Tensile bond strength: Evaluation of four current adhesive systems in abraded enamel and deep dentin

This study aimed to evaluate the tensile bond strength of adhesive systems in abraded enamel and deep dentin of the occlusal surface of forty human molar teeth. Enamel surfaces as well as the rest of the teeth were coated with epoxy resin and regularized and polished with silicon carbide sandpapers. The 40 teeth were randomized into eight groups of five teeth per group. Four groups were assigned to have deep dentin as the dental substrate and the other four had abraded enamel as the substrate for the adhesives to be tested. The adhesives being tested were the total etching Single Bond: SB, the self-etching Clearfil SE bond: CSEB, self-etching One Up Bond F: OUBF and the self-etching Self-Etch Bond: SEB adhesives. The samples (teeth) were restored with composite resin and subjected to a traction assay. The results were statistically analyzed using the ANOVA and TUKEY tests. The total etching SB adhesive system had the greatest bonding strength of all the adhesives tested, on both dental substrates (20.1 MegaPascals (MPa) on abraded enamel and 19.4 MPa on deep dentin). Of the self-etching dental adhesives tested, CSEB had the greatest bonding strength on both substrates (14.6 MPa on abraded enamel and 15.4 MPa on deep dentin). Both OUBF (11.0 MPa for enamel, 13.1 MPa for dentin) and SEB (10.2 MPa for enamel, 12.6 MPa for dentin) showed comparable bonding strengths without any significant differences for either substrate Thus, the total etching SB adhesive system had better bonding strength than the other self-etching adhesives used, regardless of the dental substrate to which the adhesives had been bonded.

Biocompatibility of resin-based dental materials applied as liners in deep cavities prepared in human teeth

Background: Since only a few data have been published concerning the effects of resinous dental materials on the pulp-dentin complex, the aim of this study was to evaluate the biocompatibility of resin-based materials applied as liners in deep cavities prepared in duman teeth. Methods: After preparing class V cavities, the following dental materials were applied on the axial walls: group 1, Vitrebond™ (VIT; 3M ESPE); group 2, Ultra-Blend® Plus™ (UBP; Untradent); and group 3, Clearfil™ SE Bond (CSEB; Kuraray). In group 4 (control), the hard-setting calcium hydroxide cement Dycal (CH; Caulk/Dentsply) was used. The teeth extracted at 7 days or between 30 and 85 days after the clinical procedures were processed for histological evaluation. Results: For all the experimental and control groups, most of specimens exhibited no pulpal response or slight inflammatory reaction associated with slight tissue disorganization at 7-day period. Moderate inflammatory pulpal response occurred only in one tooth (RDT = 262 μm) of group 3 in which transdentinal diffusion of resin components was observed. Conclusion: The resin-based dental cements VIT and UBP as well as the bonding agent CSEB presented acceptable biocompatibility when applied in deep cavities prepared in sound human teeth. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

A study of the effect of overshooting deep convection on the water content of the TTL and lower stratosphere from Cloud Resolving Model simulations

Simulations of overshooting, tropical deep convection using a Cloud Resolving Model with bulk microphysics are presented in order to examine the effect on the water content of the TTL (Tropical Tropopause Layer) and lower stratosphere. This case study is a subproject of the HIBISCUS (Impact of tropical convection on the upper troposphere and lower stratosphere at global scale) campaign, which took place in Bauru, Brazil (22° S, 49° W), from the end of January to early March 2004. Comparisons between 2-D and 3-D simulations suggest that the use of 3-D dynamics is vital in order to capture the mixing between the overshoot and the stratospheric air, which caused evaporation of ice and resulted in an overall moistening of the lower stratosphere. In contrast, a dehydrating effect was predicted by the 2-D simulation due to the extra time, allowed by the lack of mixing, for the ice transported to the region to precipitate out of the overshoot air. Three different strengths of convection are simulated in 3-D by applying successively lower heating rates (used to initiate the convection) in the boundary layer. Moistening is produced in all cases, indicating that convective vigour is not a factor in whether moistening or dehydration is produced by clouds that penetrate the tropopause, since the weakest case only just did so. An estimate of the moistening effect of these clouds on an air parcel traversing a convective region is made based on the domain mean simulated moistening and the frequency of convective events observed by the IPMet (Instituto de Pesquisas Meteorológicas, Universidade Estadual Paulista) radar (S-band type at 2.8 Ghz) to have the same 10 dBZ echo top height as those simulated. These suggest a fairly significant mean moistening of 0.26, 0.13 and 0.05 ppmv in the strongest, medium and weakest cases, respectively, for heights between 16 and 17 km. Since the cold point and WMO (World Meteorological Organization) tropopause in this region lies at ∼ 15.9 km, this is likely to represent direct stratospheric moistening. Much more moistening is predicted for the 15-16 km height range with increases of 0.85-2.8 ppmv predicted. However, it would be required that this air is lofted through the tropopause via the Brewer Dobson circulation in order for it to have a stratospheric effect. Whether this is likely is uncertain and, in addition, the dehydration of air as it passes through the cold trap and the number of times that trajectories sample convective regions needs to be taken into account to gauge the overall stratospheric effect. Nevertheless, the results suggest a potentially significant role for convection in determining the stratospheric water content. Sensitivity tests exploring the impact of increased aerosol numbers in the boundary layer suggest that a corresponding rise in cloud droplet numbers at cloud base would increase the number concentrations of the ice crystals transported to the TTL, which had the effect of reducing the fall speeds of the ice and causing a ∼13% rise in the mean vapour increase in both the 15-16 and 16-17 km height ranges, respectively, when compared to the control case. Increases in the total water were much larger, being 34% and 132% higher for the same height ranges, but it is unclear whether the extra ice will be able to evaporate before precipitating from the region. These results suggest a possible impact of natural and anthropogenic aerosols on how convective clouds affect stratospheric moisture levels.

Use of fibrin glue derived from snake venom in the repair of deep corneal ulcers - Experimental study in dogs (Canis familiaris, Linnaeus, 1758)

Fibrin glue has been researched as an alternative method for tissue synthesis and is known for its capability to promote hemostasis at the application site, good approximation of wound edges and fast healing. The current study consisted in the application of fibrin glue derived from snake venom as treatment for experimental corneal ulcers. Twenty-one dogs had their corneas experimentally prepared through lamellar keratectomy (of standardized diameter and depth). Animals were divided into seven groups of three animals each. Six experimental groups were periodically evaluated and collection was carried out on the 1st, 3rd, 7th, 15 th, 30th and 60th post-operative days, whereas one control group was evaluated throughout the experiment. Analyses consisted in the clinical evolution and in the histopathological study of all operated on eyes. Results indicated that fibrin glue was efficient in repairing keratectomy wounds in dogs and contributed to an earlier healing phenomenon, avoiding edema formation and keeping corneal clearness. The use of fibrin glue derived from snake venom showed to be easy to apply, feasible with animal models and of low cost, avoiding the lesion progress and allowing fast and appropriate corneal healing.

The first Triassic lungfish from South America (Santa Maria Formation, Paraná Basin) and its bearing on geological correlations within Pangaea

The Triassic fish faunas of the Southern Hemisphere are only known from a few sedimentary basins and the most productive sites are those from the Karoo Supergroup, in South Africa and the Sydney Basin of Australia. A single lungfish tooth plate ascribed to Ptychoceratodus cf. philippsi was recovered from Late Triassic (Carnian) red beds of southern Brazil and is described herein. This find extends to South America the palaeogeographic distribution of the genus, which occurs in the Early Triassic of Australia and South Africa and the Middle/Late Triassic of Europe and Late Triassic of Madagascar and India. The presence of this dipnoan solely in the uppermost part of the Santa Maria Formation suggests that the migration of Ptychoceratodus towards the Paraná Basin began not before the late Induan/early Olenekian (late Early Triassic). At that time, more humid (monsoonal) conditions prevailed in what is now southern Brazil, compared to semi-arid/desert conditions that dominated the Late Permian and possibly the earliest Early Triassic (the latter presumably not represented in the Paraná Basin). © The Geological Society of London 2008.

Deep venous thrombosis prophylaxis in oral and maxillofacial surgery: a Brazilian survey

Background : Deep venous thrombosis (DVP) is a frequent disease. Prophylaxis is the best means to reduce its incidence, for lowering morbidity and mortality rates and treatment costs caused by its complications. Objective : To evaluate the knowledge and use of any kind of DVT prophylaxis by Brazilian Oral and Maxillofacial surgeons. Materials and Methods : A questionnaire was sent to all Oral and Maxillofacial surgeons associated to the Brazilian College of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons that have a valid e-mail address. The data retrieved was evaluated and tabulated. Results : Of the 1100 questionnaires sent, only 4% were retrieved. The 42 retrieved were included in the study. Twenty six of the surgeons do not use any kind of deep venous thrombosis (DVT) prophylaxis, 11 use mechanical means as elastic compressive stockings or pneumatic compressive devices for prophylaxis, and 5 uses low-molecular weight heparins (LMWH) as the choice for prophylaxis. Conclusion : The data collected, despite the low rate of participation (4%) by the surgeons, shows that this subject still does not receive proper attention. Whereas other medical specialties make routine use of prophylactic means maybe the maxillofacial surgeons lack concern on that matter.

Light microscopic evaluation and scanning electron microscopic analysis of horse eyes following deep anterior lamellar keratectomy

Objective To describe the technique of deep anterior lamellar keratoplasty (DALK) with Descemet's membrane (DM) exposure in horse eyes. Also, to compare the efficacy and safety of viscodissection and big-bubble techniques for DALK. Animals studied Thirty-four ex vivo horse eyes. Procedure Deep anterior lamellar keratoplasty was performed in 34 ex vivo horse eyes. Two groups (Group V - viscodissection - 2% sodium hyaluronate; Group A - air - big-bubble) of 17 eyes were studied. Other than the substance used, the surgical technique was similar for both groups. Nonperforated eyes were submitted for light microscopic histologic evaluation and scanning electron microscopic (SEM) analysis. Results Group V - Perforations occurred in 18% of the eyes during surgery. Light microscopy revealed exposure of DM in 28% of the eyes with mean thickness of the remaining stroma being 70.4μm. Group A - Perforations occurred in 42% of the eyes. Light microscopy revealed exposure of DM in 60% of the eyes with mean thickness of the remaining stroma being 23.3μm. No significant differences in safety, efficacy and thickness of the remaining stroma (including all eyes or excluding those with DM exposure) were observed. SEM of the surgical site revealed a more even surface in those eyes with DM exposure compared to eyes with thicker remaining stroma in both groups. Conclusions We describe two DALK techniques (viscodissection and big-bubble) for use in horses. No significant differences in safety, efficacy and thickness of the remaining stroma were observed. However, a nonsignificant trend toward the big-bubble technique being more efficacious but less safe was observed. © 2012 American College of Veterinary Ophthalmologists.

Use of platelet-rich plasma in the treatment of deep corneal ulcers induced in rabbits.clinical and histomorphometric evaluation

The repair process induced corneal ulcer in rabbits using platelet-rich plasma in the form of eyedrop or clot was clinically evaluated and compared. Sixty rabbits were divided into four groups of 15 animals, denominated platelet group (PG), clot group (CLG), control group (CG), and amniotic control group (AG). Experimental groups were then subdivided into three groups (M4, M7, M30), corresponding to the end of the evaluation period. There were no differences between treatments regarding ocular sensitivity, chemosis and ocular secretion. The groups treated with PRP either as eyedrop or a clot showed less opacity than the animals treated only with amniotic membrane at the moment of the final evaluation. The presence of corneal ulcers in the groups treated with PRP showed lower intensity than the other groups. Histomorphometric examination showed that corneal epithelization in the initial phase of the lesion was greater when using PRP. The use of amniotic membrane promoted corneal epithelial and stromal thickness, as well as synergism when associated to PRP.

Gestão dos recursos hídricos subterrâneos no município de Sorocaba - SP: uma contribuição

Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq)

Contribuições da geologia para o desenvolvimento sustentável do turismo no município da Estância Turística de Paraguaçu Paulista (SP)

Pós-graduação em Geociências e Meio Ambiente - IGCE

Modelo de campo de gás não convencional do tipo indireto: caso Elsinore, Oeste do Texas, EUA

Pós-graduação em Geologia Regional - IGCE

Uma nova abordagem para interpretação de anomalias gravimétricas regionais e residuais aplicada ao estudo da organização crustal: exemplo da Região Norte do Piauí e Noroeste do Ceará

A interpretação de anomalias gravimétricas é de grande importância no estudo de feições geológicas que ocorrem na crosta terrestre. Esta interpretação é, no entanto, dificultada pelo fato das anomalias gravimétricas serem resultantes da soma total dos efeitos produzidos por todos os contrastes de densidades de subsuperfície. Desse modo, com o intuito de separar efeitos de feições mais profundas de efeitos de feições mais rasas, bem como a caracterização da geometria desses dois conjuntos de feições, apresentamos um método de separação das componentes regional e residual do campo e a subsequente interpretação de cada componente. A separação regional-residual de dados gravimétricos é efetuada através da aproximação do campo regional por um polinômio ajustado ao campo observado por um método robusto. Este método é iterativo e usa como aproximação inicial a solução obtida através do ajuste polinomial pelo método dos mínimos quadrados. O método empregado minimiza a influência de observações contendo forte contribuição do campo residual no ajuste do campo regional. A componente regional obtida a partir da separação regional-residual é transformada em um mapa de distâncias verticais em relação a um nível de referência. Esta transformação compreende duas etapas. A primeira consiste na obtenção da continuação para baixo da componente regional, que é pressuposta ser causada por uma interface suave separando dois meios homogêneos, representando a interface crosta-manto, cujo contraste de densidade é supostamente conhecido. A segunda consiste na transformação do mapa de continuação para baixo em um mapa de distâncias verticais entre o nível de continuação (tomado como nível de referência) e a interface. Este método apresenta duas dificuldades. A primeira está ligada à instabilidade, havendo portanto a necessidade do emprego de um estabilizador o que acarreta a perda de resolução das feições que se desejam mapear. A segunda, inerente ao método gravimétrico, consiste na impossibilidade da determinação das profundidades absolutas da interface em cada ponto, bastando entretanto o conhecimento da profundidade absoluta em um ponto, através de informação independente, para que todas as outras profundidades absolutas sejam conhecidas. A componente residual obtida a partir da separação regional-residual é transformada em um mapa de contrastes de densidade aparente. Esta transformação consiste no cálculo do contraste de densidade de várias fontes prismáticas através de uma inversão linear pressupondo que as fontes reais estejam das a uma placa horizontal, com contrastes de densidade variando apenas nas direções horizontais. O desempenho do método de separação regional-residual apresentado foi avaliado, através de testes empregando dados sintéticos, fornecendo resultados superiores em relação aos métodos dos mínimos quadrados e da análise espectral. O método de interpretação da componente regional teve seu desempenho avaliado em testes com dados sintéticos onde foram produzidos mapeamentos de interfaces bem próximas das estruturas reais. O limite de resolução das feições que se desejam mapear depende não só do grau do polinômio ajustante, como também da própria limitação inerente ao método gravimétrico. Na interpretação da componente residual é necessário que se postule ou tenha informação a priori sobre a profundidade do topo e espessura da placa onde as fontes estão supostamente confinadas. No entanto, a aplicação do método em dados sintéticos, produziu estimativas razoáveis para os limites laterais das fontes, mesmo na presença de fontes interferentes, e pressupondo-se valores para profundidade do topo e espessura da placa, diferentes dos valores verdadeiros. A ambiguidade envolvendo profundidade do topo, espessura e densidade pode ser visualizada através de gráficos de valores de densidade aparente contra profundidade do topo presumida para a placa para vários valores postulados para a espessura da placa. Estes mesmos gráficos permitem, pelo aspecto das curvas, a elaboração de uma interpretação semi-quantitativa das profundidades das fontes reais. A seqüência dos três métodos desenvolvidos neste trabalho foi aplicada a dados gravimétricos da região norte do Piauí e noroeste do Ceará levando a um modelo de organização crustal que compreende espessamentos e adelgaçamentos crustais associados a um evento compressivo que possibilitou a colocação de rochas densas da base da crosta a profundidades rasas. Este modelo ê compatível com os dados geológicos de superfície. É ainda sugerida a continuidade, por mais 200 km em direção a sudoeste, do Cinturão de Cisalhamento Noroeste do Ceará por sob os sedimentos da Bacia do Parnaíba, com base nas evidências fornecidas pela interpretação da anomalia residual. Embora esta seqüência de métodos tenha sido desenvolvida com vistas ao estudo de feições crustais de porte continental, ela também pode ser aplicada ao estudo de feições mais localizadas como por exemplo no mapeamento do relevo do embasamento de/bacias sedimentares onde os sedimentos são cortados por rochas intrusivas mais densas.

Avaliação da influência do eletrojato equatorial na interpretação de dados magnetotelúrico bidimensionais

O campo magnetotelúrico em regiões equatoriais viola a condição de ondas planas por causa de uma fonte fortemente concentrada na direção E-W na ionosfera, denominada eletrojato equatorial. No presente trabalho, procurou-se analisar a resposta magnetotelúrica de fontes que simulam o efeito do eletrojato equatorial. Foram considerados dois tipos de fontes para simular o eletrojato: uma linha infinita de corrente e uma distribuição gaussiana de densidade de corrente em relação a uma das coordenadas horizontais. A resistividade aparente foi obtida através da relação de Cagniard e comparada com os resultados de ondas planas. É mostrada também a comparação entre a fase da impedância na superfície, para os três tipos de fontes (ondas planas, eletrojato gaussiano e linha de corrente). O problema de meios com heterogeneidades laterais foi resolvido em termos de campos secundários, sendo as equações diferenciais solucionadas através da técnica de elementos finitos bidimensionais. Os resultados mostram que o eletrojato tem pouca influência nas respostas (resistividade aparente e fase) de estruturas geológicas rasas. Entretanto, a influência pode ser considerável nas estruturas profundas (maior que 5000 m), principalmente se suas resistividades são altas (maior que 100 Ω.m). Portanto, a influência do eletrojato equatorial deve ser considerada na interpretação de dados magnetotelúricos de bacias sedimentares profundas ou no estudo da crosta terrestre.