Stable isotope analysis of Porites coral core EILAT-1

The environmental interpretation of the 13C/12C variations in the skeletons of massive corals is still a matter of debate. A 19-year seasonal skeletal 13C/12C record of a shallow-water Pontes coral from the northern Red Sea (Gulf of Aqaba) documents interannual events of extraordinarily large plankton blooms, indicated by anomalous 13C depletions in the coral skeleton. These blooms are caused by deep vertical water mass mixing, convectively driven in colder winters, which results in increased supplies of nutrients to the surface waters. The deep vertical mixings can sometimes be driven by the cooling occurring throughout the Middle East after large tropical volcanic eruptions. We therefore have evidence in our coral skeletal 13C/12C record for an indirect volcanic signal of the eruptions of El Chichón (1982) and Mount Pinatubo (1991). Deep mixing induced 13C/12C variations of the dissolved inorganic carbon in the surface waters can be neglected at this location. We therefore suggest that the 13C skeletal depletions can be best explained by changes in the coral's autotrophy-heterotrophy diet, through increased heterotrophic feeding on Zooplankton during the blooms. Increased feeding on 13C-depleted Zooplankton or increased heterotrophy at the expense of autotrophy can both result in a 13C-depleted coral skeleton. However, this suggestion requires more testing. If our conclusions are substantiated, seasonal skeletal 13C/12C records of corals which change from autotrophy under normal conditions to increased heterotrophy during bloom events may be used as indicators of ocean paleoproductivity at interannual resolution, available from no other source.

Una cuestión de patrones y clientes. Acerca de la organización social y el poder político en la antigua palestina

Durante las últimas tres décadas, los métodos de la investigación histórica de las sociedades de la antigua Palestina han experimentado un considerable progreso desde los días en que la Biblia era tomada como fuente primaria y principal de reconstrucción histórica. Las nuevas perspectivas privilegian el aporte de múltiples disciplinas sociales, entre otras, la antropología, la sociología, la etnografía. En la presente comunicación hacemos uso de la información del registro etnográfico contemporáneo junto con perspectivas de la teoría antropológica para tratar de resolver la cuestión de la organización social de Palestina en la antigüedad así como de la práctica del poder político en las sociedades "tribales" de Medio Oriente. La integración de esta información junto con el análisis de fuentes históricas antiguas nos indica que las relaciones de parentesco y, fundamentalmente, las de patronazgo fueron las prácticas sociopolíticas dominantes en estas sociedades. Como resultado, el predominio de estas prácticas constituyó un obstáculo considerable para la aparición de una práctica estatal indígena en esta región. En consecuencia, una aceptación de la primacía analítica del concepto de "sociedades de patronazgo" por sobre el de "sociedades estatales" o "sociedades de clase" nos puede conducir a un mejor entendimiento de la dinámica sociopolítica en la antigua Palestina.

Una cuestión de patrones y clientes. Acerca de la organización social y el poder político en la antigua palestina

Durante las últimas tres décadas, los métodos de la investigación histórica de las sociedades de la antigua Palestina han experimentado un considerable progreso desde los días en que la Biblia era tomada como fuente primaria y principal de reconstrucción histórica. Las nuevas perspectivas privilegian el aporte de múltiples disciplinas sociales, entre otras, la antropología, la sociología, la etnografía. En la presente comunicación hacemos uso de la información del registro etnográfico contemporáneo junto con perspectivas de la teoría antropológica para tratar de resolver la cuestión de la organización social de Palestina en la antigüedad así como de la práctica del poder político en las sociedades "tribales" de Medio Oriente. La integración de esta información junto con el análisis de fuentes históricas antiguas nos indica que las relaciones de parentesco y, fundamentalmente, las de patronazgo fueron las prácticas sociopolíticas dominantes en estas sociedades. Como resultado, el predominio de estas prácticas constituyó un obstáculo considerable para la aparición de una práctica estatal indígena en esta región. En consecuencia, una aceptación de la primacía analítica del concepto de "sociedades de patronazgo" por sobre el de "sociedades estatales" o "sociedades de clase" nos puede conducir a un mejor entendimiento de la dinámica sociopolítica en la antigua Palestina.

Dust flux in the Arabian Sea

Eolian grain size and flux were measured on samples from 11 Arabian Sea sediment traps deployed 200-1250 km offshore. The timing of increased grain size is coincident with the onset of strong summer monsoon winds and dust storm activity over the Arabian Peninsula and Middle East. Data spanning a full annual cycle show that eolian grain size is highly correlated with barometric pressure (r=-0.91) and wind speed (r=0.84), enabling calibration of the downcore record in terms of these primary meteorological variables. Eolian flux is highly correlated with organic carbon flux (r=0.80); both increase 6-8 weeks after the grain size increase and summer monsoon onset. This lag, and the low correlation between eolian grain size and eolian flux (r=0.36), likely result from the differential sinking rates of large and small dust particles in the surface waters as well as biological scavenging associated with monsoon-induced productivity.

Una cuestión de patrones y clientes. Acerca de la organización social y el poder político en la antigua palestina

Durante las últimas tres décadas, los métodos de la investigación histórica de las sociedades de la antigua Palestina han experimentado un considerable progreso desde los días en que la Biblia era tomada como fuente primaria y principal de reconstrucción histórica. Las nuevas perspectivas privilegian el aporte de múltiples disciplinas sociales, entre otras, la antropología, la sociología, la etnografía. En la presente comunicación hacemos uso de la información del registro etnográfico contemporáneo junto con perspectivas de la teoría antropológica para tratar de resolver la cuestión de la organización social de Palestina en la antigüedad así como de la práctica del poder político en las sociedades "tribales" de Medio Oriente. La integración de esta información junto con el análisis de fuentes históricas antiguas nos indica que las relaciones de parentesco y, fundamentalmente, las de patronazgo fueron las prácticas sociopolíticas dominantes en estas sociedades. Como resultado, el predominio de estas prácticas constituyó un obstáculo considerable para la aparición de una práctica estatal indígena en esta región. En consecuencia, una aceptación de la primacía analítica del concepto de "sociedades de patronazgo" por sobre el de "sociedades estatales" o "sociedades de clase" nos puede conducir a un mejor entendimiento de la dinámica sociopolítica en la antigua Palestina.

Coral oxygen isotope and Sr/Ca data from the Northern Gulf of Aqaba (Red Sea)

The last interglacial period (about 125,000 years ago) is thought to have been at least as warm as the present climate (Kukla et al., 2002, doi:10.1006/qres.2001.2316). Owing to changes in the Earth's orbit around the Sun, it is thought that insolation in the Northern Hemisphere varied more strongly than today on seasonal timescales (Berger, 1987, doi:10.1175/1520-0469(1978)035<2362:LTVODI>2.0.CO;2), which would have led to corresponding changes in the seasonal temperature cycle (Montoya et al., 2000, doi:10.1175/1520-0442(2000)013<1057:CSFKBW>2.0.CO;2). Here we present seasonally resolved proxy records using corals from the northernmost Red Sea, which record climate during the last interglacial period, the late Holocene epoch and the present. We find an increased seasonality in the temperature recorded in the last interglacial coral. Today, climate in the northern Red Sea is sensitive to the North Atlantic Oscillation (Felis et al., 2000 doi:10.1029/1999PA000477; Rimbu et al., 2001, doi:10.1029/2001GL013083), a climate oscillation that strongly influences winter temperatures and precipitation in the North Atlantic region. From our coral records and simulations with a coupled atmosphere-ocean circulation model, we conclude that a tendency towards the high-index state of the North Atlantic Oscillation during the last interglacial period, which is consistent with European proxy records (Zagwijn, 1996, doi:10.1016/0277-3791(96)00011-X; Aalbersberg and Litt, 1998, doi:10.1002/(SICI)1099-1417(1998090)13:5<367::AID-JQS400>3.0.CO;2-I; Klotz et al., 2003, doi:10.1016/S0921-8181(02)00222-9), contributed to the larger amplitude of the seasonal cycle in the Middle East.

A Comparative Study of Development Mechanisms in Korea and Taiwan: Introductory Analysis

This article is the introduction to a special issue of The Developing Economies which presented the results of a research project by the Institute of Developing Economies that examined the development mechanisms in Korea and Taiwan. Our conclusion in this article is that their development mechanisms, despite their similar development patterns of export-led industrialization, have been essentially different: a government-led mechanism in Korea as opposed to a market-led mechanism in Taiwan. We verified this difference through comparative studies of the two economies covering trade balances, the growth of total factor productivity, the scale of enterprises and business groups, and the development processes of individual manufacturing sectors. In our explanatory discussion we propose that the difference in the mechanisms is based on: 1) the amount of accumulation in the economy at the time postwar industrialization started, 2) the relationship between government and society, and 3) the mechanism of social network formation.

The Garment Industry in Cambodia: Its Role in Poverty Reduction through Export-Oriented Development

Cambodia's export-oriented garment industry has contributed greatly to poverty reduction in the country through employment of the poor. This paper provides a statistical verification of this contribution based on firm-level data from 164 sampled companies collected in 2003. Its main conclusions confirm the substantial impact that employment in the garment industry has had on poverty reduction in Cambodia. Firstly, entry-level workers receive wages far above the poverty line. Secondly, females make up the predominant share of the main category jobs in the industry. Thirdly, barriers to employment and to promotions up to certain job categories are not high in terms of education and experience. Another important finding is that a typical sample firm exhibited high profitability, although there was wide variation in profitability among firms. This average of high profitability could be a good predictor of Cambodia's viability in the intensified competition since the phase out of the Multi-Fiber Arrangement (MFA) at the beginning of 2005. A point of note is that Cambodia's pattern of industrial development led by a labor-intensive industry is similar to that of neighboring countries in East Asia which earlier went through the initial stage of industrial development, except that Cambodia has lacked a strong government industrial promotion policy which characterized the earlier group.

Business Cycles of Non-mono-cultural Developing Economies: The Case of ASEAN Countries

Based on analyses of actual data, we reveal that many Asian developing economies own economic structural features of "non-mono-cultural economy" and the "large primary good sector", which have not been discussed in developing economies RBC literature. We also examine the input-output tables to develop a model reflecting actual developing economies' structures. Referring to the analyses, we construct RBC models of ASEAN countries. Based on the model, we find that approximately half of GDP volatility is attributable to domestic productivity shocks, and the remaining half is attributable to price shocks.

Organizational Capability of Local Societies in Rural Development: A Comparative Study of Microfinance Organizations in Thailand and the Philippines

The importance of organizing local people for development work is widely recognized. Both governmental and non-governmental agencies have implemented various projects that have needed and encouraged collective action by people. Often, however, such projects malfunction after the outside agencies retreat from the project site, suggesting that making organizations is not the same as making a system of making organizations. The latter is essential to make rural organizations self-reliant and sustainable. This paper assumes that such a system exists in local societies and focuses on the capacity of local societies for creating and managing organizations for development. It reveals that (1) such capability differs according to the locality, (2) the difference depends on the structure of the organizations that coordinate people's social relations, and (3) the local administrative bodies define, at least partly, the organizational capability of local societies. We compare two rural societies, one in Thailand and the other in the Philippines, which show clear contrasts in both the form of microfinance organizations and the way of making these organizations.