1000 resultados para Gradiente de densidade
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Although there are a wide variety of additives that act in fresh state, to adjust the properties of cement, there is also a search by additions that improve the tenacity of the cement in the hardened state. This, in turn, can often be increased by inserting fibers, which act on the deflection of microcracks. This study aimed to use a microfiber glass wool (silica-based) as an additive reinforcing the cement matrix, improving the rupture tenacity, in order to prevent the propagation of microcracks in the cement sheath commonly found in oil wells submitted to high temperatures. The fibers were added at different concentrations, 2 to 5% (BWOC) and varied average sizes, grinding for 90 s, 180 s, 300 s, 600 s. The cement slurries were made with a density of 1,90 g/ cm3 (15,6 lb/gal), using Portland cement CPP- Special Class as the hydraulic binder and 40% silica flour. The characterization of the fiber was made by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), particle size by sieving, X-ray fluorescence (XRF), X-ray diffraction (XRD) and thermogravimetry (TG / DTG). Were performed technological tests set by the API (American Petroleum Institute) by rheology, stability, free water, compressive strength, as well as testing rupture energy, elastic modulus and permeability. The characterization results showed good thermal stability of the microfiber glass wool for application in oil wells submitted to steam injection and, also, that from the particle size data, it was possible to suggest that microfibers milled up to 300 s, are ideal to act as reinforcement to the cement slurries. The rheological parameters, there was committal of plastic viscosity when larger lengths were inserted of microfiber (F90). The values obtained by free water and stability were presented according to API. The mechanical properties, the incorporation of microfiber to the cement slurries gave better rupture tenacity, as compared to reference cement slurries. The values of compressive strength, elastic modulus and permeability have been maintained with respect to the reference cement slurries. Thus, cement slurries reinforced with microfiber glass wool can ensure good application for cementing oil wells submitted to steam injection, which requires control of microcracks, due to the thermal gradients
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The development of oil wells drilling requires additional cares mainly if the drilling is in offshore ultra deep water with low overburden pressure gradients which cause low fracture gradients and, consequently, difficult the well drilling by the reduction of the operational window. To minimize, in the well planning phases, the difficulties faced by the drilling in those sceneries, indirect models are used to estimate fracture gradient that foresees approximate values for leakoff tests. These models generate curves of geopressures that allow detailed analysis of the pressure behavior for the whole well. Most of these models are based on the Terzaghi equation, just differentiating in the determination of the values of rock tension coefficient. This work proposes an alternative method for prediction of fracture pressure gradient based on a geometric correlation that relates the pressure gradients proportionally for a given depth and extrapolates it for the whole well depth, meaning that theses parameters vary in a fixed proportion. The model is based on the application of analytical proportion segments corresponding to the differential pressure related to the rock tension. The study shows that the proposed analytical proportion segments reaches values of fracture gradient with good agreement with those available for leakoff tests in the field area. The obtained results were compared with twelve different indirect models for fracture pressure gradient prediction based on the compacting effect. For this, a software was developed using Matlab language. The comparison was also made varying the water depth from zero (onshore wellbores) to 1500 meters. The leakoff tests are also used to compare the different methods including the one proposed in this work. The presented work gives good results for error analysis compared to other methods and, due to its simplicity, justify its possible application
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The aim of this study was to evaluate the production of Freshwater Angelfish (Pterophyllum scalare) in different stocking densities in cages polycultured with Amazon River Prawn (Macrobrachium amazonicum). Four treatments were evaluated (1; 2; 3 and 4 fish. 10 L(-1)) using two ponds and 24 experimental units. Water quality parameter reached adequate levels for the species. Production data were submitted to ANOVA. Fish produced in the lowest density showed higher values of final weight and standard length, and lower total biomass in comparison with the others treatments. Feed conversion rate, survival, batch uniformity and body factor were not significant different among treatments. The highest density tested produced more fish and gross yield than the others treatments. The density 20 fish. 10L(-1) is recommended to produce Freshwater Angelfish in cages polycultured with Amazon River Prawn.
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Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior
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The main problem faced by the shrimp industry are the infectious diseases. The hypodermal and hematopoietic necrosis infection (IHHN) is one of the major cause of disease in the cultured shrimp, Litopenaeus vannamei. Environmental changes involving water quality, oxygen concentration, salinity, temperature, stocking density, presence of pathogens, among others, triggering a stressing condition for the cultured shrimp, weakening them and allowing the outbreak of diseases. The stress on the animal leads to a change in the molecules immune response components, which can be used as indicators of shrimp health. Thus, the objective of the present study was to evaluate the effect of salinity, stocking density and IHHNV infection on the L. vannamei shrimp. The immune parameters used to check the shrimp health were the total hemocytes counts (THC), the agglutinating activity (AA) and the clotting time (CT) of the serum of shrimp. These parameters were analyzed in healthy and IHHNV-infected shrimp, grown in low (0-0.5 ), medium (19-24 ) and high (> 38 ) salinity, and extensive (7-12 cam.m-2), semi-intensive (15-25 cam.m-2) and intensive (33-45 cam.m -2) stocking density. The IHHNV infection rate was significantly higher in low salinity (P<0.005) and intensive density (P<0.005), both stressful conditions for L. vannamei. Low salinity significantly increased THC (P<0.05) and decreased and CT (P<0.05) in healthy and infected shrimp, but AA (P<0.05) significantly decreased in healthy shrimp at medium salinity. Culture intensification did not affect the THC, AA and CT of healthy and infected shrimp (P>0.05). The IHHNV infection did not affect any immune parameters of shrimp cultured at different salinities and stocking densities. It is necessary to emphasize that this study was conducted in shrimp grown in ponds, where several environmental factors are acting simultaneously. Thus, further studies are needed about the influence of other environmental factors on the immune parameters of shrimp cultured in pond
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Em Portugal, desde a década de sessenta do século XX que se verificou uma alteração significativa na distribuição das populações no continente, associada a uma transformação na estrutura produtiva, possibilitada por impactantes inovações tecnológicas. Paralelamente tem ocorrido no país uma assinalável modificação na dinâmica e na estrutura demográfica com repercussões estruturantes. Assim, segundo Almeida et al. (1994), CE (2008), Correia et al. (2006), Fernandes (s/d), Ferrão (2003) e Sousa (2008), têm emergido diferentes tipos de territórios, caraterizados pela conjugação da desigual distribuição das atividades económicas, das populações, dos equipamentos e infraestruturas. Decorrente do acima exposto, as questões a que os autores se propõem responder são as seguintes: • Que tipos de territórios são esses e quais as respetivas caraterísticas? • Qual o contexto (incluindo antecedentes próximos e tendências pesadas) que os enquadra e influencia? • Quais as perspetivas no horizonte 2030 (ano em que se presume terminará o rescaldo do próximo quadro comunitário de apoio), para os territórios de baixa densidade que se situam na faixa designada por interior? Pretende-se assim traçar cenários para esses territórios e discutir as causas subjacentes e respostas que implicam o cenário mais provável, baseado no impacto de tendências consolidadas.
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O objetivo desse trabalho foi avaliar a influência de níveis de água e densidade de plantas no crescimento (matéria seca e área foliar) e produtividade do feijão-caupi (Vigna unguiculata L. Walp.). O experimento foi conduzido na área experimental da Embrapa Meio-Norte, localizada no município de Teresina, Piauí - Brasil, no período de julho a setembro de 2012.
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Estudos de gradiente fazem parte da análise espacial de epidemias, na qual a quantidade de doença diminui com a distância a partir de uma fonte de inóculo. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o gradiente de infecção do cancro europeu das pomáceas (Neonectria ditissima) nas condições de Vacaria, RS.
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2008
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2016
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2016
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O objetivo do estudo foi avaliar a eficiência da adubação nitrogenada em relação à população de plantas de milho sob o sistema plantio direto no município de Paragominas, no Estado do Pará. O delineamento experimental utilizado para cada experimento foi em blocos casualizados, em esquema fatorial 4 x 4, com três repetições. Assim, avaliou-se na cultura do milho a influência do espaçamento, da densidade populacional e de doses de nitrogênio no teor de nitrogênio nas folhas, número de grãos por espiga, massa de 1.000 grãos e produtividade. O trabalho foi instalado no ano agrícola 2014/2015 e constou de tratamentos representados pela combinação de quatro doses de nitrogênio em cobertura: 0, 60, 120 e 180 Kg.haˉ¹, com quatro densidades de plantio: 45.000; 55.000; 65.000 e 75.000 plantas.haˉ¹. O aumento nas doses de nitrogênio em cobertura promoveu acréscimo no teor de N foliar, no número de grãos por espiga, na massa de 1.000 grãos e na produtividade, independente do local, espaçamento e na densidade de plantas.
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O objetivo do estudo foi avaliar a eficiência da adubação nitrogenada em relação à população de plantas de milho sob o sistema plantio direto no município de Belterra, no Estado do Pará. O delineamento experimental utilizado para cada experimento foi em blocos casualizados, em esquema fatorial 4 x 4, com três repetições. Assim, avaliou-se na cultura do milho a influência do espaçamento, da densidade populacional e de doses de nitrogênio no teor de nitrogênio nas folhas, número de grãos por espiga, massa de 1.000 grãos e produtividade. O trabalho foi instalado no ano agrícola 2014/2015 e constou de tratamentos representados pela combinação de quatro doses de nitrogênio em cobertura: 0, 60, 120 e 180 Kg.ha?¹, com quatro densidades de plantio: 45.000; 55.000; 65.000 e 75.000 plantas.ha?¹. Independente do local, híbrido, espaçamento e densidade, o parcelamento da adubação de cobertura nitrogenada contribui decisivamente para o aumento da produtividade de grãos. A produtividade de grãos elevou-se de acordo com o aumento das doses de nitrogênio, a maior produtividade de grãos foi alcançada com a dose de 180 Kg.ha?¹ de N e com a densidade de 65.000 plantas. ha?¹, promovendo aumento no teor de N foliar.
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2016
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O objetivo do trabalho foi avaliar a densidade (D) e a biomassa de minhocas (BM) em Terra Preta de Índio (TPI) nos municípios de Iranduba e Manaus, Amazonas, utilizando diferentes métodos de coleta: extrato de cebola, formol e óleo de mostarda.