Glycerol: Production, consumption, prices, characterization and new trends in combustion

The demand for petroleum has been rising rapidly due to increasing industrialization and modernization. This economic development has led to a huge demand for energy, most of which is derived from fossil fuel. However, the limited reserve of fossil fuel has led many researchers to look for alternative fuels which can be produced from renewable feedstock. Increasing fossil fuel prices have prompted the global oil industry to look at biodiesel, which is from renewable energy sources. Biodiesel is produced from animal fats and vegetable oils and has become more attractive because it is more environmentally friendly and is obtained from renewable sources. Glycerol is the main by-product of biodiesel production; about 10% of the weight of biodiesel is generated in glycerol. The large amount of glycerol generated may become an environmental problem, since it cannot be disposed of in the environment. In this paper, an attempt has been made to review the different approaches and techniques used to produce glycerol (hydrolysis, transesterification, refining crude glycerol). The world biodiesel/glycerol production and consumption market, the current world glycerin and glycerol prices as well as the news trends for the use of glycerol mainly in Brazil market are analyzed. The technological production and physicochemical properties of glycerol are described, as is the characterization of crude glycerol obtained from different seed oil feedstock. Finally, a simple way to use glycerol in large amounts is combustion, which is an advantageous method as it does not require any purification. However, the combustion process of crude glycerol is not easy and there are technological difficulties. The news and mainly research about the combustion of glycerol was also addressed in this review. © 2013 Elsevier Ltd.

Address by Honourable Basil Ince Minister of External Affairs, Trinidad and Tobago at the inaugural ceremony of the CDCC Seventh Session, Monday 24 January 1983

Discurso del Ministro de Relaciones Exteriores de Trinidad y Tabago en el cual destaca la labor del CDCC como instrumento de los paises del Caribe para articular sus necesidades e intreses y coordinar sus relaciones y actividades para la cooperacion regional.

An evaluation of economic performance of CDCC countries: with special reference to the genesis and evolution of the external debt between 1977-1986

Includes bibliography

The impact of external sector developments on Caribbean economic performance, 1983-1988

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Round Table on External Sector Policy Options: the case of Latin America

Includes bibliography

Informe de la Reunión sobre Crisis Externa: Proceso de Ajuste y su Impacto Inmediato y de Largo Plazo en el Desarrollo Social. ¿Qué Hacer? = Report of the Meeting on Possible Measures to deal with the Immediate and Long-Term Impact on Social Development of the External Crisis and the Adjustment Process

Informe de la reunión que tuvo por objetivo: 1) considerar estrategias y propuestas de acción para superar la pobreza y lograr un desarrollo social armónico con el desarrollo económico; y 2) promover un análisis de la situación del desarrollo social en la región, y específicamente de la naturaleza y características de la pobreza en el marco de los factores estructurales y de los factores derivados del proceso de ajuste a la crisis externa.

Informe sobre las inversiones en el mundo 1992: las empresas transnacionales como motores del crecimiento: resumen ejecutivo = World investment report 1992: transnational corporations as engines of growth: an executive summary

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Economy of combustion processes

Includes bibliography

Co-operation between Latin America and Africa in the field of external trade

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ILPES: inserción externa, competitividad y crisis fiscal" = ILPES: "external insertion, competitiveness and fiscal crisis""

Incluye Bibliografía

ILPES: inserción externa, desarrollo y planificación" = ILPES: "external insertion, development and planning""

Analiza la evolución de la posición relativa de América Latina y el Caribe en el contexto internacional; los principales fenómenos del desarrollo contemporáneo que condicionarán su futuro; la vitalidad de la empresa productiva como recurso estratégico para las políticas de reinserción externa; la crisis fiscal y sus vínculos con la situación externa. Se hace referencia al papel que los organismos nacionales de planificación pueden desempeñar en apoyo de nuevas políticas de reinserción externa.

Desarrollo económico y social y las relaciones externas de América Latina = Economic and social development and external relations of Latin America

Incluye Bibliografía

Problema de la deuda: gestación, desarrollo, crisis y perspectiva = Problem of the external debt: gestation, development, crisis and prospects

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Caribbean Community: common external trade regime: Annex I to the national trade operations and procedure guides

Includes bibliography

Lome Convention common external trade regime: Annex II to the national trade operations and procedure guides

Resume los aspectos principales del Convenio de Lome relacionados con el comercio entre la Comunidad Economica Europea y los paises de Africa, Caribe y Pacifico (ACP).