Experiencias de inclusión en el Centro de Educación Especial Mater Misericordiae de Palma de Mallorca.

El Centro de Educación Especial Mater Misericordiae escolariza a niños con diferentes tipos de discapacidad, aunque principalmente discapacidad intelectual. Su principal objetivo es la inclusión e integración de sus alumnos en la sociedad. Para ello, sigue las teorías de la Asociación Americana del Retraso Mental con niños con discapacidad intelectual que no han podido ser escolarizados en centros ordinarios por sus limitaciones o que son derivados desde estos. El proyecto debe tener en cuenta la diversidad cultural y lingüística, así como las diferencias en los modos de comunicación y los factores comportamentales. Para ello se ofrecen programaciones individuales y centradas en cada niño encaminadas a mejorar la vida de las personas con discapacidad y de sus familias. Se destaca la creación de las Aulas Sustitutorias de Centros Específicos, que son aulas de Educación Especial situadas en un centro ordinario. El objetivo es que los niños se integren en actividades que les aporten normalidad y sentimientos de inclusión. Aunque la experiencia es positiva, se describen las dificultades que conlleva, que hacen que algunos niños deban regresar al centro de Educación Especial.

La cuestión social a la luz de la doctrina cristiana : Encíclica 'Mater et Magistra' de su Santidad Juan XXIII.

Reproducción de la Encíclica 'Mater et Magistra' de S.S. el Papa Juan XXIII, dada el 15 de mayo de 1961, en el tercer año de su pontificado, que trata sobre la doctrina de la Iglesia Católica y Apostólica, 'madre de todos los pueblos'. Abarca estos grandes temas: 1. Enseñanza de la Encíclica 'Rerum Novarum' y oportuno desarrollo en el magisterio de Pio XI y Pío XII. 2. Determinaciones y ampliaciones de las enseñanzas de la 'Rerum Novarum'. 3. Nuevos aspectos de la cuestión social. 4. La reconstrucción de las relaciones de convivencia en la verdad, en la justicia y en el amor.

Modificacions en la dinàmica de processat i en les característiques finals de productes carnis amb contingut reduït de sodi

In recent years, several studies have linked sodium intake to hypertension, and the consequent mortality risk due to vascular diseases. Several UE member states and the WHO recommend reducing the salt intake level to a maximum of 5 g per day. Salt is a useful ingredient for meat product processing. A reduction of added salt provokes a decrease in the quality of meat products. As a technological strategy, the reduction of the amount of added salt and the addition of potassium lactate, until a 30% molar substitution (taking into account the salt standard amount (30 g/kg)), have been proposed. This substitution could modify the product evolution during its processing. The knowledge of these effects could make the optimization of the process easier. In dry-cured meat products with a reduced salt content, it could be concluded that the proposed strategy reduces the processing period, as well as the anomalous texture risk; it increases the product safety and it does not modify the visual attributes.

Origins of dry air in the Tropics and Subtropics

The humidity in the dry regions of the tropical and subtropical troposphere has a major impact on the ability of the atmosphere to radiate heat to space. The water vapour content in these regions is determined by their ``origins'', here defined as the last condensation event following air masses. Trajectory simulations are used to investigate such origins using ERA40 data for January 1993. It is shown that 96% of air parcels experience condensation within 24 days and most of the remaining 4% originate in the stratosphere. Dry air masses are shown to experience a net pressure increase since last condensation which is uniform with latitude, while the median time taken for descent is 5 days into the subtropics but exceeds 16 days into the equatorial lower troposphere. The associated rate of decrease in potential temperature is consistent with radiative cooling. The relationship between the drier regions in the tropics and subtropics and the geographical localization of their origin is investigated. Four transport processes are identified to explain these relationships.

Modeled and observed atmospheric radiation balance during the West African dry season: role of mineral dust, biomass burning aerosol, and surface albedo

The global radiation balance of the atmosphere is still poorly observed, particularly at the surface. We investigate the observed radiation balance at (1) the surface using the ARM Mobile Facility in Niamey, Niger, and (2) the top of the atmosphere (TOA) over West Africa using data from the Geostationary Earth Radiation Budget (GERB) instrument on board Meteosat-8. Observed radiative fluxes are compared with predictions from the global numerical weather prediction (NWP) version of the Met Office Unified Model (MetUM). The evaluation points to major shortcomings in the NWP model's radiative fluxes during the dry season (December 2005 to April 2006) arising from (1) a lack of absorbing aerosol in the model (mineral dust and biomass burning aerosol) and (2) a poor specification of the surface albedo. A case study of the major Saharan dust outbreak of 6–12 March 2006 is used to evaluate a parameterization of mineral dust for use in the NWP models. The model shows good predictability of the large-scale flow out to 4–5 days with the dust parameterization providing reasonable dust uplift, spatial distribution, and temporal evolution for this strongly forced dust event. The direct radiative impact of the dust reduces net downward shortwave (SW) flux at the surface (TOA) by a maximum of 200 W m−2 (150 W m−2), with a SW heating of the atmospheric column. The impacts of dust on terrestrial radiation are smaller. Comparisons of TOA (surface) radiation balance with GERB (ARM) show the “dusty” forecasts reduce biases in the radiative fluxes and improve surface temperatures and vertical thermodynamic structure.

Estimating surface CO2 fluxes from space-borne dry air mole fraction observations using an Ensemble Kalman filter

We have developed an ensemble Kalman Filter (EnKF) to estimate 8-day regional surface fluxes of CO2 from space-borne CO2 dry-air mole fraction observations (XCO2) and evaluate the approach using a series of synthetic experiments, in preparation for data from the NASA Orbiting Carbon Observatory (OCO). The 32-day duty cycle of OCO alternates every 16 days between nadir and glint measurements of backscattered solar radiation at short-wave infrared wavelengths. The EnKF uses an ensemble of states to represent the error covariances to estimate 8-day CO2 surface fluxes over 144 geographical regions. We use a 12×8-day lag window, recognising that XCO2 measurements include surface flux information from prior time windows. The observation operator that relates surface CO2 fluxes to atmospheric distributions of XCO2 includes: a) the GEOS-Chem transport model that relates surface fluxes to global 3-D distributions of CO2 concentrations, which are sampled at the time and location of OCO measurements that are cloud-free and have aerosol optical depths <0.3; and b) scene-dependent averaging kernels that relate the CO2 profiles to XCO2, accounting for differences between nadir and glint measurements, and the associated scene-dependent observation errors. We show that OCO XCO2 measurements significantly reduce the uncertainties of surface CO2 flux estimates. Glint measurements are generally better at constraining ocean CO2 flux estimates. Nadir XCO2 measurements over the terrestrial tropics are sparse throughout the year because of either clouds or smoke. Glint measurements provide the most effective constraint for estimating tropical terrestrial CO2 fluxes by accurately sampling fresh continental outflow over neighbouring oceans. We also present results from sensitivity experiments that investigate how flux estimates change with 1) bias and unbiased errors, 2) alternative duty cycles, 3) measurement density and correlations, 4) the spatial resolution of estimated flux estimates, and 5) reducing the length of the lag window and the size of the ensemble. At the revision stage of this manuscript, the OCO instrument failed to reach its orbit after it was launched on 24 February 2009. The EnKF formulation presented here is also applicable to GOSAT measurements of CO2 and CH4.