Europa religionis christianae, morum, et pacis ac belli artium cultu omnium terrar: orbis partiu[m] praesantiß: juxta recent[issi]ma exempl: accurat[issi]ma excusa a Matth. Seuttero s. c. m. geogr.

[N. 1:27000000].

Assessing environmental impacts using a comparative LCA of industrial and artisanal production processes: "Minas Cheese" case

This study uses the Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) methodology to evaluate and compare the environmental impacts caused by both the artisanal and the industrial manufacturing processes of "Minas cheese". This is a traditional cheese produced in the state of Minas Gerais (Brazil), and it is considered a "cultural patrimony" in the country. The high participation of artisanal producers in the market justifies this research, and this analysis can help the identification of opportunities to improve the environmental performance of several stages of the production system. The environmental impacts caused were also assessed and compared. The functional unit adopted was 1 kilogram (Kg) of cheese. The system boundaries considered were the production process, conservation of product (before sale), and transport to consumer market. The milk production process was considered similar in both cases, and therefore it was not included in the assessment. The data were collected through interviews with the producers, observation, and a literature review; they were ordered and processed using the SimaPro 7 LCA software. According to the impact categories analyzed, the artisanal production exerted lower environmental impacts. This can be justified mainly because the industrial process includes the pasteurization stage, which uses dry wood as an energy source and refrigeration.

Ulvilan Harjunpään vaaran vuodet 1918-1920 ; kyläyhteisöä erottavat ja yhdistävät tekijät sisällissodasta suurpaloon

Tutkielmani käsittele Ulvilan Harjunpään kylän tapahtumia sisällissodan aikana vuonna 1918, sekä kylän suurpaloa vuonna 1920. Tavoitteena on selvittää miten kaksi erilaista, ajallisesti lähekkäin tapahtunutta tragediaa ovat vaikuttaneet kyläyhteisöön sekä erottavina että yhdistävinä tekijöinä. Tutkimusaineistona käytän pääosin aikalaiskirjoituksia, kuten sanomalehtikirjoituksia ja kunnanhallituksen pöytäkirjoja, mutta myös karttoja ja kuvia, sekä 80-luvulla tehtyjä haastatteluja. Sekundaarilähteinä toimivat erilaiset paikallishistoriaa käsittelevät kirjoitukset, sekä palontorjunnan historiaa ja sisällissotaa käsittelevät tutkimukset. Tutkielman olen toteuttanut käyttäen monia eri metodeja. Pääosassa ovat olleet historiallinen sekä mikrohistorian metodi, kuin myös havainnointi ja muistitietotutkimus. Loppupäätelmänä todettakoon, että kaksi erilaista tragediaa ovat vaikuttaneet syvästi sekä yhteisön itsetuntoon, että suhtautumiseen toisiin ihmisiin. Taustalla vallitsevat poliittiset erimielisyydet, luokkaerot, uskonnollisuus ja vanhat kaunat sekä katkeruus. Jossain määrin menneisyyden taakka vaikuttaa vielä nytkin kylän yhteisölliseen ilmapiiriin, vaikka se ei olekaan enää kovin selkeää.

Testes de laboratório em sementes de canola e a correlação com a emergência das plântulas em campo

O estabelecimento de padrões na avaliação da qualidade fisiológica das sementes de canola é extremamente útil para obtenção de um bom estande no campo. Desta forma, foi conduzido um experimento com objetivo de comparar a eficiência de diferentes testes para avaliação da qualidade fisiológica de sementes de canola e verificar sua correlação com a emergência das plântulas no campo. Foram avaliados quatro lotes de sementes por meio dos testes de germinação, primeira contagem da germinação, condutividade elétrica, envelhecimento acelerado, frio modificado, emergência em leito de areia, velocidade de emergência e índice de velocidade de emergência em areia, emergência das plântulas no campo, massa de mil sementes e sanidade. Entre os testes conduzidos em laboratório, os de germinação, primeira contagem da germinação, condutividade elétrica e envelhecimento acelerado são considerados os mais eficientes para detectar diferenças entre os lotes de semente de canola, quanto ao potencial de emergência das plântulas no campo. O índice de velocidade de emergência e a velocidade de emergência não são adequados na avaliação da qualidade das sementes de canola.

Componentes do rendimento, teores de isoflavonas, proteínas, óleo e qualidade de sementes de soja

A soja, além de ser utilizada na alimentação animal vem sendo incluída na alimentação humana, pois possui na sua composição química, proteínas, lipídios, algumas vitaminas e compostos polifenólicos, como as isoflavonas. A atividade antioxidante das isoflavonas pode ser considerada um mecanismo de garantia da qualidade das sementes, em virtude da teoria de deterioração, em detrimento da ação de radicais livres na membrana celular. Desta forma, conduziu-se um experimento durante o ano agrícola de 2004/05 em dois locais de semeadura (Maringá e Umuarama), com o objetivo avaliar os componentes de produção, a qualidade fisiológica das sementes de soja produzidas em dois locais de semeadura e determinar os seus teores de óleo, proteínas e de isoflavonas, bem como correlacionar o conteúdo de isoflavonas com os componentes de rendimento, qualidade fisiológica, teores de óleo e proteínas das sementes de soja. As cultivares estudadas foram de ciclo precoce (EMBRAPA 48 e BRS 213) e semiprecoce (BR 36, BRS 133, BRS 184 e BRS 214). Avaliou-se o rendimento e a massa de mil sementes, a qualidade das sementes por meio dos testes de germinação (primeira contagem e contagem final), tetrazólio (vigor e viabilidade) e o teor de óleo, proteínas e isoflavonas. Verificou-se que as cultivares BRS 133 e EMBRAPA 48 apresentaram os maiores conteúdos de isoflavonas, ao passo que, para a cultivar BR 36, foi constatada a menor quantidade, em ambos os locais. Para todas as cultivares avaliadas em Maringá, a germinação das sementes foi superior a 80%. A correlação entre isoflavonas e massa de mil sementes foi negativa para as duas localidades.

Qualidade de sementes de quatro cultivares de soja, colhidas em dois locais no estado do Mato Grosso do Sul

O trabalho foi realizado com objetivo de avaliar a qualidade das sementes de quatro cultivares de soja (BRS 133, BRS 206, BRS 239 e CD 202), colhidas em quatro épocas (Estádio R7 e 7, 14 e 21 dias após a primeira época) e produzidas em dois locais do Estado do Mato Grosso do Sul (Sidrolândia e Dourados), nos anos agrícolas de 2004/05 e 2005/06. O delineamento experimental utilizado foi em blocos casualizados com três repetições e tratamentos arranjados no esquema de parcelas subdivididas. As parcelas foram constituídas pelas cultivares de soja e as subparcelas pelas épocas de colheita. A germinação foi avaliada pelo teste de germinação; teste de envelhecimento acelerado e o vigor pelo teste de frio sem solo, teste de emergência das plântulas em substrato de areia e teste de sanidade. Os dados coletados nos diferentes locais foram submetidos à análise de variância conjunta de parcelas subdivididas e, na presença de interação significativa, foram realizados os desdobramentos necessários para os dois anos agrícolas, separadamente. No ano agrícola 2004/05, as cultivares BRS 239 e CD 202 apresentaram-se com elevada porcentagem de germinação para a produção de sementes na região de Dourados. No ano agrícola 2005/06, a cultivar BRS 239 foi a que apresentou melhor germinação e vigor. A cultivar BRS 239 apresenta menor índice de infecção de microrganismos em relação a cultivar BRS 206. Melhor qualidade de sementes é obtida das sementes colhidas aos sete dias após o estádio R7. Em relação à qualidade sanitária das sementes, à medida que se retarda a época de colheita, a porcentagem total de microrganismos aumenta linearmente para todas as cultivares.

Qualidade das sementes de soja produzidas sob manejo com biorregulador

O objetivo do presente trabalho foi avaliar a qualidade fisiológica e sanitária das sementes, em resposta à aplicação do biorregulador Stimulate® na cultura da soja. Para tanto, sementes de soja da cultivar BRS 246 RR foram semeadas no mês de outubro dos anos agrícolas de 2007/2008 e 2008/2009, no delineamento experimental em blocos completos com os tratamentos casualizados, com quatro repetições. Os tratamentos, arranjados em esquema fatorial, foram compostos pela combinação do tratamento de sementes com o biorregulador (sem e com 0,500 L 100 kg-1 de sementes) e cinco doses do produto (0; 0,125; 0,250; 0,375 e 0,500 L ha-1) aplicadas via foliar, em dois estádios de desenvolvimento da cultura (V5 ou R3). O uso do biorregulador Stimulate® altera positivamente qualidade das sementes, sobretudo quando as aplicações foliares ocorrem no estádio V5.

Effect of storage period on isoflavone content and physiological quality of conventional and transgenic soybean seeds

The objective in this research was to evaluate the isoflavone content and the physiological quality of seed from conventional and transgenic soybean cultivars before and after 180 days of storage. Twenty one soybean cultivars: CD 202, CD 206, CD 208, CD 213RR, CD 214RR, CD 215, CD 216, CD 217, CD 218, CD 221, BRS 184, BRS 185, BRS 214, BRS 244RR, BRS 245RR, BRS 246RR, BRS 255, BRS 257, BRS 258, BRS 261 and BRS 262, grown in the 2005/2006 crop season, were assayed. The seeds were packed in Kraft paper bags and stored at room temperature under laboratory conditions. Seeds were evaluated with respect to their germination and vigor (first germination count, accelerated aging and tetrazolium test) and their total isoflavone contents and respective aglycon forms (daidzein, genistein and glycitein),glycosides (daidzine, genistine and glycitine) and malonyl conjugates. A completely randomized block design with six replications with the treatments set out within a subplot scheme (21 cultivars x 2 storage periods) was used. The F-test was used to compare means between storage periods and the Scott-Knott test to compare cultivars for each storage period, both with a 95% probability. It was concluded that isoflavone contents differ between cultivars and show a distinct behavior throughout storage.

RR soybean seed quality after application of glyphosate in different stages of crop development

In consequence of several studies and speculations concerning the issue of RR transgenic soybean after the application of glyphosate, additional scientific investigations became necessary to clarify the actual viability of the product use when applied in different developmental stages of the soybean crop. Therefore, this study was aimed to evaluate the physiological quality as well as seed health quality of RR soybean subjected to application of the herbicide glyphosate in different phonological stages of the transgenic soybean, cultivar CD 219RR. For this, an experiment with a complete block experimental design with treatments randomly distributed within the block, with four replications, was carried out. The assessed treatments were foliar sprayings of glyphosate in three increasing dosages [0 (control); 1,440 g ha-1; and 2,880 g ha-1] of acid equivalent, applied in two crop developmental stages: vegetative (V6) and reproductive (R2). The variables assessed were: germination; first count of germination; fresh and dry mass of seedlings, lengths of seedling and root; vigor and viability by the tetrazolium test; and seed health quality. Glyphosate application may adversely affect physiological quality of RR soybean seeds, when applied in dosages varying from 1,440 to 2,880 g acid equivalent per hectare at the stages V6 and R2.

Yleinen suhteellisuusteoria : Albert Einsteinin mestariteos

Referee-artikkeli

Crystal growth, Raman scattering and optical properties of the superconductor Cd2Re2O7(16O, 18O)/

Using the Physical Vapor Transport method, single crystals of Cd2Re207 have been grown, and crystals of dimensions up to 8x6x2 mm have been achieved. X-ray diffraction from a single crystal of Cd2Re207 has showed the crystal growth in the (111) plane. Powder X-ray diffraction measurements were performed on ^^O and ^^O samples, however no difference was observed. Assigning the space group Fd3m to Cd2Re207 at room temperature and using structure factor analysis, the powder X-ray diffraction pattern of the sample was explained through systematic reflection absences. The temperatiure dependence of the resistivity measurement of ^^O has revealed two structural phase transitions at 120 and 200 K, and the superconducting transition at 1.0 K. Using Factor Group Analysis on three different structiures of Cd2Re207, the number of IR and Raman active phonon modes close to the Brillouin zone centre have been determined and the results have been compared to the temperature-dependence of the Raman shifts of ^^O and ^*0 samples. After scaling (via removing Bose-Einstein and Rayleigh scattering factors from the scattered light) all spectra, each spectrum was fitted with a number of Lorentzian peaks. The temperature-dependence of the FWHM and Raman shift of mode Eg, shows the effects of the two structurjil phase transitions above Tc. The absolute reflectance of Cd2Re207 - '^O single crystals in the far-infrared spectral region (7-700 cm~^) has been measured in the superconducting state (0.5 K), right above the superconducting state (1.5 K), and in the normal state (4.2 K). Thermal reflectance of the sample at 0.5 K and 1.5 K indicates a strong absorption feature close to 10 cm~^ in the superconducting state with a reference temperature of 4.2 K. By means of Kramers-Kronig analysis, the absolute reflectance was used to calculate the optical conductivity and dielectric function. The real part of optical conductivity shows five distinct active phonon modes at 44, 200, 300, 375, and 575 cm~' at all temperatures including a Drude-like behavior at low frequencies. The imaginary part of the calculated dielectric function indicates a mode softening of the mode 44 cm~' below Tc.

On the anharmonic, multi-phonon, Debye-Waller contributions to the phonon-limited resistivity of metals : applications to Na and K

The anharmonic, multi-phonon (MP), and Oebye-Waller factor (OW) contributions to the phonon limited resistivity (;0) of metals derived by Shukla and Muller (1979) by the doubletime temperature dependent Green function method have been numerically evaluated for Na and K in the high temperature limit. The anharmonic contributions arise from the cubic and quartic shift of phonons (CS, QS), and phonon width (W) and the interference term (1). The QS, MP and OW contributions to I' are also derived by the matrix element method and the results are in agreement with those of Shukla and Muller (1979). In the high temperature limit, the contributions to;O from each of the above mentioned terms are of the type BT2 For numerical calculations suitable expressions are derived for the anharmonic contributions to ~ in terms of the third and fourth rank tensors obtained by the Ewald procedure. The numerical calculation of the contributions to;O from the OW, MP term and the QS have been done exactly and from the CS, Wand I terms only approximately in the partial and total Einstein approximations (PEA, TEA), using a first principle approach (Shukla and Taylor (1976)). The results obtained indicate that there is a strong pairwise cancellation between the: OW and MP terms, the QS and CS and the Wand I terms. The sum total of these contributions to;O for Na and K amounts to 4 to 11% and 2 to 7%, respectively, in the PEA while in the TEA they amount to 3 to 7% and 1 to 4%, respectively, in the temperature range.

On the path integral formulation and the evaluation of quantum statistical averages

Four problems of physical interest have been solved in this thesis using the path integral formalism. Using the trigonometric expansion method of Burton and de Borde (1955), we found the kernel for two interacting one dimensional oscillators• The result is the same as one would obtain using a normal coordinate transformation, We next introduced the method of Papadopolous (1969), which is a systematic perturbation type method specifically geared to finding the partition function Z, or equivalently, the Helmholtz free energy F, of a system of interacting oscillators. We applied this method to the next three problems considered• First, by summing the perturbation expansion, we found F for a system of N interacting Einstein oscillators^ The result obtained is the same as the usual result obtained by Shukla and Muller (1972) • Next, we found F to 0(Xi)f where A is the usual Tan Hove ordering parameter* The results obtained are the same as those of Shukla and Oowley (1971), who have used a diagrammatic procedure, and did the necessary sums in Fourier space* We performed the work in temperature space• Finally, slightly modifying the method of Papadopolous, we found the finite temperature expressions for the Debyecaller factor in Bravais lattices, to 0(AZ) and u(/K/ j,where K is the scattering vector* The high temperature limit of the expressions obtained here, are in complete agreement with the classical results of Maradudin and Flinn (1963) .