Controle químico de plantas daninhas aquáticas em condições controladas - caixa d'água

Durante o ano de 1998 foram conduzidos quatro experimentos em Botucatu, Estado de São Paulo, Brasil, em condições de caixas d'água, com o objetivo de estudar o efeito de alguns herbicidas sobre Eicchornia crassipes, Pistia stratiotes, Thypha subulata e Salvinia molesta. Os herbicidas e doses utilizadas foram: imazapyr a 125, 250, 500, 1.000, 1.500 e 2.000 g e.a./ha; 2,4 D a 1.200 g e.a./ha; glyphosate a 3.360 g e.a./ha. Houve, ainda, uma testemunha sem aplicação de herbicidas. Os experimentos foram instalados no delineamento experimental em blocos ao acaso, com quatro repetições. As parcelas experimentais foram constituídas pelas caixas d'água com dimensões de 60x60x60 cm e colocadas a pleno sol no campo. Utilizou-se 3, 12, 25 e 60 plantas/caixa de T. subulata, P. stratiotes, E. crassipes e S. molesta, respectivamente. Os herbicidas foram aplicados com pulverizador costal a pressão constante de CO2 de 1,75 Bar, munido de barra com bicos Teejet 110.02 VS e com um consumo de calda de 200 l/ha. Foram efetuadas avaliações visuais de controle de sete em sete dias por 35 a 49 dias, dependendo da espécie. Todos os herbicidas testados foram eficientes no controle de E. crassipes e o imazapyr foi o único herbicida a promover morte total das plantas, independente da dose utilizada. Os herbicidas 2,4 D e glyphosate não foram eficientes no controle de P. stratiotes. O herbicida imazapyr foi eficiente no controle de P. stratiotes, exceto na dose de 125 g e.a./ha. Todos os herbicidas foram eficientes no controle de T. subulata, exceção ao imazapyr na dose de125 g e.a./ha. Houve rebrota de T. subulata nas parcelas aplicadas com 2,4 D. Nenhum tratamento químico foi eficiente no controle de S. molesta.

Avaliação de cultivares de arroz de terras altas sob condições de sequeiro em Cassilândia, MS

O uso de cultivares selecionadas é uma das tecnologias de mais fácil adoção pelo agricultor, pois além de incrementar a produtividade, é um dos insumos de menor custo na produção agrícola. Assim, é fundamental obter informações sobre o desempenho de novas cultivares, nas mais diversas regiões de cultivo. Objetivou-se, neste trabalho avaliar o comportamento de cultivares de arroz de terras altas (Oryza sativa L.) (BRS Aroma, BRS Bonança, BRS Colosso, BRSMG Conai, BRSMG Curinga, BRS Soberana, BRS Talento e IAC 202), sob condições de sequeiro, na região de Cassilândia, MS. O delineamento experimental foi o de blocos ao acaso, com quatro repetições. A semeadura foi realizada em 30 de novembro de 2005, no espaçamento de 0,40 m entre linhas e 70 sementes viáveis por metro. As cultivares BRS Talento, IAC 202 e BRS Soberana apresentaram comportamento superior. As cultivares BRS Soberana, BRS Bonança, BRS Colosso, IAC 202 e BRS Talento apresentaram maior rendimento de grãos inteiros. É possível obterse boa produtividade (acima de 3.000 kg ha-1), na cultura do arroz de terras altas sob condições de sequeiro no município de Cassilândia, MS, desde que sejam utilizadas cultivares adequadas.

Densidades de palha e condições de luminosidade na germinação de sementes de Euhphorbia heterophylla

It was studied the influence of sugarcane straw density and light conditions on the germination of seeds of Euphorbia heterophylla under controlled conditions. The experimental design was completely randomized design with four replications of 50 seeds, and the treatments were arranged in a 6 x 5 factorial, with six amount of sugarcane straw (0, 8, 10, 12, 14 and 16 t ha(-1)) and 5 types of light (constant light, constant darkness, alternating light and dark, short red and far red). The seeds were germinated in plastic type boxes covered by overlapping layers of straw and kept in germination. Assessments of germination were daily computing the normal seedlings, when they presented protusion roots visible and calculated the germination speed index (IGS). It was observed that the increase of different densities of straw and different wave lengths provided germination ranged from 83 to 97% and IGS between 9.85 to 15.36. The different densities of straw and wavelength did not suppress the germination of E. heterophylla. Therefore, the species was insensitive to light, so the presence of raw sugarcane system can't be considered a potential tool for controlling this species.

Eficiência e viabilidade econômica do controle químico da ferrugem do eucalipto em condições de campo

Originária da América do Sul, a ferrugem do eucalipto causada pelo fungo Puccinia psidii, vem se tornando uma doença limitante para a cultura do eucalipto no Brasil, exigindo a adoção de estratégias de controle, dentre as quais está o controle químico. Para avaliar eficiência e viabilidade econômica de fungicidas no controle da ferrugem do eucalipto, montou-se um ensaio a campo. Para a instalação do ensaio, utilizou-se o delineamento em blocos ao acaso, em esquema fatorial 3 x 3 (3 produtos e 3 doses), sendo 0,5, 1,0 e 1,5 mL ou g do produto comercial por litro de solução. Os tratamentos foram: 1-) Testemunha; 2-) Fungicida azoxistrobina (estrobilurina); 3-) Fungicida tebuconazol (triazol); 4-) Fungicida tebuconazol + trifloxistrobina (triazol + estrobilurina). O experimento constou de quatro repetições, com avaliação da severidade das plantas. As avaliações foram efetuadas com base no percentual de área foliar lesionada. Verificou-se que com o aumento na dosagem dos fungicidas, houve maior redução da doença nas plantas aos 7 e 15 dias pós-aplicação. O fungicida tebuconazol + trifloxistrobina a 1,5 mL/L foi o mais eficiente contra a ferrugem do eucalipto em condições de campo. O fungicida tebuconazol apresentou maior viabilidade econômica nas três doses testadas.

Doses de fósforo e zinco na cultura do alho em condições de casa de vegetação

A adubação fosfatada promove o aumento de produtividade na cultura do alho, mas doses de fósforo (P) podem proporcionar a deficiência de zinco (Zn) na planta, sobretudo em solos com baixos teores deste micronutriente. O objetivo do trabalho foi verificar o efeito da interação entre P e Zn no solo sobre o desenvolvimento e produção de plantas de alho. Foram instalados três experimentos, cada um com um tipo de solo, em vasos com 17 kg de solo, em casa de vegetação telada. Empregou-se delineamento em blocos casualizados em esquema fatorial com 4 doses de P (0, 100, 200 e 400 mg dm-3) utilizando-se superfosfato triplo e 4 doses de Zn (0, 2,5, 5,0 e 10 mg dm-3) aplicados na forma de ZnSO4.7H2O, ambos incorporados ao solo, com três repetições. A produtividade e o desenvolvimento de plantas de alho foram influenciados, isoladamente, pelas doses de P e Zn, não havendo a interação entre esses nutrientes. Para os solos Neossolo Quartzarênico (NQ) textura arenosa, Latossolo Vermelho Distrófico (LE) textura média e Latossolo Vermelho Distroférrico (LR), textura argilosa, as melhores doses de P para a produção de alho foram de 190, 400 e 400 mg dm-3 e para o Zn de 2,2; 6,5 e 5,1 mg dm-3 respectivamente.

Influência das condições de cultivo na produção de antígenos recombinantes de Leishmania i. chagasi utilizando Escherichia coli M15 cultivada em incubador rotativo e biorreator

Escherichia coli has been one of the most widely used hosts in recombinant protein production, in both laboratory and industrial scale since the advent of recombinant DNA technology. Despite the substantial progress of studies on the molecular biology and immunology of infections, there is currently no medication-based prophylaxis capable of preventing leishmaniasis. As such, there is a great need to identify specific antigens for the development of vaccines and diagnostic kits against visceral leishmaniasis. Thus, the primary goal of the present study is to assess the influence of cultivation conditions on the production of Leishmania chagasi antigens, carried out in a rotating incubator and bioreactor. To that end, several assays were conducted to evaluate the kinetic behavior of antigens (648, 503) of Leishmania. i. chagasi in two different compositions of media (2xTY, TB), with and without an inducer. In order to improve expression, assays were performed in a benchtop bioreactor using the best conditions obtained in a rotating incubator, in addition to assessing the influence of stirring speed. Results show that high complexity of the cultivation medium favored kinetic growth of clones (648, 503). However, in assays submitted to induction by IPTG, this elevated complexity did not promote the expression of recombinant proteins. Expression of antigens 648 and 503 exhibited behavior associated with growth and, in terms of location, proteins 648 and 503 are intracellularly stored. Lactose may be the most adequate inducer in protein expression, when considering factors, cost, toxicity and stability. Elevated stirring may increase cell growth in clone 53, although it may not result in high concentrations for the protein of interest. On the other hand, positive results were obtained for all recombinant clones (648, 503) tested, confirmed by the electrophoretic profile

Avaliação técnica e econômica do corte de eucalipto com feller-buncher em diferentes condições operacionais

This study aimed to technically and economically evaluate the Feller-buncher in different conditions of harvest in eucalypt forests of second cut. The technical analysis included a study of time and movements by the method of continuous time, and operational performance was determined by volume in cubic meters of harvested wood. The economic analysis included the parameters of operational cost, harvest cost and energy consumption. The analysis of the data showed that the composition of main line harvesting and the arrangement of bundles of trees influenced operational performance. The average operational cost was US$ 86.26 per hour of actual work, which resulted in an average cost of forest harvesting of US$ 1.09 m(-3).

Proposta de zoneamento ambiental visando a proteção dos recursos hídricos de uma bacia hidrográfica

One of the most important natural resources for sustaining human life, water, has been losing the basic requirements of quality and quantity sufficient enough to attend the population due to water contamination'problems, often caused by human beings themselves. Because of this, the sources of this resource are often located in remote places of the natural environment to ensure the quality of the water. However, when urban expansion began to occupy these areas, which were once regarded as distant, environmental pollution problems began to occur due to occupation of the land without planning. Based on this occurrence, this study aims to propose environmental zoning for the Maxaranguape river watershed in order to protect its water resources. This is important because this river can serve as a source of supply for the metropolitan area of Natal, the capital of Rio Grande do Norte. In accordance to this proposition, the model of natural soil loss vulnerability (CREPANI et al., 2001), the model of aquifer pollution vulnerability (FOSTER et al., 2006), and the legal incompatibility map (CREPANI et al., 2001) were used to delimit the zones. All this was done with Geographic Information System (GIS) and also created a geographic database update of the basin. The results of the first model mentioned indicated that 63.67% of the basin was classified as moderately stable / vulnerable, 35.66% as moderately vulnerable, and 0.67% as vulnerable. The areas with high vulnerability degree correspond with sand dunes and river channels areas. The second model indicated that 2.84% of the basin has low vulnerability, 70.27%) has median vulnerability, and 26.76% and 0.13% has high vulnerability and extreme vulnerability, respectively. The areas with the highest vulnerability values also refer to part of the sand dunes and river channels besides other areas such as Pureza urban area. The legal incompatibility map indicated that the basin has 85.02 km2 of Permanent Protection Area (PPA) and 14.62% of this area has some incongruity of use. Based on these results it was possible to draw three main zones: Protection and Sustainable Use Zone (PSUZ), Protection and Environmental Restoration Zone (PERZ) and Environmental Control Zone, which are divided into A, B and C. The PSUZ refer to the coastal areas of the basin, where the sand dunes are located. These sites should be areas of environmental protection and of sustainable urban expansion. The ZPRA refer to river channels, which are in high need of rehabilitation. The third zone corresponds to the rest of the basin which should have, in general, the mapping of possible sources of contamination for further control on the use and occupation of the river

Correlação entre condições de saneamento básico e parasitoses intestinais na população de Assis, Estado de São Paulo

Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq)

Estabelecimento de condições para ensaio de dissolução de cápsulas de cinarizina empregando planejamento fatorial

This work describes the establishment of dissolution test conditions for 75 mg cinnarizine capsules using a multivariate approach. A 2³ full factorial design was carried out to achieve the best conditions and HCl 0.1 mol L-1 as dissolution medium, basket as apparatus at 100 rpm and collect time at 30 min were considered adequate. The quantification was carried out by spectrophotometry at 251 nm. Both dissolution procedure and analytical method were validated and all parameters were within the acceptable limits. Since there is no official monograph for this pharmaceutical product, this dissolution test could be applied for quality control routine.

Perfil demográfico e condições sanitárias dos idosos em área urbana do Sudeste do Brasil

São apresentadas séries históricas de indicadores demográficos e sanitários para a população com 60 anos e mais do Brasil, Estado de São Paulo e Município de Araraquara, de porte médio. em 1991, os idosos eram 7,8% da população brasileira e 9,7% de Araraquara, superando em número as crianças menores de 5 anos (8,9%). Aumentou o peso relativo do segmento com mais idade (70 anos e mais), que já representa 40% do total, assim como o índice de urbanização dos idosos, 93,7% no Estado e 96,3% no Município, acima da média da população em geral em 1991. As principais causas de morte são as doenças do aparelho circulatório (40% do total de óbitos) e os neoplasmas (15%). São sugeridas medidas para a assistência à saúde dos idosos: a) expansão da capacidade atual de atendimento, através do treinamento gerontológico de médicos generalistas e enfermeiros da rede pública e privada; b) incremento das atividades educativas já existentes, dirigidas aos idosos, profissionais da saúde e educadores do ensino médio; c) incremento do programa de visita domiciliar aos idosos e criação de hospital-dia para evitar internações necessárias e garantir a manutenção dos baixos níveis atuais de institucionalização em asilos (0,7% em Araraquara). A existência de pelo menos 35% dos idosos de Araraquara, com acesso à assistência privada à saúde, reforça a importância da inclusão desses serviços nos programas locais de saúde da terceira idade.

Condições de energia de hawking e ellis e a equação de raychaudhuri

In the Einstein s theory of General Relativity the field equations relate the geometry of space-time with the content of matter and energy, sources of the gravitational field. This content is described by a second order tensor, known as energy-momentum tensor. On the other hand, the energy-momentum tensors that have physical meaning are not specified by this theory. In the 700s, Hawking and Ellis set a couple of conditions, considered feasible from a physical point of view, in order to limit the arbitrariness of these tensors. These conditions, which became known as Hawking-Ellis energy conditions, play important roles in the gravitation scenario. They are widely used as powerful tools for analysis; from the demonstration of important theorems concerning to the behavior of gravitational fields and geometries associated, the gravity quantum behavior, to the analysis of cosmological models. In this dissertation we present a rigorous deduction of the several energy conditions currently in vogue in the scientific literature, such as: the Null Energy Condition (NEC), Weak Energy Condition (WEC), the Strong Energy Condition (SEC), the Dominant Energy Condition (DEC) and Null Dominant Energy Condition (NDEC). Bearing in mind the most trivial applications in Cosmology and Gravitation, the deductions were initially made for an energy-momentum tensor of a generalized perfect fluid and then extended to scalar fields with minimal and non-minimal coupling to the gravitational field. We also present a study about the possible violations of some of these energy conditions. Aiming the study of the single nature of some exact solutions of Einstein s General Relativity, in 1955 the Indian physicist Raychaudhuri derived an equation that is today considered fundamental to the study of the gravitational attraction of matter, which became known as the Raychaudhuri equation. This famous equation is fundamental for to understanding of gravitational attraction in Astrophysics and Cosmology and for the comprehension of the singularity theorems, such as, the Hawking and Penrose theorem about the singularity of the gravitational collapse. In this dissertation we derive the Raychaudhuri equation, the Frobenius theorem and the Focusing theorem for congruences time-like and null congruences of a pseudo-riemannian manifold. We discuss the geometric and physical meaning of this equation, its connections with the energy conditions, and some of its several aplications.

Sintomatologia depressiva e concentrações do cortisol em idosos residentes na comunidade: um estudo transversal

Introdução: Vem sendo crescente o número de pesquisas que buscam o entendimento das relações entre os desfechos adversos à saúde e as concentrações do cortisol salivar, o qual é um marcador de estresse biológico. O cortisol parece seguir dois estágios de resposta: em situações de baixo/moderado estresse ocorre ativação do eixo Hipotálamo-Pituitária-Adrenal, aumentando o nível do cortisol, entretanto, quando o estresse persiste, o eixo HPA parece tornar-se hipoativo. A sintomatologia depressiva parece ter relação com as concentrações do cortisol, no entanto, essa relação é controversa na literatura. Objetivo: Analisar a relação entre sintomatologia depressiva e concentrações do cortisol em uma amostra de idosos do Nordeste brasileiro, residentes na comunidade. Métodos: Estudo observacional analítico, de caráter transversal, em uma amostra de 256 idosos (≥ 65 anos), residentes na comunidade. A sintomatologia depressiva foi avaliada pela versão brasileira da Center for Epidemiologic Studies-Depression Scale (≥ 16) e as concentrações do cortisol através da coleta salivar (ao acordar, 30 minutos após acordar, 60 minutos após acordar, às 15 horas e antes de dormir), além de medidas compostas. Como co-variáveis foram avaliadas condições sociodemográficas e de saúde. Para análise das medidas do cortisol entre idosos com e sem presença da sintomatologia depressiva, e entre os sexos, foi realizado o teste t de Student. Para verificar as diferenças entre as medidas do cortisol em cada curva foi utilizada a Análise de Variância (ANOVA) de medidas repetidas, com teste post-hoc de Bonferroni. Resultados: Houve diferença significativa para a medida de cortisol salivar ao acordar, entre os idosos com presença e ausência da sintomatologia depressiva (p=0,04). Não houve significância em relação ao sexo. Na análise entre as medidas de cada curva, foi observado que nos idosos com sintomatologia depressiva a 1ª medida não teve diferença significativa em relação à 2ª e 3ª medidas. Além disso, não houve diferença significativa da 4ª medida em relação à 5ª, demonstrando um maior nível noturno de cortisol para os idosos com sintomatologia depressiva, sem declínio, com aspecto plano da curva. Conclusão: Parece existir relação entre sintomatologia depressiva e hipocortisolismo. Entretanto, no Brasil, as condições adversas de vida podem levar ao estresse crônico e serem fatores fortes suficientes para sobrepor maiores diferenças que pudessem existir em relação à presença da sintomatologia depressiva

Condições de saúde bucal e capacidade funcional em idosos

Population aging is one of the greatest challenges to contemporary public health and, in this perspective, the functional capacity emerges as an important feature in geriatric assessment. The oral health of elderly, in turn, deserves special attention because, historically, in the dental services, this population group was not considered a priority for attention, which is verified by high rates of edentulism found even among these individuals. The present study proposes to examine the relationship between oral health status and functional capacity in an elderly population. To this end, intra-oral epidemiological examination was performed to assess the degree of dental caries, periodontal status, use and need of prosthesis and the presence of lesions. Functional capacity was assessed by the Independence in Activities of Daily Living, which considers the independence or not in the performance of six self-care functions. Socioeconomic and demographic characteristics and general health status were also investigated, in view of the possibility of intervention of these variables in the investigated relation. An factor analysis of the principal components was conducted which resulted four indicators of oral health conditions, representative of the population studied. 441 seniors were enrolled with mean age of 71.7 (± 8.7) years, the majority being female (68%). Functional capacity was dichotomized into completely independent individuals (89.6%) and dependent on at least one of the functions considered (10.4%). There was an association between functional capacity and the indicators related to the presence of many teeth and dental caries, and to that associated with the use and need of prostheses. These associations in turn, lost statistical significance when adjusting for confounding variables, combined in separate models for each indicator. Some of these variables, however, remained associated with functional capacity. It is considered that the study of oral health status of elderly, associeted with the search for an association with functional capacity is important in the construction of indicators necessary for planning preventive and therapeutic interventions that reduce the risk for loss of ability in daily physical functions and their consequences, as the harm in the oral self-care

Avaliação da saúde bucal na atenção básica: a perspectiva do usuário

Nowadays, the basic attention in health works according to the Health Family Program (HFP), which is responsible for the organization of the health services with view to provide an appropriate attendance to the needs of the population. Its expansion is expressive in whole country and, the oral health, included in this process, has been seen as a possibility of change the health practices centered in the disease. In face of this perspective, the proposal of study is to discover possible changes in the health care model of oral health in a district, made possible through the perception, evaluation and degree of satisfaction of the user s health service. To reach such objectives, the district of Macaíba in the State of Rio Grande do Norte, was chosen for operational subjects, such as time of implantation of HFP and great covering of this program. The current research used interviews structured with objectives and subjectives questions and questionnaires of socioeconomic characterization addressed to two hundred and seventy (270) individuals (ninety users of an Urban PSF, ninety of a Rural PSF and ninety of an unit non PSF). The analysis of the data was accomplished through the software SPSS/99, that made possible a statistical and analytic appreciation. The HFP units and non HFP units has shown to sort the common odontology problems of the community, and this didn't establish a direct relationship with the general satisfaction. On the other hands, the programmed consultation is related with lager satisfaction of the users. The access form to the odontology treatment of the Units, the satisfaction with the attendance rendered by the dentist and the equip, enough dentists for the community and the social class of the user were decisive for the general satisfaction with the service of oral health. On the other hand, variables as age and education, resolution of the problem and physical conditions of the unit didn't influence the general satisfaction. In spite of the progresses in the implantation of the oral health in ESF, preventive activities, visits at home, access and social participation still reproduce the traditional model of attendance, showing a primary change process