A experiência universitária norte-americana na formação de empreendedores: contribuições das universidades de Saint Louis, Indiana e Babson College

Nosso objetivo nesta tese foi investigar a expenencia universitária norte-americana - graduação em Administração e MBA - na formação de empreendedores. As Escolas de Negócios da Universidade Norte-americana incorporaram conceitos e pressupostos sobre o empreendedor e o processo de empreender originados da literatura econômica e das ciências sociais e do management, bem como estabeleceram diretrizes em termos pedagógicos para configurar as disciplinas de empreendedorismo nos cursos de graduação em Administração e Master in Business Administrarion - MBAs • foi definida como hipótese central do nosso trabalho. Algumas linhas de implicação decorrentes desta hipótese norteadora foram estabelecidas e se referiram à organização didático-pedagógica das disciplinas, às recomendações para a atuação dos docentes, à constituição de estrutura universitária de apoio ao empreendedórismo e às estratégias utilizadas pelos gestores universitários para ampliação da rede de relações entre a universidade e a comunidade. Vários elementos nos motivaram a investigar a experiência norte-americana na formação de empreendedores, tais como o aumento nas publicações tanto da mídia popular quanto publicações de cunho mais acadêmico enaltecendo a carreira empreendedora, ressaltando a importância das pequenas empresas e dos novos negócios na geração de emprego e no desenvolvimento econômico e salientando a exigência de formação de um perfil profissional cujas características de inovação e criatividade se sobressaíssem. Essas mesmas publicações, no entanto, sublinhavam o alto índice de mortalidade das novas empresas. Paralelamente, nossa experiência na coordenação de curso de graduação em administração da PUC Minas e a constatação do aumento no interesse dos alunos por realizarem trabalho de fim de curso relacionado à elaboração de um projeto de negócios, bem como a redução na oferta de empregos por parte das grandes corporações serviram de estímulo definitivo para que buscássemos compreender a estrutura e as estratégias para formação empreendedora desenvolvidas nos cursos de graduação e MBAs das universidades norte-americanas. Nossa pesquisa foi realizada em compêndios que disponibilizam planos de ensino de disciplinas de empreendedorismo e em três universidades: Universidade de Saint Louis, localizada no Estado de Missouri; Universidade de Indiana - campus de Bloomington e Babson College, instituição localizada no Estado de Massachussets e considerada referência em ensino e pesquisa em empreendedorismo. Concluímos que, a despeito das diferenças em termos de investimento universitário e densidade curricular, é possível visualizar um modelo padrão de formação empreendedora que se sustenta, principalmente, nas ações desenvolvidas pelo Centro de Empreendedorismo com objetivos de estreitar relações com a comunidade empresarial e na atuação docente, que, da mesma forma, busca desenvolver e fortalecer relações extramuros de forma a enriquecer sua atuação didático-pedagógica. Dentre outras constatações, concluímos ainda que as Escolas de Negócios não acompanham a trajetória dos egressos das disciplinas de empreendedorismo e não dispõem de incubadoras de empresas em suas instalações. Adicionalmente, constatamos que a implantação de disciplinas de empreendedorismo na grade curricular facilita, de maneira significativa, a adoção de estratégias para captação de recursos para financiar projetos da Universidade

Affirmative action in college admission and the proficiency of high school students

Economic theory suggests that a¢ rmative action can either reduce or enhance incentives to invest in human capital. Empirical evidence on this matter, however, is still lacking. Using di¤erence in di¤er- ence estimates, this paper evaluates the e¤ects of the quota system in the admission to Brazilian public universities on the pro ciency of high school students. Our ndings show that favored groups attained lower scores, suggesting a negative link between a¢ rmative action and incentives for e¤ort and skill acquisition.

Presidents, assemblies, and accountability

Much research has explored the relationship between economics and elections, and scholars have begun to explore how institutions mediate that link. However, the relationship between presidential institutions and electoral accountability remains largely unexplored in comparative politics. Because voters in presidential systems can cast votes for executive and legislative elections separately, we have good reasons to suspect that the institutions of presidentialism might generate different forms or degrees of accountability than parliamentarism. Powell and Whitten (1993) suggest that the partisan or institutional “clarity of responsibility” might mediate the relationship between economics and elections: when responsibility for outcomes is clear, the relationship should be strong, and vice-versa. I develop this notion for use in presidential systems, and explore executive and legislative elections in 24 countries. The results indicate that economics always influences the incumbent vote in executive elections, regardless of the partisan or institutional clarity of responsibility. Economics also affects vote swings in legislative elections, but the institutional clarity of responsibility does mediate this relationship: legislative accountability for national economic outcomes is lowest when clarity of responsibility is highest, a situation that arises when the president is relatively more powerful and the bases for electing legislators and the president differ. By providing an empirical basis for a discussion of accountability under presidentialism, these findings contribute to important debates in comparative politics.

Strategic adoption in a two-sided market : a study of college applications in Brazil

This paper measures the importance of indirect network effects in the adoption by colleges and students of ENEM, a standardized exam for high-school students in Brazil that can be used in college application processes. We estimate network effects and find that they are economically significant. Students are more likely to take ENEM the larger the number of colleges adopting it. Similarly, colleges are more likely to adopt it the larger the number of students taking the exam. Moreover, we find evidence that colleges play strategically and that heterogeneity determines their decisions. A college is less likely to adopt ENEM the larger the number of competitors adopting it. Colleges’ characteristics such as ownership and organization affect adoption decisions. In a counterfactual exercise we compare colleges’ adoption decisions under competition and under joint colleges’ payoffs maximization. Adoption rates are significantly reduced when colleges internalize the competitive effect, i.e., the effect of their decisions on other colleges’ payoffs. On the other hand, they increase when indirect network effects - the effect of students’ response to their decisions on other colleges’ payoffs - are also internalized. Competitive adoption rates are found to exceed joint optimum rates by a small difference. These results suggest that, without considering students’ welfare, adoption rates are excessive, but close to the joint optimum.

The effects of a centralized college admission mechanism on migration and college enrollment: evidence from Brazil

No Brasil, a recente reformulação do Exame Nacional de Ensino Médio (ENEM) e a criação do Sistema de Seleção Unificada (SISU), um mecanismo de admissão centralizado que aloca os alunos às instituições, promoveram mudanças relevantes no Ensino Superior. Neste artigo, investigamos os efeitos da introdução do SISU na migração e evasão dos alunos ingressantes a partir dos dados do Censo de Educação Superior. Para tal, exploramos a variação temporal na adesão das instituições ao SISU e encontramos que a adoção do SISU está associada a um aumento da mobilidade entre municípios e entre estados dos alunos ingressantes em 3.8 pontos percentuais (p.p) e 1.6 p.p., respectivamente. Além disso, encontramos um aumento da evasão em 4.5 p.p. Nossos resultados indicam que custos associados à migração e comportamento estratégico são importantes determinantes da evasão dos alunos.

The Pediatric Rheumatology International Trials Organization American-College-of-Rheumatology provisional criteria for the evaluation of response to therapy in juvenile systemic lupus erythematosus: Prospective validation of the definition of improvement

Objective. To use the Pediatric Rheumatology International Trials Organization (PRINTO) core set of outcome measures to develop a validated definition of improvement for the evaluation of response to therapy in juvenile systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE).Methods. Thirty-seven experienced pediatric rheumatologists from 27 countries, each of whom had specific experience in the assessment of juvenile SLE patients, achieved consensus on 128 patient profiles as being clinically improved or not improved. Using the physicians' consensus ratings as the gold standard measure, the chi-square, sensitivity, specificity, false-positive and false-negative rates, area under the receiver operating characteristic curve, and kappa level of agreement for 597 candidate definitions of improvement were calculated. Only definitions with a kappa value greater than 0.7 were retained. The top definitions were selected based on the product of the content validity score multiplied by its kappa statistic.Results. The definition of improvement with the highest final score was at least 50% improvement from baseline in any 2 of the 5 core set measures, with no more than 1 of the remaining worsening by more than 30%.Conclusion. PRINTO proposes a valid and reproducible definition of improvement that reflects well the consensus rating of experienced clinicians and that incorporates clinically meaningful change in core set measures in a composite end point for the evaluation of global response to therapy in patients with juvenile SLE. The definition is now proposed for use in juvenile SLE clinical trials and may help physicians to decide whether a child with SLE responded adequately to therapy.

The influence of study schedules and work on the sleep-wake cycle of college students

College students usually exhibit an irregular sleep-wake cycle characterized by great phase delays on weekends and short sleep length on weekdays. As the temporal organization of social activities is an important synchronizer of human biological rhythms, we investigated the role played by study's schedules and work on the sleep-wake cycle. Three groups of female college students were investigated: (1) no-job morning group, (2) no-job evening group, (3) job evening group. The volunteers answered a sleep questionnaire in the classroom. The effects of day of the week and group on the sleep schedules and sleep length were analyzed by a two way ANOVA for repeated measures. The three groups showed delays in the wake up time on weekends. No-job evening and morning groups also delayed bedtime, but the job evening group slept at the same time on weekdays as on weekends. Sleep length increased on weekends for morning group and job evening group, whereas the no-job evening group maintained the amount of sleep from weekdays to weekends. This survey showed that the tendency of phase delay on weekends was differently expressed according to study's schedules and work.

Reliability and validity of self-reported burnout in college students: A cross randomized comparison of paper-and-pencil vs. online administration

Internet data collection is becoming increasingly popular in all research fields dealing with human perceptions, behaviors and opinions. Advantages of internet data collection, when compared to the traditional paper-and-pencil format, include reduced costs, automatic database creation, and the absence of researcher-related bias effects, such as availability and complete anonymity. However, the validity and reliability of internet gathered data must be established, in comparison to the usual paper-and-pencil accepted formats, before an inferential analysis can be done. In this study, we compared questionnaire data gathered from the internet with that from the traditional paper-and-pencil in a sample of college students. The questionnaires used were the Maslach Burnout Inventory - Student Survey (MBI-SS), the Oldenburg Burnout Inventory (OBI-SS) and the Copenhagen Burnout Inventory (CBI-SS). Data was gathered through a within-subject cross randomized and counterbalanced design, on both internet and paper-and-pencil formats. The results showed no interference in the application order, and a good reliability for both formats. However, concordance between answers was generally higher in the paper-and-pencil format than on the internet. The factorial structure was invariant in the three burnout inventories. Data gathered in this study supports the Internet as a convenient, user-friendly, comfortable and secure data gathering method which does not affect the accepted factorial structures existent in the paper format of the three burnout inventories used. (C) 2011 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.