Assessment of two arsenic-contaminated drinking water mitigation interventions in Bangladesh

Arsenic is a carcinogen. In Bangladesh, there are over 10 million tube-wells of which about 50% have arsenic concentrations exceeding the WHO recommended guideline value of 10 μg/L for drinking water. This study aimed to evaluate the efficacy of two relatively inexpensive mitigation interventions, three-pitcher filters and dug-wells. A randomised controlled field trial was conducted in Natore. Six Hundred and forty participants, 60 clusters of 47 villages were included in the trial. Two hundred and six participants were selected for the control group, 218 participants for the dug-wells, and 216 participants for the three-pitcher filters. The average arsenic in the drinking water was 128 μg/L in the three-pitcher trial. Twelve months post intervention, about 30% of the filtered water samples were >50 μg/L whereas dug-well water was

A software audit framework for spyware risk mitigation

Our research described in this paper identifies a three part premise relating to the spyware paradigm. Firstly the data suggests spyware is proliferating at an exponential rate. Secondly ongoing research confirms that spyware produces many security risks – including that of privacy/confidentiality breaches via illicit data collection and reporting. Thirdly, anti-spyware controls are improving but are still considered problematic for several reasons. Our research then concludes that control measures to counter this very significant challenge should merit compliance auditing – and this auditing may effectively target the vital message passing performed by all illicit data collection spyware. Our research then evolves into an experiment involving the design and implementation of a software audit tool to conduct the desired compliance auditing. The software audit tool is positioned at the protected network’s gateway. The software audit tool uses ‘phone-home’ IP addresses as spyware signatures to detect the presence of the offending software. The audit tool also has the capability to differentiate legitimate message passing software from that produced by spyware – and ‘learn’ both new spyware signatures and new legitimate message passing profiles. The testing stage of the software has proven successful – albeit using very limited levels of network message passing variety and frequency.

Optical autocorrelator that uses a surface-emitting second-harmonic generator on (211)B GaAs

An optical autocorrelator grown on a (211)B GaAs substrate that uses visible surface-emitted second-harmonic generation is demonstrated. The (211)B orientation needs TE mode excitation only, thus eliminating the problem of the beating between the TE and TM modes that is required for (100)-grown devices; it also has the advantage of giving higher upconversion efficiency than (111) growth. Values of waveguide loss and the difference in the effective refractive index between the TE(0) and TE(1) modes were also obtained from the autocorrelation experiment.

Numerically optimized implementations, mitigation and simulations of polarisation mode dispersion in real-time transmission systems

The aim of this thesis is to present numerical investigations of the polarisation mode dispersion (PMD) effect. Outstanding issues on the side of the numerical implementations of PMD are resolved and the proposed methods are further optimized for computational efficiency and physical accuracy. Methods for the mitigation of the PMD effect are taken into account and simulations of transmission system with added PMD are presented. The basic outline of the work focusing on PMD can be divided as follows. At first the widely-used coarse-step method for simulating the PMD phenomenon as well as a method derived from the Manakov-PMD equation are implemented and investigated separately through the distribution of a state of polarisation on the Poincaré sphere, and the evolution of the dispersion of a signal. Next these two methods are statistically examined and compared to well-known analytical models of the probability distribution function (PDF) and the autocorrelation function (ACF) of the PMD phenomenon. Important optimisations are achieved, for each of the aforementioned implementations in the computational level. In addition the ACF of the coarse-step method is considered separately, based on the result which indicates that the numerically produced ACF, exaggerates the value of the correlation between different frequencies. Moreover the mitigation of the PMD phenomenon is considered, in the form of numerically implementing Low-PMD spun fibres. Finally, all the above are combined in simulations that demonstrate the impact of the PMD on the quality factor (Q=factor) of different transmission systems. For this a numerical solver based on the coupled nonlinear Schrödinger equation is created which is otherwise tested against the most important transmission impairments in the early chapters of this thesis.

Perception of concurrent sentences with harmonic or frequency-shifted voiced excitation:performance of human listeners and of computational models based on autocorrelation

Keyword identification in one of two simultaneous sentences is improved when the sentences differ in F0, particularly when they are almost continuously voiced. Sentences of this kind were recorded, monotonised using PSOLA, and re-synthesised to give a range of harmonic ?F0s (0, 1, 3, and 10 semitones). They were additionally re-synthesised by LPC with the LPC residual frequency shifted by 25% of F0, to give excitation with inharmonic but regularly spaced components. Perceptual identification of frequency-shifted sentences showed a similar large improvement with nominal ?F0 as seen for harmonic sentences, although overall performance was about 10% poorer. We compared performance with that of two autocorrelation-based computational models comprising four stages: (i) peripheral frequency selectivity and half-wave rectification; (ii) within-channel periodicity extraction; (iii) identification of the two major peaks in the summary autocorrelation function (SACF); (iv) a template-based approach to speech recognition using dynamic time warping. One model sampled the correlogram at the target-F0 period and performed spectral matching; the other deselected channels dominated by the interferer and performed matching on the short-lag portion of the residual SACF. Both models reproduced the monotonic increase observed in human performance with increasing ?F0 for the harmonic stimuli, but not for the frequency-shifted stimuli. A revised version of the spectral-matching model, which groups patterns of periodicity that lie on a curve in the frequency-delay plane, showed a closer match to the perceptual data for frequency-shifted sentences. The results extend the range of phenomena originally attributed to harmonic processing to grouping by common spectral pattern.

Excitation of higher harmonic gratings in AC-field biased photorefractive crystals

We analyze the nonlinear excitation of holographic gratings in a photorefractive crystal being subject to an alternating electric field and a stationary light interference pattern. The influence of the higher harmonics on the fundamental grating is illustrated for the case where a crystal of Bi12SiO20 is the recording medium. We analyze both the steady state and the transient consequences of the higher harmonic excitation.

Rayleigh noise mitigation in DWDM LR-PONs using carrier suppressed subcarrier-amplitude modulated phase shift keying

We demonstrate a novel Rayleigh interferometric noise mitigation scheme for applications in carrier-distributed dense wavelength division multiplexed (DWDM) passive optical networks at 10 Gbit/s using carrier suppressed subcarrier-amplitude modulated phase shift keying modulation. The required optical signal to Rayleigh noise ratio is reduced by 12 dB, while achieving excellent tolerance to dispersion, subcarrier frequency and drive amplitude variations.

Various nonlinearity mitigation techniques employing optical and electronic approaches

In this letter, we directly compare digital back-propagation (DBP) with spectral inversion (SI) both with and without symmetry correction via dispersive chirping, and numerically demonstrate that predispersed SI outperforms traditional SI, and approaches the performance of computationally exhaustive ideal DBP. Furthermore, we propose for the first time a novel practical scheme employing predispersed SI to compensate the bulk of channel nonlinearities, and DBP to accommodate the residual penalties due to varying SI location, with predispersed SI ubiquitously employed along the transmission link with <;0.5-dB penalty. Our results also show that predispersed SI enables partial compensation of cross-phase modulation effects, increasing the transmission reach by ×2.

Mitigation of pattern sensitivity in full-field electronic dispersion compensation

We investigate the pattern-dependent decoding failures in full-field electronic dispersion compensation (EDC) by offline processing of experimental signals, and find that the performance of such an EDC receiver may be degraded by an isolated "1" bit surrounded by long strings of consecutive "0s". By reducing the probability of occurrence of this kind of isolated "1" and using a novel adaptive threshold decoding method, we greatly improve the compensation performance to achieve 10-Gb/s on-off keyed signal transmission over 496-km field-installed single-mode fiber without optical dispersion compensation.

Mitigation of patterning effects at 40 Gbits/s by skewed channel pre-encoding

Through direct modeling, a reduction of pattern-dependent errors in a standard fiber-based transmission link at 40 Gbits/s rate is demonstrated by application of a skewed data pre-encoding. The trade-off between the improvement of the bit error rate and the loss in the data rate is examined.