting of the International Scientific Association for Probiotics and Prebiotics (ISAPP) was held May 3 to May 5 2002 in London, Ontario, Canada. A group of 63 academic and industrial scientists from around the world convened to discuss current issues in the science of probiotics and prebiotics. ISAPP is a non-profit organization comprised of international scientists whose intent is to strongly support and improve the levels of scientific integrity and due diligence associated with the study, use, and application of probiotics and prebiotics. In addition, ISAPP values its role in facilitating communication with the public and healthcare providers and among scientists in related fields on all topics pertinent to probiotics and prebiotics. It is anticipated that such efforts will lead to development of approaches and products that are optimally designed for the improvement of human and animal health and well being. This article is a summary of the discussions, conclusions, and recommendations made by 8 working groups convened during the first ISAPP workshop focusing on the topics of: definitions, intestinal flora, extra-intestinal sites, immune function, intestinal disease, cancer, genetics and genomics, and second generation prebiotics. Humans have evolved in symbiosis with an estimated 1014 resident microorganisms. However, as medicine has widely defined and explored the perpetrators of disease, including those of microbial origin, it has paid relatively little attention to the microbial cells that constitute the most abundant life forms associated with our body. Microbial metabolism in humans and animals constitutes an intense biochemical activity in the body, with profound repercussions for health and disease. As understanding of the human genome constantly expands, an important opportunity will arise to better determine the relationship between microbial populations within the body and host factors (including gender, genetic background, and nutrition) and the concomitant implications for health and improved quality of life. Combined human and microbial genetic studies will determine how such interactions can affect human health and longevity, which communication systems are used, and how they can be influenced to benefit the host. Probiotics are defined as live microorganisms which, when administered in adequate amounts confer a health benefit on the host.1 The probiotic concept dates back over 100 years, but only in recent times have the scientific knowledge and tools become available to properly evaluate their effects on normal health and well being, and their potential in preventing and treating disease. A similar situation exists for prebiotics, defined by this group as non-digestible substances that provide a beneficial physiological effect on the host by selectively stimulating the favorable growth or activity of a limited number of indigenous bacteria. Prebiotics function complementary to, and possibly synergistically with, probiotics. Numerous studies are providing insights into the growth and metabolic influence of these microbial nutrients on health. Today, the science behind the function of probiotics and prebiotics still requires more stringent deciphering both scientifically and mechanistically. The explosion of publications and interest in probiotics and prebiotics has resulted in a body of collective research that points toward great promise. However, this research is spread among such a diversity of organisms, delivery vehicles (foods, pills, and supplements), and potential health targets such that general conclusions cannot easily be made. Nevertheless, this situation is rapidly changing on a number of important fronts. With progress over the past decade on the genetics of lactic acid bacteria and the recent, 2,3 and pending, 4 release of complete genome sequences for major probiotic species, the field is now armed with detailed information and sophisticated microbiological and bioinformatic tools. Similarly, advances in biotechnology could yield new probiotics and prebiotics designed for enhanced or expanded functionality. The incorporation of genetic tools within a multidisciplinary scientific platform is expected to reveal the contributions of commensals, probiotics, and prebiotics to general health and well being and explicitly identify the mechanisms and corresponding host responses that provide the basis for their positive roles and associated claims. In terms of human suffering, the need for effective new approaches to prevent and treat disease is paramount. The need exists not only to alleviate the significant mortality and morbidity caused by intestinal diseases worldwide (especially diarrheal diseases in children), but also for infections at non-intestinal sites. This is especially worthy of pursuit in developing nations where mortality is too often the outcome of food and water borne infection. Inasmuch as probiotics and prebiotics are able to influence the populations or activities of commensal microflora, there is evidence that they can also play a role in mitigating some diseases. 5,6 Preliminary support that probiotics and prebiotics may be useful as intervention in conditions including inflammatory bowel disease, irritable bowel syndrome, allergy, cancer (especially colorectal cancer of which 75% are associated with diet), vaginal and urinary tract infections in women, kidney stone disease, mineral absorption, and infections caused by Helicobacter pylori is emerging. Some metabolites of microbes in the gut may also impact systemic conditions ranging from coronary heart disease to cognitive function, suggesting the possibility that exogenously applied microbes in the form of probiotics, or alteration of gut microecology with prebiotics, may be useful interventions even in these apparently disparate conditions. Beyond these direct intervention targets, probiotic cultures can also serve in expanded roles as live vehicles to deliver biologic agents (vaccines, enzymes, and proteins) to targeted locations within the body. The economic impact of these disease conditions in terms of diagnosis, treatment, doctor and hospital visits, and time off work exceeds several hundred billion dollars. The quality of life impact is also of major concern. Probiotics and prebiotics offer plausible opportunities to reduce the morbidity associated with these conditions. The following addresses issues that emerged from 8 workshops (Definitions, Intestinal Flora, Extra-Intestinal Sites, Immune Function, Intestinal Disease, Cancer, Genomics, and Second Generation Prebiotics), reflecting the current scientific state of probiotics and prebiotics. This is not a comprehensive review, however the study emphasizes pivotal knowledge gaps, and recommendations are made as to the underlying scientific and multidisciplinary studies that will be required to advance our understanding of the roles and impact of prebiotics, probiotics, and the commensal microflora upon health and disease management.

Dietary fat composition and cardiovascular disease

Cardiovascular disease (CVD), which includes coronary heart disease and stroke, remains the major killer in the EU, being responsible for 42% of total mortality. The amount and composition of dietary fat is arguably the most important dietary factor contributing to disease risk. A significant body of consistent evidence indicates that a decrease in dietary saturated fat:unsaturated (polyunsaturated + monounsaturated) ratio and an increased intake of long-chain n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (LC n-3 PUFA) found in fish, is cardioprotective. Furthermore, although the evidence is currently less convincing, such a strategy is also likely to improve insulin sensitivity, the central metabolic defect in diabetes. Currently in the UK only 12% of men, 17% of women and 8% of children have an SFA intakes <10% of energy. The average intake of LC n-3 PUFA is <0.2 g/day, which is less than half the current conservative recommendation of a minimum of 0.45 g/day. Public health strategies to reverse these dietary fatty acid imbalances, aimed at educating and motivating the consumer and making affordable and acceptable food products with an ‘enhanced’ fatty acid profile more widely available, must remain a public health priority in the ‘fight’ against CVD.

The consumption of milk and dairy foods and the incidence of vascular disease and diabetes: An overview of the evidence

The health effects of milk and dairy food consumption would best be determined in randomised controlled trials. No adequately powered trial has been reported and none is likely because of the numbers required. The best evidence comes, therefore, from prospective cohort studies with disease events and death as outcomes. Medline was searched for prospective studies of dairy food consumption and incident vascular disease and Type 2 diabetes, based on representative population samples. Reports in which evaluation was in incident disease or death were selected. Meta-analyses of the adjusted estimates of relative risk for disease outcomes in these reports were conducted. Relevant case–control retrospective studies were also identified and the results are summarised in this article. Meta-analyses suggest a reduction in risk in the subjects with the highest dairy consumption relative to those with the lowest intake: 0.87 (0.77, 0.98) for all-cause deaths, 0.92 (0.80, 0.99) for ischaemic heart disease, 0.79 (0.68, 0.91) for stroke and 0.85 (0.75, 0.96) for incident diabetes. The number of cohort studies which give evidence on individual dairy food items is very small, but, again, there is no convincing evidence of harm from consumption of the separate food items. In conclusion, there appears to be an enormous mis-match between the evidence from long-term prospective studies and perceptions of harm from the consumption of dairy food items.

Cognitive follow up of a small cohort of Huntington's disease patients over a 5 year period

A small group of patients with manifest Huntington's disease (HD) were followed longitudinally to assess cognitive decline in relation to time from disease diagnosis. This article looks at performance on a range of computerised and pencil and paper cognitive tasks in patients 5 years post diagnosis, who were assessed annually for a 5 year follow up period. The almost universal cognitive decline reported in other longitudinal studies of HD was not replicated in this study. It was proposed that longitudinal follow up in HD is complicated by the varying degree to which different tasks are able to withstand repeated administration; a finding which would have significant implications on study design in future trials of cognitive enhansing interventions.

Multiprobabilistic prediction in early medical diagnoses

This paper describes the methodology of providing multiprobability predictions for proteomic mass spectrometry data. The methodology is based on a newly developed machine learning framework called Venn machines. Is allows to output a valid probability interval. The methodology is designed for mass spectrometry data. For demonstrative purposes, we applied this methodology to MALDI-TOF data sets in order to predict the diagnosis of heart disease and early diagnoses of ovarian cancer and breast cancer. The experiments showed that probability intervals are narrow, that is, the output of the multiprobability predictor is similar to a single probability distribution. In addition, probability intervals produced for heart disease and ovarian cancer data were more accurate than the output of corresponding probability predictor. When Venn machines were forced to make point predictions, the accuracy of such predictions is for the most data better than the accuracy of the underlying algorithm that outputs single probability distribution of a label. Application of this methodology to MALDI-TOF data sets empirically demonstrates the validity. The accuracy of the proposed method on ovarian cancer data rises from 66.7 % 11 months in advance of the moment of diagnosis to up to 90.2 % at the moment of diagnosis. The same approach has been applied to heart disease data without time dependency, although the achieved accuracy was not as high (up to 69.9 %). The methodology allowed us to confirm mass spectrometry peaks previously identified as carrying statistically significant information for discrimination between controls and cases.

Chagas disease-related mortality trends, state of Sao Paulo, Brazil, 1985 to 2006: a study using multiple causes of death

Objectives. To study mortality trends related to Chagas disease taking into account all mentions of this cause listed on any line or part of the death certificate. Methods. Mortality data for 1985-2006 were obtained from the multiple cause-of-death database maintained by the Sao Paulo State Data Analysis System (SEADE). Chagas disease was classified as the underlying cause-of-death or as an associated cause-of-death (non-underlying). The total number of times Chagas disease was mentioned on the death certificates was also considered. Results. During this 22-year period, there were 40 002 deaths related to Chagas disease: 34 917 (87.29%) classified as the underlying cause-of-death and 5 085 (12.71%) as an associated cause-of-death. The results show a 56.07% decline in the death rate due to Chagas disease as the underlying cause and a stabilized rate as associated cause. The number of deaths was 44.5% higher among men. The fact that 83.5% of the deaths occurred after 45 years of age reflects a cohort effect. The main causes associated with Chagas disease as the underlying cause-of-death were direct complications due to cardiac involvement, such as conduction disorders, arrhythmias and heart failure. Ischemic heart disease, cerebrovascular disorders and neoplasms were the main underlying causes when Chagas was an associated cause-of-death. Conclusions. For the total mentions to Chagas disease, a 51.34% decline in the death rate was observed, whereas the decline in the number of deaths was only 5.91%, being lower among women and showing a shift of deaths to older age brackets. Using the multiple cause-of-death method contributed to the understanding of the natural history of Chagas disease.

Differential expression of cytokines, chemokines and chemokine receptors in patients with coronary artery disease

Monocytes/macrophages and lymphocytes have a key role in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis through the production of inflammatory and anti-inflammatory cytokines. We evaluated mRNA expression and protein production of CCL2, CXCL8, CXCL9, CXCL10, IFN-gamma and IL-10 in vitro as well as the expression of the CCR2 and CXCR3 receptors in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) of patients with coronary artery disease (CAD) and healthy controls in the presence or absence of oxidized LDL (oxLDL). Patients with CAD showed higher constitutive expression of CCL2, CXCL8, CXCL9, CXCL10 and IFN-gamma mRNA and, after stimulation with oxLDL, higher expression of CCL2 and CXCL8 mRNA than the control group. We also detected higher levels of CCL2 and CXCL8 in supernatants of oxLDL-stimulated PBMCs from CAD patients than in corresponding supernatants from controls. Patients with CAD had a higher percentage of constitutive CCR2(+) and CXCR3(+) cells after stimulation with oxLDL. Among CAD patients, the main differences between the stable (SA) and unstable angina (UA) groups were lower IL-10 mRNA production in the latter group. Altogether, our data suggest that PBMCs from CAD patients are able to produce higher concentrations of chemokines and cytokines involved in the regulation of monocyte and lymphocyte migration and retention in atherosclerotic lesions. (C) 2008 Elsevier Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved.

Avaliação do papel da ultra-sonografia obstétrica de rotina, no rastreamento pré-natal das anormalidades cardíacas

A ultra-sonografia obstétrica é um método diagnóstico tradicionalmente utilizado na rotina do atendimento pré-natal, tendo sido estudados de forma ampla suas vantagens e limitações. O advento do diagnóstico intra-uterino de cardiopatias congênitas e de arritmias através da ecocardiografia fetal modificou completamente o prognóstico perinatal dessas afecções, por permitir planejar o adequado manejo cardiológico no período neonatal imediato e, em algumas situações, o tratamento e sua resolução in utero. Sendo muito elevada a prevalência de cardiopatias congênitas durante a vida fetal, sua detecção torna-se fundamental. Considerando a inviabilidade operacional de realizar rotineiramente ecocardiografia fetal em todas as gestações, levando-se em conta as condições locais do sistema de saúde, o encaminhamento para exame por especialista passa a ser otimizado com a possibilidade da suspeita de alterações estruturais ou funcionais do coração e do sistema circulatório durante o exame ultra-sonográfico obstétrico de rotina. Não são conhecidos, em nosso meio, dados que avaliem de forma sistemática a acurácia da ultra-sonografia obstétrica no que se refere à suspeita pré-natal de cardiopatias. A partir deste questionamento, este trabalho foi delineado com o objetivo de avaliar o papel da ultra-sonografia obstétrica de rotina na suspeita pré-natal de cardiopatias congênitas ou arritmias graves e os fatores envolvidos na sua efetividade. A amostra foi constituída de 77 neonatos ou lactentes internados no Instituto de Cardiologia do Rio Grande do Sul / Fundação Universitária de Cardiologia (IC/FUC) no período de maio a outubro de 2000, com diagnóstico pós-natal confirmado de cardiopatia estrutural ou arritmia grave, que tenham sido submetidos, durante a vida fetal, a pelo menos uma ultra-sonografia obstétrica após a 18a semana de gestação. Para a coleta de dados, foi utilizado um questionário padronizado, respondido pelos pais ou responsáveis, após consentimento informado. As variáveis categóricas foram comparadas pelo teste do qui-quadrado ou pelo teste de Fisher, com um alfa crítico de 0,05. Um modelo de regressão logística foi utilizado para determinar variáveis independentes eventualmente envolvidas na suspeita pré-natal de cardiopatia. Em 19 pacientes (24,7%), a ultra-sonografia obstétrica foi capaz de levantar suspeita de anormalidades estruturais ou de arritmias. Ao serem consideradas apenas as cardiopatias congênitas, esta prevalência foi de 19,2% (14/73). Em 73,7% destes, as cardiopatias suspeitadas eram acessíveis ao corte de 4-câmaras isolado. Observou-se que 26,3% das crianças com suspeita pré-natal de cardiopatia apresentaram arritmias durante o estudo ecográfico, enquanto apenas 3,4% dos pacientes sem suspeita pré-natal apresentaram alterações do ritmo (P=0,009). Constituiram-se em fatores comparativos significantes entre o grupo com suspeita pré-natal e o sem suspeita a paridade (P=0,029), o parto cesáreo (P=0,006), a internação em unidade de tratamento intensivo (P=0,046) e a escolaridade paterna (P=0,014). Não se mostraram significativos o número de gestações, a história de abortos prévios, o estado civil, o sexo dos pacientes, o tipo de serviço e a localidade em que foram realizados o pré-natal e a ultra-sonografia obstétrica, a indicação da ecografia, o número de ultra-sonografias realizadas, a renda familiar e a escolaridade materna. À análise multivariada, apenas a presença de alteração do ritmo cardíaco durante a ultra-sonografia obstétrica mostrou-se como variável independente associada à suspeita pré-natal de anormalidade cardíaca. Este trabalho demonstra que a ultra-sonografia obstétrica de rotina ainda tem sido subutilizada no rastreamento pré-natal de cardiopatias congênitas, levantando a suspeita de anormalidades estruturais em apenas um quinto dos casos. Considerando a importância prognóstica do diagnóstico intra-uterino de cardiopatias congênitas e arritmias graves, todos os esforços devem ser mobilizados no sentido de aumentar a eficácia da ecografia obstétrica de rotina para a suspeita de anormalidades cardíacas fetais. O treinamento dirigido dos ultra-sonografistas e a conscientização do meio obstétrico e da própria população são instrumentos para esta ação.

Tricuspid valve dysplasia and Ebstein's anomaly in dogs: case report

Dois casos de displasia da valva tricúspide são relatados neste trabalho. Os cães foram avaliados devido à fraqueza e presença de ascite. em ambos os casos, o exame ecocardiográfico mostrou insuficiência tricúspide e, em um deles, a inserção dos folhetos da valva tricúspide encontrava-se deslocada para baixo do ventrículo direito, caracterizando a anomalia de Ebstein. A terapia medicamentosa para insuficiência cardíaca congestiva foi iniciada, mas um dos animais veio a óbito subitamente alguns dias após o diagnóstico. O outro cão, apesar de inicialmente ter apresentado melhora significativa do quadro clínico, apresentou morte súbita. A necropsia dos animais revelou dilatação atrioventricular direita e folhetos tricúspides espessados. As características clínicas, métodos de diagnóstico e terapia medicamentosa são discutidas neste artigo.

Diagnósticos de enfermagem em pacientes no pós-operatório imediato de prostatectomia de um Hospital Universitário de Natal-RN

The characterization of the nursing diagnoses in prostatectomized patients is important to provide an unique nursing language, facilitating the communication between professionals and patients. The objective of this study was to analyze the nursing diagnoses of patients in the immediate prostatectomy postoperative period. This is a cross-sectional and descriptive study, developed at the surgical-clinic of Onofre Lopes University Hospital, in the Natal City RN - Brazil. The sample was composed of 50 patients included by the criteria: have presented a diagnosis of a benign prostatic hyperplasia or a prostate cancer, have been subjected to a prostate surgery at the mentioned hospital, and have been in the immediate postoperative period at the moment of the data collection. The exclusion criteria were: haven t been in an appropriate physical and mental condition, have presented a brain vascular disease, a lung disease, an advanced liver disease, a heart disease or a extensive coronary artery disease. The data collection instruments were: the script of an interview and physical examination. The data collection period was between November 2010 and April 2011. The data were organized in two phases: the diagnostic process and the construction of the database. The project was approved by the Ethics Committee of the Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte The results showed that most patients came from the countryside, was living with partners, had an average of 67.78 years, was pensionerthose with low schooling, Catholic and often did not perform preventive examinations of prostatic disease. The patients showed an average of 9.48 nursing diagnoses, defining characteristics 21.70 and 20.72 related or risk factors per patient. We identified 30 nursing diagnoses, of which 7 were above the 75 percentile: Risk of falls, Impaired ambulation, Risk of infection, Self-care deficit bath / hygiene and dress up and Risk for deficient fluid volume. The top six nursing diagnoses were in all patients, and therefore could not apply any statistical test. The others ND were associated with their defining characteristics and related or risk factors. We conclude that the nursing diagnoses identified in this study contribute to the progress of the nursing care to the prostatectomized patients in post-surgery period, allowing the deployment of nursing actions for the effective resolution of identified problems

Fatores de risco pré-operatórios para o desenvolvimento de Insuficiência Renal Aguda em cirurgia cardíaca

OBJETIVO:Avaliar os fatores de risco clínicos pré-cirurgicos para o desenvolvimento de Insuficiência Renal Aguda (IRA) em pacientes submetidos à cirurgia cardíaca. MÉTODO: Foram estudados, de modo prospectivo, 150 pacientes submetidos à cirurgia cardíaca, durante 21 meses consecutivos, havendo um leve predomínio de homens (57%), idade média de 56 ± 15 anos, sendo que 66% apresentavam insuficiência coronariana como principal diagnóstico e 34% valvulopatias. A mediana da creatinina sérica no período pré-operatório foi de 1,1 mg/dl. IRA foi definida como elevação de 30% da creatinina sérica basal. O protocolo de variáveis clínicas teve seu preenchimento iniciado 48 horas antes do procedimento cirúrgico e encerrado 48 horas após o mesmo, incluindo variáveis cardiológicas e não-cardiológicas, além de resultados laboratoriais. RESULTADOS: A IRA esteve presente em 34% dos casos. Após análise multivariada, presença de doença vascular periférica foi fator pré-operatório identificado. CONCLUSÃO: Os resultados obtidos nesse estudo permitiram sinalizar alguns fatores contributivos para o desenvolvimento de IRA em cirurgia cardíaca, o que pode possibilitar condutas clínicas simples para evitar a disfunção renal nestas situações e, conseqüentemente, redução da taxa de mortalidade. No presente trabalho, o tamanho da amostra talvez tenha impedido a identificação de outros fatores de risco significativos.

Clinical and pathological assessment of 82 patients with cardiovascular diseases undergoing autopsy at the Hospital das Clínicas of the Faculdade de Medicina de Botucatu from 1988 to 1993

OBJECTIVE: To evaluated the clinical diagnostic, efficiency for basic death causes in patients dying of circulatory disease and de relative frequency of those diseases. METHODS: Analysis of medical record data of 82 patients, ages from 16 to 84 years old (68 over 40 years old), whose died of circulatory disease and had undergone necropsy in the period from 1988 to 1993 years in the University Hospital of Medicine Faculty of Botucatu-UNESP, Br. RESULTS: The functional class of patients were III or IV, in 78%, and 81.7% needed urgent hospitalization. By the clinical judgment the death were by ischemic heart disease in 32 (21 acute myocardial infarction), Chagas'disease in 12, valvopathy in 11, cardiomyopathy in 7, heart failure with no specification of cardiopathy in 11 and other causes in 9. At the necropsy the death cause was ischemic heart disease in 34 patients, valvopathy in 10, Chagas'disease in 10, cardiomyopathy in 5, and heart failure with no specification of cardiopathy in 2.The concordance taxes were in thhe same order: 94,6%, 90,0%, 83.3%, 71.4% and 28.5%. CONCLUSION: There was a great efficiency of clinical diagnosis for death cause in a general university hospital. The ischemic heart disease were the main causes of death.

Marcadores cardíacos na medicina veterinária

Os marcadores cardíacos são utilizados com o intuito de auxiliar no diagnóstico clínico de animais com doença cardíaca com maior acurácia e em menor tempo possível, possibilitando o estabelecimento do prognóstico e a terapia precocemente. Entretanto, em medicina veterinária, no Brasil, sua aplicabilidade ainda é, em geral, restrita a pesquisas. Esta revisão tem como objetivo abordar os principais marcadores cardíacos para que futuramente estes possam se tornar índices essenciais na avaliação cardíaca.

Salivary parameters and teeth erosions in patients with gastroesophageal reflux disease

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)