Métodos de inoculação de Sclerotinia sclerotiorum para triagem de cultivares de soja resistentes ao mofo-branco

Resumo:O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a eficiência e a praticidade de métodos de inoculação de Sclerotinia sclerotiorum, para uso na seleção de cultivares de soja resistentes ao mofo-branco. Avaliaram-se quatro métodos de inoculação, em plantas no estádio fenológico V3/V4. Aos três e sete dias após a inoculação, mediu-se o comprimento da lesão na haste das plantas. As cultivares de soja BRS 8460RR, BRSGO Ipameri e P98Y11 apresentaram as menores lesões. O método de inoculação por meio de ponteira no pecíolo é o mais eficiente e mais prático para avaliar a resistência ao mofo-branco em soja.

Apparent digestibility of nutrients, energy, and amino acid of nontoxic and detoxified physic nut cakes for Nile tilapia

Abstract:The objective of this work was to evaluate the apparent digestibility coefficients of nutrients, energy, and amino acids of nontoxic and detoxified physic nut cakes treated with solvent plus posterior extrusion, for Nile tilapia. The apparent digestibility coefficients of crude protein and gross energy were higher for detoxified than for nontoxic physic nut cake. However, the apparent digestibility coefficient of ether extract of the nontoxic physic nut cake was higher than that of the detoxified one. The apparent digestibility coefficient of amino acids of both feed ingredients was superior to 80%, except for glycine, for the nontoxic psychic nut cake, and for threonine, for the detoxified one. Nontoxic and detoxified physic nut cakes show apparent digestibility coefficient values equivalent to those of the other evaluated oilseeds and potential for inclusion in Nile tilapia diets.

Carbon and nitrogen cycling in an integrated soybean-beef cattle production system under different grazing intensities

Abstract:The objective of this work was to evaluate the effect of grazing intensity on the decomposition of cover crop pasture, dung, and soybean residues, as well as the C and N release rates from these residues in a long-term integrated soybean-beef cattle system under no-tillage. The experiment was initiated in 2001, with soybean cultivated in summer and black oat + Italian ryegrass in winter. The treatments consisted of four sward heights (10, 20, 30, and 40 cm), plus an ungrazed area, as the control. In 2009-2011, residues from pasture, dung, and soybean stems and leaves were placed in nylon-mesh litter bags and allowed to decompose for up to 258 days. With increasing grazing intensity, residual dry matter of the pasture decreased and that of dung increased. Pasture and dung lignin concentrations and C release rates were lower with moderate grazing intensity. C and N release rates from soybean residues are not affected by grazing intensity. The moderate grazing intensity produces higher quality residues, both for pasture and dung. Total C and N release is influenced by the greater residual dry matter produced when pastures were either lightly grazed or ungrazed.

Sobressemeadura de soja com Urochloa ruziziensis e a cultura do milho em rotação

Resumo: O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a sobressemeadura de soja com Urochloa ruziziensis, quanto à capacidade de produção de matéria seca pela forrageira, à infestação de plantas daninhas e ao desenvolvimento da cultura do milho em rotação, no sistema plantio direto. O experimento foi desenvolvido em delineamento de blocos ao acaso, com quatro repetições, em arranjo fatorial 2 x 5 + 1. Avaliou-se a sobressemeadura com U. ruziziensis, em dois estádios de desenvolvimento da soja (R6 e R8) e cinco quantidades de sementes: 200, 400, 600, 800 e 1.000 pontos de valor cultural (PVC). Como testemunha, manteve-se um tratamento sem sobressemeadura. A sobressemeadura de 200 PVC de U. ruziziensis, nos estádios R6 ou R8 da soja, resulta na formação de palha em quantidade suficiente para o sistema plantio direto, além de beneficiar o controle de plantas daninhas na cultura do milho em rotação. Porém, em quantidade elevada, a palha de U. ruziziensis sobre o solo afeta a altura e a produção de grãos de milho.

Divergência em QTLs e variância genética para teores de proteína e óleo em soja

Resumo: O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a relação entre os parâmetros de divergência em regiões de QTLs e a variância genética em genótipos de soja, quanto aos teores de proteína e óleo nos grãos. Dois grupos de genótipos foram avaliados, em diferentes ambientes, quanto aos teores de proteína e óleo e genotipados com marcadores moleculares de regiões de QTLs. A partir de cada grupo, estabeleceram-se subgrupos por critérios pré-definidos e avaliou-se a relação entre os parâmetros, tendo-se comparado a divergência média e a variância genética entre os subgrupos. Os subgrupos foram definidos com base nos critérios de diferença em divergência média, homogeneidade e heterogeneidade nos subgrupos e proximidade em uma projeção tridimensional da matriz de distância. As percentagens de concordância entre maiores valores de divergência média e de variância genética para o total de subgrupos de cada grupo inicial foram de 72,5 e de 73,4%, respectivamente. Portanto, nestes genótipos, há relação positiva entre as estimativas de divergência em regiões de QTL e variância genética para os teores de proteína e de óleo dos grãos. As distâncias genéticas com base nos marcadores moleculares de regiões de QTLs são eficientes para a predição da variabilidade genética em genótipos de soja para os teores de proteína e de óleo dos grãos.

Desempenho da soja em consequência de manejo de pastagem, época de dessecação e adubação nitrogenada

Resumo: O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o efeito de alturas de pastejo e épocas de dessecação de uma pastagem de Urochloa ruziziensis e da adubação nitrogenada sobre o desempenho da soja. Foram testadas três alturas (15, 35 e 50 cm) de pastejo contínuo da pastagem por bovinos, durante seis meses, além de um piquete sem pastejo, que constituíram quatro experimentos distintos. Em cada experimento, utilizou-se o delineamento de blocos ao acaso, em arranjo de parcelas subdivididas. Nas parcelas principais, foram alocadas quatro épocas de dessecação da pastagem (35, 28, 20 e 8 dias antes da semeadura da soja); e, nas subparcelas, foram realizados dois tratamentos (sem e com 30 kg ha-1 de N, aplicado a lanço na semeadura). O manejo da pastagem de U. ruziziensis a 35 cm de altura confere maior produtividade de grãos de soja cultivada em sucessão à pastagem. Os intervalos de 8 a 35 dias, entre a dessecação da pastagem de U. ruziziensis e a semeadura da soja, não alteram o desempenho agronômico da cultura. Após o manejo da pastagem de U. ruziziensis, a aplicação de 30 kg ha-1 de N à soja, em semeadura, proporciona maior altura de plantas e de inserção da primeira vagem, mas não altera a produtividade de grãos.

Rendimento de grãos de soja em função de sistemas de plantio e irrigação por superfície em Planossolos

Resumo: O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o efeito de sistemas de plantio e irrigação suplementar em faixas sobre o rendimento de grãos de soja, em áreas com presença de camada compactada próxima à superfície do solo. Dois experimentos foram realizados em blocos ao acaso, em faixas, com quatro repetições, no Estado do Rio Grande do Sul. O experimento 1 foi realizado em Santa Maria, correspondente às safras de 2013/2014 e 2014/2015; e o experimento 2, em Formigueiro, na safra 2013/2014. Os tratamentos consistiram dos fatores A e D. O fator A considerou os seguintes sistemas de plantio: A1, semeadura com discos duplos desencontrados; A2, semeadura com disco ondulado de 12 ondas; A3, semeadura com haste sulcadora; A4, semeadura com haste sulcadora e um mecanismo de acomodação do solo; A5, semeadura em microcamalhão; e A6, escarificação do solo e semeadura com disco duplo desencontrado. O fator D consistiu de tratamentos com ou sem irrigação. Na safra 2014/2015, alterou-se o fator A4 por haste desencontrada a 5 cm da linha de semeadura. O experimento 2 constituiu-se apenas do fator A do experimento 1, sem o tratamento microcamalhão. Os sistemas com escarificação do solo e haste sulcadora são os que proporcionam maior rendimento de grãos. A irrigação realizada em condições de umidade do solo abaixo de 60% da capacidade de campo aumenta o rendimento de grãos.

Chemical chaperones regulate molecular chaperones in vitro and in cells under combined salt and heat stresses.

Salt and heat stresses, which are often combined in nature, induce complementing defense mechanisms. Organisms adapt to high external salinity by accumulating small organic compounds known as osmolytes, which equilibrate cellular osmotic pressure. Osmolytes can also act as "chemical chaperones" by increasing the stability of native proteins and assisting refolding of unfolded polypeptides. Adaptation to heat stress depends on the expression of heat-shock proteins, many of which are molecular chaperones, that prevent protein aggregation, disassemble protein aggregates, and assist protein refolding. We show here that Escherichia coli cells preadapted to high salinity contain increased levels of glycine betaine that prevent protein aggregation under thermal stress. After heat shock, the aggregated proteins, which escaped protection, were disaggregated in salt-adapted cells as efficiently as in low salt. Here we address the effects of four common osmolytes on chaperone activity in vitro. Systematic dose responses of glycine betaine, glycerol, proline, and trehalose revealed a regulatory effect on the folding activities of individual and combinations of chaperones GroEL, DnaK, and ClpB. With the exception of trehalose, low physiological concentrations of proline, glycerol, and especially glycine betaine activated the molecular chaperones, likely by assisting local folding in chaperone-bound polypeptides and stabilizing the native end product of the reaction. High osmolyte concentrations, especially trehalose, strongly inhibited DnaK-dependent chaperone networks, such as DnaK+GroEL and DnaK+ClpB, likely because high viscosity affects dynamic interactions between chaperones and folding substrates and stabilizes protein aggregates. Thus, during combined salt and heat stresses, cells can specifically control protein stability and chaperone-mediated disaggregation and refolding by modulating the intracellular levels of different osmolytes.

Concerted changes in N and C primary metabolism in alfalfa (Medicago sativa) under water restriction

Although the mechanisms of nodule N2 fixation in legumes are now well documented, some uncertainty remains on the metabolic consequences of water deficit. In most cases, little consideration is given to other organs and, therefore, the coordinated changes in metabolism in leaves, roots, and nodules are not well known. Here, the effect of water restriction on exclusively N2-fixing alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) plants was investigated, and proteomic, metabolomic, and physiological analyses were carried out. It is shown that the inhibition of nitrogenase activity caused by water restriction was accompanied by concerted alterations in metabolic pathways in nodules, leaves, and roots. The data suggest that nodule metabolism and metabolic exchange between plant organs nearly reached homeostasis in asparagine synthesis and partitioning, as well as the N demand from leaves. Typically, there was (i) a stimulation of the anaplerotic pathway to sustain the provision of C skeletons for amino acid (e.g. glutamate and proline) synthesis; (ii) re-allocation of glycolytic products to alanine and serine/glycine; and (iii) subtle changes in redox metabolites suggesting the implication of a slight oxidative stress. Furthermore, water restriction caused little change in both photosynthetic efficiency and respiratory cost of N2 fixation by nodules. In other words, the results suggest that under water stress, nodule metabolism follows a compromise between physiological imperatives (N demand, oxidative stress) and the lower input to sustain catabolism.

New methods for the concentration of viruses from urban sewage using quantitative PCR.

Viruses are among the most important pathogens present in water contaminated with feces or urine and represent a serious risk to human health. Four procedures for concentrating viruses from sewage have been compared in this work, three of which were developed in the present study. Viruses were quantified using PCR techniques. According to statistical analysis and the sensitivity to detect human adenoviruses (HAdV), JC polyomaviruses (JCPyV) and noroviruses genogroup II (NoV GGII): (i) a new procedure (elution and skimmed-milk flocculation procedure (ESMP)) based on the elution of the viruses with glycine-alkaline buffer followed by organic flocculation with skimmed-milk was found to be the most efficient method when compared to (ii) ultrafiltration and glycine-alkaline elution, (iii) a lyophilization-based method and (iv) ultracentrifugation and glycine-alkaline elution. Through the analysis of replicate sewage samples, ESMP showed reproducible results with a coefficient of variation (CV) of 16% for HAdV, 12% for JCPyV and 17% for NoV GGII. Using spiked samples, the viral recoveries were estimated at 30-95% for HAdV, 55-90% for JCPyV and 45-50% for NoV GGII. ESMP was validated in a field study using twelve 24-h composite sewage samples collected in an urban sewage treatment plant in the North of Spain that reported 100% positive samples with mean values of HAdV, JCPyV and NoV GGII similar to those observed in other studies. Although all of the methods compared in this work yield consistently high values of virus detection and recovery in urban sewage, some require expensive laboratory equipment. ESMP is an effective low-cost procedure which allows a large number of samples to be processed simultaneously and is easily standardizable for its performance in a routine laboratory working in water monitoring. Moreover, in the present study, a CV was applied and proposed as a parameter to evaluate and compare the methods for detecting viruses in sewage samples.

New methods for the concentration of viruses from urban sewage using quantitative PCR.

Viruses are among the most important pathogens present in water contaminated with feces or urine and represent a serious risk to human health. Four procedures for concentrating viruses from sewage have been compared in this work, three of which were developed in the present study. Viruses were quantified using PCR techniques. According to statistical analysis and the sensitivity to detect human adenoviruses (HAdV), JC polyomaviruses (JCPyV) and noroviruses genogroup II (NoV GGII): (i) a new procedure (elution and skimmed-milk flocculation procedure (ESMP)) based on the elution of the viruses with glycine-alkaline buffer followed by organic flocculation with skimmed-milk was found to be the most efficient method when compared to (ii) ultrafiltration and glycine-alkaline elution, (iii) a lyophilization-based method and (iv) ultracentrifugation and glycine-alkaline elution. Through the analysis of replicate sewage samples, ESMP showed reproducible results with a coefficient of variation (CV) of 16% for HAdV, 12% for JCPyV and 17% for NoV GGII. Using spiked samples, the viral recoveries were estimated at 30-95% for HAdV, 55-90% for JCPyV and 45-50% for NoV GGII. ESMP was validated in a field study using twelve 24-h composite sewage samples collected in an urban sewage treatment plant in the North of Spain that reported 100% positive samples with mean values of HAdV, JCPyV and NoV GGII similar to those observed in other studies. Although all of the methods compared in this work yield consistently high values of virus detection and recovery in urban sewage, some require expensive laboratory equipment. ESMP is an effective low-cost procedure which allows a large number of samples to be processed simultaneously and is easily standardizable for its performance in a routine laboratory working in water monitoring. Moreover, in the present study, a CV was applied and proposed as a parameter to evaluate and compare the methods for detecting viruses in sewage samples.

Morphological study of Sr2CeO4 blue phosphor with fine particles

Morphological and spectroscopic studies of Sr2CeO4 blue phosphor in the form of fine particles prepared from a powdered multi-component precursor, via a combustion method, are reported. Samples were also prepared through a solid-state reaction and from a polymeric precursor for comparison. Citric acid or glycine as fuels in the combustion method lead to a mixture which is heated at 950 ºC for 4 h, resulting in spheroidal particles with a diameter between 250-550 nm. Samples from the polymeric precursor result in spheroidal particles (350-550 nm) and from the solid-state reaction in irregular particles (~ 5 mum). Therefore, the combustion method is adequate for preparation of Sr2CeO4 in the form of spherical fine particles.

Estudo de recuperação de glifosato e AMPA derivados em solo utilizando-se resinas nacionais

In the present paper we studied the recoveries of glyphosate, N-(phosphonomethyl)glycine (GLY) and its major metabolite, (aminomethyl)phosphonic acid (AMPA) in soil using national (Brazilian) ion-exchange resins, derivatization by a mixture of trifluoroacetic anhydride and trifluoroethanol and analyses by GC-MS. The quantification limits were 12 ng.g-1 for both compounds and the methodology showed a range of recuperation from 85 to 94% with coefficients of variation (CV) ranging from 4.07 to 6.91% for GLY. For AMPA, the mean recoveries ranged from 87 to 102% with CVs ranging from 5.81 to 6.99%. Additional studies showed that, due to the instability of the derivatized compounds, they must be analysed keeping constant time between derivatization and analysis, preferably less than 24 h.

Altered nitrogen balance and decreased urea excretion in male rats fed cafeteria diet are related to arginine availability

Hyperlipidic diets limit glucose oxidation and favor amino acid preservation, hampering the elimination of excess dietary nitrogen and the catabolic utilization of amino acids.We analyzed whether reduced urea excretion was a consequence of higherNO ; (nitrite,nitrate, and other derivatives) availability caused by increased nitric oxide production in metabolic syndrome. Rats fed a cafeteria diet for 30 days had a higher intake and accumulation of amino acid nitrogen and lower urea excretion.There were no differences in plasma nitrate or nitrite. NO and creatinine excretion accounted for only a small part of total nitrogen excretion. Rats fed a cafeteria diet had higher plasma levels of glutamine, serine, threonine, glycine, and ornithinewhen comparedwith controls,whereas arginine was lower. Liver carbamoyl-phosphate synthetase I activity was higher in cafeteria diet-fed rats, but arginase I was lower. The high carbamoyl-phosphate synthetase activity and ornithine levels suggest activation of the urea cycle in cafeteria diet-fed rats, but low arginine levels point to a block in the urea cycle between ornithine and arginine, thereby preventing the elimination of excess nitrogen as urea. The ultimate consequence of this paradoxical block in the urea cycle seems to be the limitation of arginine production and/or availability.

Characterization of nontypable haemophilus influenzae isolates recovered from adult patients with underlying chronic lung disease reveals genotypic and phenotypic traits associated with persistent infection

Nontypable Haemophilus influenzae (NTHi) has emerged as an important opportunistic pathogen causing infection in adults suffering obstructive lung diseases. Existing evidence associates chronic infection by NTHi to the progression of the chronic respiratory disease, but specific features of NTHi associated with persistence have not been comprehensively addressed. To provide clues about adaptive strategies adopted by NTHi during persistent infection, we compared sequential persistent isolates with newly acquired isolates in sputa from six patients with chronic obstructive lung disease. Pulse field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) identified three patients with consecutive persistent strains and three with new strains. Phenotypic characterisation included infection of respiratory epithelial cells, bacterial self-aggregation, biofilm formation and resistance to antimicrobial peptides (AMP). Persistent isolates differed from new strains in showing low epithelial adhesion and inability to form biofilms when grown under continuous-flow culture conditions in microfermenters. Self-aggregation clustered the strains by patient, not by persistence. Increasing resistance to AMPs was observed for each series of persistent isolates; this was not associated with lipooligosaccharide decoration with phosphorylcholine or with lipid A acylation. Variation was further analyzed for the series of three persistent isolates recovered from patient 1. These isolates displayed comparable growth rate, natural transformation frequency and murine pulmonary infection. Genome sequencing of these three isolates revealed sequential acquisition of single-nucleotide variants in the AMP permease sapC, the heme acquisition systems hgpB, hgpC, hup and hxuC, the 3-deoxy-D-manno-octulosonic acid kinase kdkA, the long-chain fatty acid transporter ompP1, and the phosphoribosylamine glycine ligase purD. Collectively, we frame a range of pathogenic traits and a repertoire of genetic variants in the context of persistent infection by NTHi.