El aprendizaje de inglés por parte de los adultos : hacia una comunicación más eficaz dentro del contexto de las Escuelas Oficiales de Idiomas.

Experimentar y evaluar componentes estratégicos que favorezcan una comunicación oral más efectiva. Hipótesis de trabajo: la mayoría de los alumnos de la Escuela Oficial de Idiomas de Cartagena, mayores de 30 años y de nivel preintermedio de comunicación en lengua inglesa, no consiguen niveles de competencia comunicativa oral satisfactorios debido a la disociación existente entre los objetivos institucionales, la metodología adoptada y las necesidades de los alumnos. 32 alumnos matriculados en segundo o tercer curso de la EOI de Cartagena entre los 30 y los 56 años. El 69 por ciento del total de alumnos mayores de 30 años. Nivel de competencia comunicativa oral en el aprendizaje del inglés (VD) y edad (VI). Estado de la cuestión a partir de las conclusiones de los estudios de Singleton (1989), Larsen-Freeman y Long (1991), Ellis (1994) y otros. Análisis de las necesidades, de las preferencias y de las características del aprendizaje adulto. Cuestionario Barsch Learning Style Inventory y cuestionarios elaborados expresamente para la investigación. Investigación activa. Estudio etnográfico. El adulto no está menos capacitado que el jóven o el niño para aprender inglés. Las desventajas en pronunciación o comprensión auditiva se compensan con la mejor predisposición cognitiva para aprender morfosintaxis y mayor motivación. Niveles muy altos de pronunciación, ritmo y entonación no son objetivo final del aprendizaje adulto, por lo que convendría rebajar los niveles de exigencia académica en lo que a producción oral se refiere. Acercar las expectativas del aprendizaje de los adultos y los procesos de enseñanza. Las mejoras metodológicas relacionadas con el entrenamiento en actitudes positivas hacia la comunicación, mayor énfasis en determinadas subdestrezas y tipos de interacción y explicitación detallada de objetivos, son las propuestas que realiza el autor a modo de conclusión.

Los centros de autoaprendizaje de lenguas como espacios de formación de la autonomía. Estudio descriptivo.

Analizar tres centros de autoaprendizeje de lenguas (CAL) pertenecientes a tres instituciones educativas diferentes para valorar el modo en el que contribuyen a fomentar la autonomía de los usuarios como aprendices de lenguas. Escuela Oficial de Idiomas de Drassanes (Barcelona), Centro de Autoaprendizaje de la Universidad Jaume I (Castellón) y Centro de Autoaprendizaje de la Universidad de Leeds (Reino Unido). Para llevar a cabo el análisis de los tres CAL se realizaron sistemáticas visitas desde el año 1997 al 2002 estableciendo contacto previo con los directores de los tres centros. Los ámbitos de observación y análisis previamente definidos fueron: horarios, distribución física de los centros y medios técnicos/ audiovisuales. Cuestionario de elaboración propia distribuidos a asesores y responsables de los CAL. Cuestionario sobre Estilos de Aprendizaje de Ellis y Sinclair (1993). Escala de elaboración propia de valoración de las características de un buen asesor (a cumplimentar por los asesores). Observación y análisis de contextos de aprendizaje, de carácter exploratorio. No se puede hablar de la existencia de un modelo de centro de aprendizaje de lenguas que se pueda considerar idóneo en cualquier contexto educativo ni ignorar la existencia de un requisito esencial para conseguir que estos centros tengan un funcionamiento adecuado y es el de conseguir la autonomía en el aprendizaje. El centro de Drassanes se puede considerar como de apoyo y complemento a las clases pues sus materiales están muy relacionados con los usados en el aula. El centro de la Universidad Jaume I tienen una gran variedad de material y el usuario tiene la posibilidad de seleccionar aquello que desea estudiar y en el momento en el que le conviene hacerlo, así como descubrir sus necesidades y estilos de aprendizaje. El CAL de La Universidad de Leeds se caracteriza por la variedad de material perfectamente clasificado con lo que el usuario tiene la posibilidad de seleccionar qué y cuándo estudiar de forma sistemática.

Should Europe be fracking? CEPS Commentary, 5 October 2012

Underlining the fact that shale gas, like all natural resources, can only be used once, Daniel Gros observes in this CEPS Commentary that the real issue is not whether this resource should be developed in Europe, but when it should be used: today or tomorrow? Europe is already a heavy user of gas, but its consumption is stagnating (along with its economy). Despite the hype about the shale gas revolution, the extraction cost of (onshore) conventional gas remains below that of fracking. And lots of pipelines have already been built so that the marginal cost of bringing this ‘conventional’ gas to Europe is thus rather low. Thus, from an economic and environmental point of view, Gros argues that fracking is unlikely to bring large benefits for Europe and that shale gas might just substitute for conventional gas, which is plentiful.

Mortality of Migratory Birds from Marine Commercial Fisheries and Offshore Oil and Gas Production in Canada

There is an imminent need for conservation and best-practice management efforts in marine ecosystems where global-scale declines in the biodiversity and biomass of large vertebrate predators are increasing and marine communities are being altered. We examine two marine-based industries that incidentally take migratory birds in Canada: (1) commercial fisheries, through bycatch, and (2) offshore oil and gas exploration, development, and production. We summarize information from the scientific literature and technical reports and also present new information from recently analyzed data to assess the magnitude and scope of mortality. Fisheries bycatch was responsible for the highest levels of incidental take of migratory bird species; estimated combined take in the longline, gillnet, and bottom otter trawl fisheries within the Atlantic, including the Gulf of St. Lawrence, and Pacific regions was 2679 to 45,586 birds per year. For the offshore oil and gas sector, mortality estimates ranged from 188 to 4494 deaths per year due to the discharge of produced waters resulting in oil sheens and collisions with platforms and vessels; however these estimates for the oil and gas sector are based on many untested assumptions. In spite of the uncertainties, we feel levels of mortality from these two industries are unlikely to affect the marine bird community in Canada, but some effects on local populations from bycatch are likely. Further research and monitoring will be required to: (1) better estimate fisheries-related mortality for vulnerable species and populations that may be impacted by local fisheries, (2) determine the effects of oil sheens from produced waters, and attraction to platforms and associated mortality from collisions, sheens, and flaring, so that better estimates of mortality from the offshore oil and gas sector can be obtained, and (3) determine impacts associated with accidental spills, which are not included in our current assessment. With a better understanding of the direct mortality of marine birds from industry, appropriate mitigation and management actions can be implemented. Cooperation from industry for data collection, research to fill knowledge gaps, and implementation of mitigation approaches will all be needed to conserve marine birds in Canada.

Fusion of motion segmentation algorithms

Many algorithms have been developed to achieve motion segmentation for video surveillance. The algorithms produce varying performances under the infinite amount of changing conditions. It has been recognised that individually these algorithms have useful properties. Fusing the statistical result of these algorithms is investigated, with robust motion segmentation in mind.

The influence of different artificial soil types on the acute toxicity of carbendazim to the earthworm Eisenia fetida in laboratory toxicity tests

Field populations of earthworms have shown a varied response in mortality to the fungicide carbendazim, the toxic reference substance used in agrochemical field trials. The aim of this study was to determine the influence of soil conditions as a potential cause of this variation. Laboratory acute toxicity tests were conducted using a range of artificial soils with varying soil components (organic matter, clay, pH and moisture). Batch adsorption/desorption studies were run to determine the influence of the soil properties on carbendazim behaviour. Adsorption was shown to be correlated with organic matter content and pH and this in turn could be linked to Eisenia fetida mortality, with lower mortality occurring with increased adsorption. Overall while E.fetida mortality did vary significantly between several of the soils the calculated LC50 values in the different soils did not cover a wide range (6.04-16.00 mg kg(-1)), showing that under these laboratory conditions soil components did not greatly influence carbendazim toxicity to E.fietida. (c) 2007 Elsevier Masson SAS. All rights reserved.

A comparison of cross-hole electrical and seismic data in fractured rock

Cross-hole anisotropic electrical and seismic tomograms of fractured metamorphic rock have been obtained at a test site where extensive hydrological data were available. A strong correlation between electrical resistivity anisotropy and seismic compressional-wave velocity anisotropy has been observed. Analysis of core samples from the site reveal that the shale-rich rocks have fabric-related average velocity anisotropy of between 10% and 30%. The cross-hole seismic data are consistent with these values, indicating that observed anisotropy might be principally due to the inherent rock fabric rather than to the aligned sets of open fractures. One region with velocity anisotropy greater than 30% has been modelled as aligned open fractures within an anisotropic rock matrix and this model is consistent with available fracture density and hydraulic transmissivity data from the boreholes and the cross-hole resistivity tomography data. However, in general the study highlights the uncertainties that can arise, due to the relative influence of rock fabric and fluid-filled fractures, when using geophysical techniques for hydrological investigations.

Synthesis of S-linked carbohydrate analogues via a Ferrier reaction

In this work, the synthetic utility of the Ferrier reaction to access S-linked disaccharides and S-linked glycoamino acids has been probed. Significantly, entry to a range of 1,4- and 1,6-S-linked disaccharides has been achieved using glycals derived from glucose and galactose, and sulfur containing coupling partners derived from methyl α-d-glucopyranoside. Access to S-linked glycoamino acids and glycopeptides has also been achieved using protected cysteine and homocysteine coupling partners within the Ferrier reaction. Functionalisation of the Ferrier products, for example, via dihydroxylation using OsO4 or amino acid coupling, and deprotection of the targets have also been achieved. In this way, entry to materials of interest as mimics of biologically interesting disaccharides and glycopeptides has been realised, including targets derived from rare sugars such as talopyranose and gulopyranose.

Evaluation of forest snow processes models (SnowMIP2)

Thirty‐three snowpack models of varying complexity and purpose were evaluated across a wide range of hydrometeorological and forest canopy conditions at five Northern Hemisphere locations, for up to two winter snow seasons. Modeled estimates of snow water equivalent (SWE) or depth were compared to observations at forest and open sites at each location. Precipitation phase and duration of above‐freezing air temperatures are shown to be major influences on divergence and convergence of modeled estimates of the subcanopy snowpack. When models are considered collectively at all locations, comparisons with observations show that it is harder to model SWE at forested sites than open sites. There is no universal “best” model for all sites or locations, but comparison of the consistency of individual model performances relative to one another at different sites shows that there is less consistency at forest sites than open sites, and even less consistency between forest and open sites in the same year. A good performance by a model at a forest site is therefore unlikely to mean a good model performance by the same model at an open site (and vice versa). Calibration of models at forest sites provides lower errors than uncalibrated models at three out of four locations. However, benefits of calibration do not translate to subsequent years, and benefits gained by models calibrated for forest snow processes are not translated to open conditions.

Determination of the vibrational transition moment ratio for the Coriolis interacting v9 and v10 fundamentals of allene

Comparison between observed and calculated infrared band contours has been made to determine the vibrational transition moment ratio |M10/M9| for the Coriolis interacting ν9 and ν10 perpendicular fundamentals of allene-h4. The ratio obtained is appreciably lower than that of a previous estimate and the result obtained by integrated band intensity measurements of Overend and Crawford. From the best estimate of the ratio, the dipole moment derivatives of the two bands are determined; the value for the weaker band ν9 is subject to a large uncertainty.

Developmental changes in the germinability, desiccation tolerance, hardseededness, and longevity of individual seeds of Trifolium ambiguum

Background and Aims: Using two parental clones of outcrossing Trifolium ambiguum as a potential model system, we examined how during seed development the maternal parent, number of seeds per pod, seed position within the pod, and pod position within the inflorescence influenced individual seed fresh weight, dry weight, water content, germinability, desiccation tolerance, hardseededness, and subsequent longevity of individual seeds. Methods: Near simultaneous, manual reciprocal crosses were carried out between clonal lines for two experiments. Infructescences were harvested at intervals during seed development. Each individual seed was weighed and then used to determine dry weight or one of the physiological behaviour traits. Key Results: Whilst population mass maturity was reached at 33–36 days after pollination (DAP), seed-to-seed variation in maximum seed dry weight, when it was achieved, and when maturation drying commenced, was considerable. Individual seeds acquired germinability between 14 and 44 DAP, desiccation tolerance between 30 and 40 DAP, and the capability to become hardseeded between 30 and 47 DAP. The time for viability to fall to 50 % (p50) at 60 % relative humidity and 45 °C increased between 36 and 56 DAP, when the seed coats of most individuals had become dark orange, but declined thereafter. Individual seed f. wt at harvest did not correlate with air-dry storage survival period. Analysing survival data for cohorts of seeds reduced the standard deviation of the normal distribution of seed deaths in time, but no sub-population showed complete uniformity of survival period. Conclusions: Variation in individual seed behaviours within a developing population is inherent and inevitable. In this outbreeder, there is significant variation in seed longevity which appears dependent on embryo genotype with little effect of maternal genotype or architectural factors.