Which policy option can be more cost-effective in promoting the use of energy efficient appliances in Europe? A comparison of energy taxes, subsidies, tax credits and bans.

4 p.

Analysis and Use of Information and Communication Tools in Economics of Climate Change

16 p.

The use of “Bonus-Malus” schemes for promoting energy-efficient household appliances: a case study for Spain

32 p.

An approach to the use of macrophytes for monitoring standing waters

Under the EC Water Framework Directive (WFD), each Member State is required to devise a comprehensive national monitoring programme for surface waters, incorporating hydromorphological, physico-chemical and biological elements. This paper describes one aspect of the biota - the macrophyte flora - to classify standing waters and to monitor their water quality. The evolution of this method is described and suggestions for its future development are made.

The use of freshwater science in policy development

This article explores the diversity of scientific disciplines and paradigms, their relevance for policy development, how policy emerges throughout society,-and the mechanisms by which scientists can promote the value of science in policy formation. The author gives examples from various countries where freshwater science was used to inform policy.