Novos paradigmas e velhos discursos: analisando processos de adolescentes em conflito com a lei

Este artigo evidencia an��lises contidas na disserta����o cujo objetivo foi analisar os discursos dos operadores jur��dico-sociais em processos judiciais de Varas da Inf��ncia e Juventude de duas cidades brasileiras. Os direitos das crian��as e adolescentes, a quest��o social e a an��lise do discurso configuraram-se como referenciais te��ricos e de an��lise. Resultados evidenciaram discursos de prote����o e revelaram tamb��m a inten����o de puni����o. A quest��o social foi ignorada pelos operadores a despeito dos contextos em que ocorreram as infra����es.

Promo����o da sa��de: elemento instituinte?

O artigo inclui na discuss��o sobre os resultados da promo����o da sa��de um argumento de natureza epistemol��gica, levando em considera����o o contexto contempor��neo de mudan��as econ��micas, pol��ticas e culturais do qual ela �� parte e express��o. Destacam-se, por um lado, as suspeitas que recaem sobre o projeto da Modernidade, sejam elas decorrentes do crescimento das incertezas ou da irrealiza����o de promessas e, por outro lado, as tentativas de equacionamento do bin��mio determina����o/autonomia, como quest��es sens��veis a uma ruptura dos modos de conhecer na contemporaneidade. Prop��e-se considerar a din��mica social e abord��-la como a uni��o e a tens��o da hist��ria feita e da hist��ria se fazendo, para melhor compreender o alcance e os resultados da promo����o da sa��de. A conclus��o �� que a promo����o da sa��de deve continuar buscando o desenvolvimento de a����es cada vez mais efetivas, mas deve faz��-lo sem abdicar da possibilidade de manter-se pr��xima da energia social livre e em ebuli����o, que caracteriza o elemento instituinte de uma produ����o hist��rica.

Aten����o domiciliar como mudan��a do modelo tecnoassistencial

OBJETIVO: Analisar pr��ticas de aten����o domiciliar de servi��os ambulatoriais e hospitalares e sua constitui����o como rede substitutiva de cuidado em sa��de. PROCEDIMENTOS METODOL��GICOS: Estudo qualitativo que analisou, com base na metodologia de caso tra��ador, quatro servi��os ambulatoriais de aten����o domiciliar da Secretaria Municipal de Sa��de e um servi��o de um hospital filantr��pico do munic��pio de Belo Horizonte, MG, entre 2005 e 2007. Foram realizadas entrevistas com gestores e equipes dos servi��os de aten����o domiciliar, an��lise de documentos e acompanhamento de casos com entrevistas a pacientes e cuidadores. A an��lise foi orientada pelas categorias anal��ticas integra����o da aten����o domiciliar na rede de sa��de e modelo tecnoassistencial. AN��LISE DOS RESULTADOS: A implanta����o da aten����o domiciliar foi precedida por decis��o pol��tico-institucional tanto com orienta����o racionalizadora, buscando a diminui����o de custos, quanto com vistas �� reordena����o tecnoassistencial das redes de cuidados. Essas duas orienta����es encontram-se em disputa e constituem dificuldades para concilia����o dos interesses dos diversos atores envolvidos na rede e na cria����o de espa��os compartilhados de gest��o. P��de-se identificar a inova����o tecnol��gica e a autonomia das fam��lias na implementa����o dos projetos de cuidado. As equipes mostraram-se coesas, construindo no cotidiano do trabalho novas formas de integrar os diferentes olhares para transforma����o das pr��ticas em sa��de. Foram observados desafios na proposta de integrar os diferentes servi��os de car��ter substitutivo do cuidado ao limitar a capacidade da aten����o domiciliar de mudar o modelo tecnoassistencial. CONCLUS��ES: A aten����o domiciliar possui potencial para constitui����o de uma rede substitutiva ao produzir novos modos de cuidar que atravessam os projetos dos usu��rios, dos familiares, da rede social e dos trabalhadores da aten����o domiciliar. A aten����o domiciliar como modalidade substitutiva de aten����o �� sa��de requer sustentabilidade pol��tica, conceitual e operacional, bem como reconhecimento dos novos arranjos e articula����o das propostas em curso.

Exerc��cio da sexualidade por adolescentes em ambientes de priva����o de liberdade

Este artigo apresenta os resultados de uma pesquisa cujo principal objetivo foi conhecer como se d�� o exerc��cio da sexualidade por parte de adolescentes privados de liberdade. Os dados foram coletados em tr��s estados do nordeste brasileiro, que adotaram a pol��tica p��blica de oferecer visitas '��ntimas' aos jovens em conflito com a lei. Os resultados apresentam o perfil dos adolescentes, a vida sexual e os cuidados com a sa��de antes da interna����o, o exerc��cio da sexualidade no interior da institui����o e, por fim, a visita ��ntima do ponto de vista dos entrevistados. Com base nesses dados e nos direitos dos adolescentes �� autonomia; �� participa����o; �� igualdade e n��o discrimina����o, �� integridade corporal e �� sa��de, essa pol��tica p��blica foi avaliada. Recomenda����es para aperfei��o��-la foram tecidas, de modo a melhor atender aos direitos sexuais de jovens privados de liberdade.

E o Iphan retirou o v��u da noiva e disse sim: ecletismo e modernismo no edif��cio Luciano Costa

S��o raros os momentos, na hist��ria das pol��ticas de preserva����o do patrim��nio no Brasil, em que se v�� a dimens��o de um conflito - gerado pela atribui����o de valores a um bem cultural - alcan��ar repercuss��o significativa, mobilizando diversos agentes. O caso do edif��cio Luciano Costa, no Recife, �� um exemplo dessa natureza. Neste artigo, procuramos apresentar -a partir da interpreta����o de uma trama complexa de discursos e a����es - a pol��mica preservacionista em torno desse edif��cio, um exemplar arquitet��nico singular, por ter simultaneamente duas fachadas, uma ecl��tica e uma modernista. Em grande parte in��ditos, os documentos t��cnico-administrativos da 5�� Superintend��ncia Regional e do Departamento de Documenta����o do Iphan, assim como aqueles da funda����o do Patrim��nio Hist��rico e Art��stico de Pernambuco (fundarpe), da Diretoria de Projetos Especiais da Empresa de Urbaniza����o do Recife (URb-Recife) e do Minist��rio P��blico de Pernambuco foram as fontes prim��rias privilegiadas.

Surrealismo �� mineira

Marginal poetry (poesia marginal) has motivated several studies concerning features common to some poets in the literary scene of the nineteen seventies. On the part of contemporary criticism, however, the focus has been on specific details of each writer from that period. The poet Afonso Henriques Neto debuted with the book 0 misterioso ladrao de Tenerife (1972), written in partnership with Eudoro Augusto, and has revealed an influence of surrealist procedures in all his works published since then. The largely casual style and everyday themes are present in several of his texts, where they coexist with prolific imagery and unusual elements which point out the central conflict of his poetry: the oscillation between the affirmation of the intrinsic value of literature, and the perception of its crisis in a peculiar historical moment. In this sense, we consider how the appropriation of the surrealist denial of rationalism and common sense by the Beat Generation and the counterculture ""filtered"" the reception of the avant-garde movement, influencing the poet's work.

Methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase (MTHFR) C677T polymorphism and high plasma homocysteine in chronic hepatitis C (CHC) infected patients from the Northeast of Brazil

Background/Aim: Hyperhomocysteinemia due to Methylenetetrahydrofolate Reductase (MTHFR) gene, in particular the C677T (Ala222Val) polymorphism were recently associated to steatosis and fibrosis. We analyzed the frequency of MTHFR gene in a cross-sectional study of patients affected by Chronic Hepatitis C (CHC) from Northeast of Brazil. Method: One hundred seven-four untreated patients with CHC were genotyped for the C677T MTHFR. Genomic DNA was extracted from peripheral blood cells and the C677T MTHFR polymorphism was identified by PCR-RFLP. The homocysteine (Hcy) levels were determined by chemiluminescence method. All patients were negative for markers of Wilson's disease, hemochromatosis and autoimmune diseases and have current and past daily alcohol intake less than 100 g/week. Results: Among subjects infected with CHC genotype non-1 the frequency of MTHFR genotypes TT was 9.8% versus 4.4% genotype 1 (p = 0.01). Nevertheless, association was found between the MTHFR genotype TT x CT/CC polymorphism and the degree of steatosis and fibrosis in both hepatitis C genotype (p < 0.05). A significant difference was found on plasma Hcy levels in patients with steatosis regardless of HCV genotype (p = 0.03). Conclusion: Our results indicate that plasma Hcy levels is highly prevalent in subjects with chronic hepatits C with steatosis regardless of HCV genotype and vitamin deficiency. The presence of genotype TT of MTHFR C677T polymorphism was more common in CHC genotype non-1 infected patient regardless of histopathological classification and genotype TT+CT frequencies were significant in the presence of fibrosis grade 1+2 and of steatosis in CHC infected patients from the northeast of Brazil regardless of HCV genotype. The genetic susceptibility of MTHFR C677T polymorphism should be confirmed in a large population.

Time variation of some selected topics in bioethical publications

Objective: To analyse the time variation of topics in bioethical publications as a proxy of the relative importance. Methods: We searched the Medline database for bioethics publications using the words ""ethics or bioethics'', and for 360 specific topics publications, associating Medical Subject Heading topic descriptors to those words. We calculated the ratio of bioethics publications to the total publications of Medline, and the ratio of each topic publications to the total bioethics publications, for five-year intervals, from 1970 to 2004. We calculated the time variation of ratios, dividing the difference between the highest and lowest ratio of each topic by its highest ratio. Four topics were described, selected to illustrate different patterns of variation: ""Induced Abortion'', ""Conflict of Interest'', ""Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome'', ""Medical Education.'' Results: The ratio of bioethics publications to total Medline publications increased from 0.003 to 0.012. The variation of the topic's ratios was higher than 0.7 for 68% of the topics. The Induced Abortion ratios decreased from 0.12 to 0.02. Conflict of Interest ratios increased from zero to 0.07. The Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome ratios were nearly zero in the first three intervals, had a peak of 0.06 during 1985-9, followed by a decrease to 0.01. Medical Education ratios varied few, from 0.04 to 0.03. Conclusions: There was an increase of bioethical publications in the Medline database. The topics in bioethics literature have an important time variation. Some factors were suggested to explain this variation: current legal cases, resolution of the issue, saturation of a discussion and epidemiologic importance.

Suppression subtractive hybridization analysis reveals expression of conserved and novel genes in male accessory glands of the ant Leptothorax gredleri

Background: During mating, insect males eject accessory gland proteins (Acps) into the female genital tract. These substances are known to affect female post-mating behavior and physiology. In addition, they may harm the female, e. g., in reducing its lifespan. This is interpreted as a consequence of sexual antagonistic co-evolution. Whereas sexual conflict abounds in non-social species, the peculiar life history of social insects (ants, bees, wasps) with lifelong pair-bonding and no re-mating aligns the reproductive interests of the sexes. Harming the female during mating would negatively affect male fitness and sexual antagonism is therefore not expected. Indeed, mating appears to increase female longevity in at least one ant species. Acps are presumed to play a role in this phenomenon, but the underlying mechanisms are unknown. In this study, we investigated genes, which are preferentially expressed in male accessory glands of the ant Leptothorax gredleri, to determine which proteins might be transferred in the seminal fluid. Results: By a suppression subtractive hybridization protocol we obtained 20 unique sequences (USs). Twelve had mutual best matches with genes predicted for Apis mellifera and Nasonia vitripennis. Functional information (Gene Ontology) was available only for seven of these, including intracellular signaling, energy-dependent transport and metabolic enzyme activities. The remaining eight USs did not match sequences from other species. Six genes were further analyzed by quantitative RT-PCR in three life cycle stages of male ants. A gene with carboxy-lyase activity and one of unpredicted function were significantly overexpressed in accessory glands of sexually mature males. Conclusions: Our study is the first one to investigate differential gene expression in ants in a context related to mating. Our findings indicate that male accessory glands of L. gredleri express a series of genes that are unique to this species, possibly representing novel genes, in addition to conserved ones for which functions can be predicted. Identifying differentially expressed genes might help to better understand molecular mechanisms involved in reproductive processes in eusocial Hymenoptera. While the novel genes could account for rapidly evolving ones driven by intra-sexual conflict between males, conserved genes imply that rather beneficial traits might get fixed by a process described as inter-sexual cooperation between males and females.

Production of workers, queens and males in Plebeia remota colonies (Hymenoptera, Apidae, Meliponini), a stingless bee with reproductive diapause

Queen, male and worker production was studied during one year in three Plebeia remota colonies from Atlantic Rainforest in Cunha, Sao Paulo State, and two from a subtropical Araucaria forest in Prudentopolis, Parana State. All the colonies were kept in Sao Paulo city during our study. Plebeia remota has reproductive diapause during autumn and winter, which makes its biology of special interest. Brood production begins before spring, renewing the colony cycle. We sampled brood combs monthly in these five colonies. The number of cells in each comb varied significantly with time of the year; the smallest brood combs appear to be a consequence of reduced food availability. However, worker, queen and male frequencies did not differ significantly in time, and this presumably is due to the fact that they all are necessary for the growth, maintenance and reproduction of the colony. Although some molecular, morphological and behavioral differences have been detected in several studies comparing populations from Cunha and from Prudentopolis, we did not find significant differences between the colonies from these two localities in number of brood cells and worker, queen and male production.

First discovery of a rare polygyne colony in the stingless bee Melipona quadrifasciata (Apidae, Meliponini)

FAPESP

The number of reproductive workers in highly eusocial Hymenoptera: monogyny and monandry

Haplodiploidy results in relatedness asymmetries between colony members of highly eusocial Hymenoptera. As a consequence, queen and reproductive workers are more related to their own sons than to each other's male offspring. Kin selection theory predicts multiple optima in male parentage: either the queen or the workers should produce all the males. Nevertheless, shared male parentage is common in highly eusocial hymenopterans. An inclusive fitness model was used to analyze the effect of the number of reproductive workers on male parentage shared by the queen and laying workers by isolating the male component from an inclusive fitness equation using the equal fitness through male condition for each pairwise combination of the three female classes comprised of the queen, laying workers and non-laying workers. The main result of the theoretical analyses showed that the fraction of males produced by workers increases asymptotically with the number of laying workers at an increasingly diminishing rate, tending to an asymptotic value of 0.67. In addition, as the number of laying workers increases, the share of male parentage converges to that of non-laying workers. The diminishing return effect on male parentage share depending on the number of reproductive workers leads us to expect the number of reproductive workers to be relatively small in a stingless bee colony, even in the absence of productivity costs. The available data confirms this hypothesis, as there is an unusually small number of reproductive workers in stingless bee colonies.

Spatial patterns in the brood combs of Nannotrigona testaceicornis (Hymenoptera: Meliponinae): male clusters

Genetic models of sex and caste determination in eusocial stingless bees suggest specific patterns of male, worker and gyne cell distribution in the brood comb. Conflict between queen and laying workers over male parentage and center-periphery gradients of conditions, such as food and temperature, could also contribute to non-random spatial configuration. We converted the positions of the hexagonal cells in a brood comb to Cartesian coordinates, labeled by sex or caste of the individuals inside. To detect and locate clustered patterns, the mapped brood combs were evaluated by indexes of dispersion (MMC, mean distance of cells of a given category from their centroid) and eccentricity (DMB, distance between this centroid and the overall brood comb centroid) that we developed. After randomizing the labels and recalculating the indexes, we calculated probabilities that the original values had been generated by chance. We created sets of binary brood combs in which males were aggregated, regularly or randomly distributed among females. These stylized maps were used to describe the power of MMC and DMB, and they were applied to evaluate the male distribution in the sampled Nannotrigona testaceicornis brood combs. MMC was very sensitive to slight deviations from a perfectly rounded clump; DMB detected any asymmetry in the location of these compact to fuzzy clusters. Six of the 82 brood combs of N. testaceicornis that we analyzed had more than nine males, distributed according to variations in spatial patterns, as indicated by the two indexes.

Phylogenetic position of the acariform mites: sensitivity to homology assessment under total evidence

Background: Mites (Acari) have traditionally been treated as monophyletic, albeit composed of two major lineages: Acariformes and Parasitiformes. Yet recent studies based on morphology, molecular data, or combinations thereof, have increasingly drawn their monophyly into question. Furthermore, the usually basal (molecular) position of one or both mite lineages among the chelicerates is in conflict to their morphology, and to the widely accepted view that mites are close relatives of Ricinulei. Results: The phylogenetic position of the acariform mites is examined through employing SSU, partial LSU sequences, and morphology from 91 chelicerate extant terminals (forty Acariformes). In a static homology framework, molecular sequences were aligned using their secondary structure as guide, whereby regions of ambiguous alignment were discarded, and pre-aligned sequences analyzed under parsimony and different mixed models in a Bayesian inference. Parsimony and Bayesian analyses led to trees largely congruent concerning infraordinal, well-supported branches, but with low support for inter-ordinal relationships. An exception is Solifugae + Acariformes (P. P = 100%, J. = 0.91). In a dynamic homology framework, two analyses were run: a standard POY analysis and an analysis constrained by secondary structure. Both analyses led to largely congruent trees; supporting a (Palpigradi (Solifugae Acariformes)) clade and Ricinulei as sister group of Tetrapulmonata with the topology (Ricinulei (Amblypygi (Uropygi Araneae))). Combined analysis with two different morphological data matrices were run in order to evaluate the impact of constraining the analysis on the recovered topology when employing secondary structure as a guide for homology establishment. The constrained combined analysis yielded two topologies similar to the exclusively molecular analysis for both morphological matrices, except for the recovery of Pedipalpi instead of the (Uropygi Araneae) clade. The standard (direct optimization) POY analysis, however, led to the recovery of trees differing in the absence of the otherwise well-supported group Solifugae + Acariformes. Conclusions: Previous studies combining ribosomal sequences and morphology often recovered topologies similar to purely morphological analyses of Chelicerata. The apparent stability of certain clades not recovered here, like Haplocnemata and Acari, is regarded as a byproduct of the way the molecular homology was previously established using the instrumentalist approach implemented in POY. Constraining the analysis by a priori homology assessment is defended here as a way of maintaining the severity of the test when adding new data to the analysis. Although the strength of the method advocated here is keeping phylogenetic information from regions usually discarded in an exclusively static homology framework; it still has the inconvenience of being uninformative on the effect of alignment ambiguity on resampling methods of clade support estimation. Finally, putative morphological apomorphies of Solifugae + Acariformes are the reduction of the proximal cheliceral podomere, medial abutting of the leg coxae, loss of sperm nuclear membrane, and presence of differentiated germinative and secretory regions in the testis delivering their products into a common lumen.

Direct mass measurements of (68)Se and (80)Y

The masses of neutron-deficient nuclides near the N=Z line with A=64-80 have been determined using a direct time-of-flight technique which employed a cyclotron as a high-resolution spectrometer. The measured atomic masses for (68)Se and (80)Y were 67.9421(3) u and 79.9344(2) u, respectively. The new values agree with the 2003 Atomic Mass Evaluation. The result for (68)Se confirms that this nucleus is a waiting point of the rp-process, and that for (80)Y resolves the conflict between earlier measurements. Using the present results and the 2003 Atomic Mass Evaluation compilation, the empirical interaction between the last proton and the last neutron in N=Z nuclei has been revisited and extended.