La lucha electoral,

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Cartilla cívica : breve noticia de las principales disposiciones de la Ley electoral de Convención Nacional Constituyente /

Mode of access: Internet.

La izquierda socialista argentina a principios de los sesenta : Entre la política electoral y el insurreccionalismo

Se intenta mostrar la incidencia de los procesos políticos y sociales posteriores a la caída del gobierno peronista -1955- y a la Revolución Cubana -1959-, en la desorganización de la tradicional identidad del socialismo en la Argentina. En el Partido Socialista (PS), que había apoyado el golpe militar que derrocó a Perón, surgirá entonces una corriente crítica -sobre todo juvenil-, impactada por la potente oposición social y política con que los trabajadores "resistían" al nuevo régimen, y también por el ejemplo de los jóvenes revolucionarios cubanos. Ambos procesos, provocaron la radicalización de la izquierda socialista que: 1- en el plano discursivo, re-examinó la caracterización de su partido sobre el peronismo, y comenzó a considerarlo en términos de "movimiento de liberación nacional" y potencial portador de energías revolucionarias; 2- de manera concordante, en el plano práctico, desarrolló estrategias de acercamiento con los sectores combativos de ese movimiento, y con otros grupos que como ella misma, comenzaban a definirse como parte de una "nueva izquierda". En medio de un proceso de alta conflictividad partidaria, se produjeron sucesivas divisiones en el PS, y en sus sectores de izquierda, una novedosa reelaboración de la identidad y la línea política del socialismo: se denunció la visión "liberal" y "reformista" de los sectores tradicionales del Partido, y se trató de articular los principios de la doctrina socialista con contenidos propios del "nacionalismo popular y revolucionario". Frente a una línea político-estratégica que hasta entonces había privilegiado la identidad partidaria y la vía electoral y parlamentaria, se pasó a la promoción de una política frentista y a la exaltación de una perspectiva de corte insurreccional -dentro de la cual los momentos electorales y la actividad parlamentaria sólo contaban en tanto "recursos tácticos". En la ponencia se revisan algunos temas y "cuestiones" que permiten echar luz sobre las razones que facilitaron o promovieron ese tránsito, vinculándolo no sólo con el llamado "clima de época", sino también con la conflictiva vida política argentina, en un período caracterizado por la proscripción del peronismo, la presencia política de las Fuerzas Armadas, la debilidad de los partidos políticos y el envilecimiento de las instituciones democráticas

La izquierda socialista argentina a principios de los sesenta : Entre la política electoral y el insurreccionalismo

Se intenta mostrar la incidencia de los procesos políticos y sociales posteriores a la caída del gobierno peronista -1955- y a la Revolución Cubana -1959-, en la desorganización de la tradicional identidad del socialismo en la Argentina. En el Partido Socialista (PS), que había apoyado el golpe militar que derrocó a Perón, surgirá entonces una corriente crítica -sobre todo juvenil-, impactada por la potente oposición social y política con que los trabajadores "resistían" al nuevo régimen, y también por el ejemplo de los jóvenes revolucionarios cubanos. Ambos procesos, provocaron la radicalización de la izquierda socialista que: 1- en el plano discursivo, re-examinó la caracterización de su partido sobre el peronismo, y comenzó a considerarlo en términos de "movimiento de liberación nacional" y potencial portador de energías revolucionarias; 2- de manera concordante, en el plano práctico, desarrolló estrategias de acercamiento con los sectores combativos de ese movimiento, y con otros grupos que como ella misma, comenzaban a definirse como parte de una "nueva izquierda". En medio de un proceso de alta conflictividad partidaria, se produjeron sucesivas divisiones en el PS, y en sus sectores de izquierda, una novedosa reelaboración de la identidad y la línea política del socialismo: se denunció la visión "liberal" y "reformista" de los sectores tradicionales del Partido, y se trató de articular los principios de la doctrina socialista con contenidos propios del "nacionalismo popular y revolucionario". Frente a una línea político-estratégica que hasta entonces había privilegiado la identidad partidaria y la vía electoral y parlamentaria, se pasó a la promoción de una política frentista y a la exaltación de una perspectiva de corte insurreccional -dentro de la cual los momentos electorales y la actividad parlamentaria sólo contaban en tanto "recursos tácticos". En la ponencia se revisan algunos temas y "cuestiones" que permiten echar luz sobre las razones que facilitaron o promovieron ese tránsito, vinculándolo no sólo con el llamado "clima de época", sino también con la conflictiva vida política argentina, en un período caracterizado por la proscripción del peronismo, la presencia política de las Fuerzas Armadas, la debilidad de los partidos políticos y el envilecimiento de las instituciones democráticas

Estudo da natureza e das motivações da Fraude

Nos últimos anos a Sociedade tem sido flagelada com consecutivas fraudes financeiras. Estes atos ilícitos causam prejuízos notáveis para as organizações e para as Nações, uma vez que, as receitas perdidas não são aplicadas em novos projetos empresariais, nem no combate das desigualdades sociais. O objetivo principal deste trabalho é aferir os fatores motivadores da fraude. Para tal, depois de analisar o conceito prolixo da fraude, a multiplicidade tipológica da fraude, bem com as diversas teorias explicativas da fraude, foram definidas três hipóteses de investigação. As quais visam testar os fatores motivadores da fraude apresentado no “Triângulo da Fraude” e no “Diamante da Fraude”, bem como, um novo fator motivador da fraude, que é a ganância. Com base na metodologia de investigação qualitativa, nomeadamente a análise de conteúdos, foi estudado o caso da falência da Bernard L. Madoff Investments Securities, LLC, ocorrida em dezembro de 2008, e da falência do Banco Português de Negócios (BPN), ocorrida em 2008. Os dados obtidos permitiram validar as hipóteses de investigação formuladas, provando que as fraudes analisadas foram motivadas por cinco fatores: pressão, oportunidade, racionalização, capacidade e ganância. Desta forma, fica patenteada a legitimidade da teoria do “Triângulo da Fraude” e do “Diamante da Fraude”, surgindo, ainda, a teoria da “Estrela da Fraude”. Face ao exposto, este trabalho contribuirá para o enriquecimento da literatura nacional e internacional sobre a fraude. Consideramos que esta dissertação contribuirá, também, para sensibilizar os gestores de que as suas instituições não estão inumes à ocorrência de fraudes. Julgamos que este trabalho pode, também, contribuir para os políticos e cidadãos, ajudando-os a compreender melhor a fraude e as suas consequências. Contudo, a investigação não se encerra aqui, pelo que esperemos ter contribuído para a abertura de novos caminhos, ou seja, para investigações de maior envergadura, a fim de corroborar, ainda mais, este novo fator da fraude (ganância), bem como outros novos fatores motivadores da fraude.

The extent of the population paradox in the Hungarian electoral system

The Hungarian mixed-member electoral system, adopted in 1989, is one of the world’s most complicated electoral systems, and, as this paper demonstrates, it suffers from the "population paradox". In particular, the governing coalition may lose as many as 8 seats either by getting more votes or by the opposition obtaining fewer votes on each territorial list.

The unintended [or intended?] political consequences of electoral systems: The case of Bolivia

The present study was concerned with evaluating one basic institution in Bolivian democracy: its electoral system. The study evaluates the impact of electoral systems on the interaction between presidents and assemblies. It sought to determine whether it is possible to have electoral systems that favor multipartism but can also moderate the likelihood of executive-legislative confrontation by producing the necessary conditions for coalition building. ^ This dissertation utilized the case study method as a methodology. Using the case of Bolivia, the research project studied the variations in executive-legislative relations and political outcomes from 1985 to the present through a model of executive-legislative relations that provided a typology of presidents and assemblies based on the strategies available to them to bargain with each other for support. A complementary model that evaluated the state of their inter-institutional interaction was also employed. ^ Results indicated that executive-legislative relations are profoundly influenced by the choice of the electoral system. Similarly, the project showed that although the Bolivian mixed system for legislative elections, and executive formula favor multipartism, these electoral systems do not necessarily engender executive-legislative confrontation in Bolivia. This was mainly due to the congressional election of the president, and the formulas utilized to translate the popular vote into legislative seats. However, the study found that the electoral system has also allowed for anti-systemic forces to emerge and gain political space both within and outside of political institutions. ^ The study found that government coalitions in Bolivia that are promoted by the system of congressional election of the president and the D'Hondt system to allocate legislative seats have helped ameliorate one of the typical problems of presidential systems in Latin America: the presence of a minority government that is blocked in its capacity to govern. This study was limited to evaluating the impact of the electoral system, as the independent variable, on executive-legislative interaction. However, the project revealed a need for more theoretical and empirical work on executive-legislative bargaining models in order to understand how institutional reforms can have an impact on the incentives of presidents and legislators to form coherent coalitions. ^

The electoral geography of the Slovak Republic: A comparison of the 1994, 1998, and 2002 parliamentary elections

In what can rightly be said to be one of the most dramatic geopolitical shifts in modern times, the collapse of communist regimes in Central Europe and the former Soviet Union brought about dramatic changes in the entire region. As a consequence, wide ranging political, economic, and social transformations have occurred in almost all of these countries since 1989. The Slovak Republic, as a newly democratic country, went through the establishment of the electoral and party systems that are the central mechanisms to the formation of almost all modern democratic governments. The primary research purpose of this dissertation was to describe and explain regional variations in party support during Slovakia’s ten years of democratic transformation. A secondary purpose was to relate these spatial variations to the evolution of political parties in the post-independence period in light of the literature on transitional electoral systems. Research questions were analyzed using both aggregate and survey data. Specifically, the study utilized electoral data from 1994, 1998, and 2002 Slovak parliamentary elections and socio-economic data of the population within Slovak regions which were eventually correlated with the voting results by party in the 79 Slovak districts. The results of this study demonstrate that there is a tendency among voters in certain regions to provide continuous support to the same political parties/movements over time. In addition, the socio-economic characteristics of the Slovak population (gender, age, education, religion, nationality, unemployment, work force distribution, wages, urban-rural variable, and population density) in different regions tend to influence voting preferences in the parliamentary elections. Finally, there is an evident correlation between party preference and the party’s position on integration into European Union, as measured by perceived attitudes regarding the benefits of EU membership.

Determinants and effects of electoral party coalitions: The case of Brazil

Since the 1985 return to democracy, Brazilian politicians have resorted to vote-pooling arrangements to elect representatives. A puzzle thus presents itself: What drives parties to join these electoral cartels? The dissertation unraveled the incentives party elites have to participate in coalitions under a presidencialist system of government. I also investigated the effect of electoral coalitions on congressional representation. I applied a model of binary outcomes and relied on standard deviations to assess the ideological homogeneity/heterogeneity of electoral coalitions. I also calculated the Index of Disproportionality to measure the gaps between the proportion of votes and seats received by all parties in Brazil with and without electoral coalitions. Finally, I assessed the effects of the electoral formula on proportionality. An unexpected exogenous factor resulted crucial in explaining proportional electoral coalition building: The district's majoritarian election for governor. In each district, political actors often synchronize coalition partners to maximize winning results while minimizing electoral efforts.