The balassa-samuelson hypothesis and elderly migration

We present an Overlapping Generations Model with two final goods: tradable goods are produced with a standard Cobb-Douglas production function and non-tradable goods are produced with linear production function where the only factor is labor. We maintain the fundamental assumption of factor mobility between sectors so model is consistent with the Balassa-Samuelson hypothesis. Given the general equilibrium structure of our model we can examine the effect of the saving rate on migration and non-tradable relative prices. Under this setting, we find that the elderly have incentives to migrate from economies where productivity is high to economies with low productivity because of the lower cost of living. In more general terms the elderly migration is likely to go from rich to poor countries. We also find that, for poor countries, the elderly migration has a positive effect in wages and capital accumulation.

Cuando creces, yo crezco contigo”: La configuración de áreas de protección ambiental y de subjetividades en el Humedal de Córdoba y la vereda El Verjón Bajo

La configuración de lugares como áreas de protección ambiental puede ser vista como un proceso técnico y objetivo, en el que se crean políticas públicas que definen prácticas adecuadas e inadecuadas en el lugar. Pero esta configuración es un proceso histórico y negociado. Este se construye en contante diálogo entre diferentes actores que se preocupan por definir qué es la naturaleza y el cuidado ambiental, y las percepciones que individuos que habitan en o cerca a estos lugares construyen en su diario vivir. Es así como la configuración socioambiental de lugares como áreas de protección ocurre por transformaciones en la forma de percibir un lugar, la relaciones con este y sobre todo, prácticas y relaciones que se traducen en formas de negociar nociones de naturaleza y cuidado ambiental. Esta negociación tiene grandes implicaciones en los individuos, particularmente en su subjetividad. Es decir, en hechos como la forma de nombrarlo, caminarlo, observar las especies, iniciar proyectos de agricultura orgánica, cambiar prácticas productivas, el cerramiento de zonas para proteger las fuentes de agua o zonas de vegetación. También sobre su subjetividad, la manera como se sienten frente al lugar, como juzgan sus acciones y las de otros y cómo construyen objetivos personales con respecto a la idea de cuidado ambiental.

Anàlisi de l’evolució i situació actual de les escoles de música i/o dansa reconegudes a les Illes Balears.

Conté disposicions legals / Contiene disposiciones legales: p. 65-66

Computationally reliable approaches of contractive MPC for discrete-time systems

La tesis pretende explorar acercamientos computacionalmente confiables y eficientes de contractivo MPC para sistemas de tiempo discreto. Dos tipos de contractivo MPC han sido estudiados: MPC con coacción contractiva obligatoria y MPC con una secuencia contractiva de conjuntos controlables. Las técnicas basadas en optimización convexa y análisis de intervalos son aplicadas para tratar MPC contractivo lineal y no lineal, respectivamente. El análisis de intervalos clásicos es ampliado a zonotopes en la geometría para diseñar un conjunto invariante de control terminal para el modo dual de MPC. También es ampliado a intervalos modales para tener en cuenta la modalidad al calcula de conjuntos controlables robustos con una interpretación semántica clara. Los instrumentos de optimización convexa y análisis de intervalos han sido combinados para mejorar la eficacia de contractive MPC para varias clases de sistemas de tiempo discreto inciertos no lineales limitados. Finalmente, los dos tipos dirigidos de contractivo MPC han sido aplicados para controlar un Torneo de Fútbol de Copa Mundial de Micro Robot (MiroSot) y un Tanque-Reactor de Mezcla Continua (CSTR), respectivamente.

Organização da escola e as necessidades educativas especiais

RESUMO: Este estudo tem como objetivo analisar as entidades que interagem entre si para tornar a Escola verdadeiramente inclusiva: Órgãos de Gestão e Professores. Se no caso dos primeiros, estamos a falar de decisões a dois níveis, pedagógico e organizacional, como por exemplo a nível dos processos de avaliação, ou no estabelecimento de um critério de atribuição das turmas aos professores mais experientes, logo mais capazes para lidar com estas dificuldades inerentes aos alunos com NEE, no caso dos professores falamos exclusivamente de decisões a nível pedagógico, relacionadas com formas de organização, construção de currículo, formações de grupos ou a definição de tutorias durante a aula. A recolha de dados, feita a partir de um conjunto de entrevistas a professores e directores de escolas, e a sua análise qualitativa permitiu apurar que no caso dos professores, as decisões tomadas têm ido ao encontro dos estudos actuais, com métodos de trabalho que assentam no trabalho cooperativo (Johnson, &, Johnson, 1990) como meio de promover a inclusão destes alunos no seio de uma turma regular. Em relação às escolas analisadas, não existem critérios consistentes para distribuição dos alunos com necessidades educativas permanentes por diferentes turmas, com desrespeito do quadro normativo, nem para a atribuição de turmas aos professores. o que na prática significa que frequentemente as turmas com mais alunos portadores de necessidades educativas especiais são atribuídas de forma aparentemente aleatória, recaindo nos professores em início de carreira e em estágio pedagógico, a quem é pedido que façam as pontes entre a escola e as respectivas famílias, entre a investigação e a prática lectiva, numa relação contínua de estudo, reflexão e acção. ABSTRACT: This qualitative based study, aims at analyzing the interactions between the two entities responsible for promoting inclusive schools: Governing Bodies and Teachers. Supported by the legal framework concerning the conditions to include Special Needs Students in regular schools, the former are the ones responsible for, at educational and organizational levels, establishing the guidelines for learning assessment and setting the criteria for assigning students to classes and classes to teachers. The teachers are in charge of decisions concerning the field work, such as the relationships with families, the issues of classroom work, and of responding to students’ learning needs, may these be permanent or occasional. Regardless of their experience in classroom teaching, it is the responsibility of each teacher to care for their classroom inclusiveness, taking care of the specificities of the Special Needs Students allocated to their classes, and taking decisions concerning the classroom organization, the composition of the working groups , the curriculum administration and the involvement of all students in tutoring the “special” ones , so that they may be included as successful class members, according to the level of expectations designed for their conditions. Governing Bodies and teachers behaved differently in responding to the interviews designed for this study, teachers being more open to talk about their conditions of work, their teaching strategies and working methods. These are based on classroom cooperative work, coping with the current research findings on the same issues of inclusion in regular school settings. It is up to them to bridge school and families, knowledge and practice, self-study, reflection and action. Governing bodies, however, revealed to be more inconsistent in assigning teachers to classes, and in allocating Special Needs Students to regular classes, often skipping what is established in the national norms.

Efficiency and social inclusion: implications for the museum profession

In the late 1980s Stephen Weil (1990) raised the question of the extent to which museum work could be considered a profession, the extent to which it had been professionalized, and in what ways this professionalization was facilitated or impeded by the changing circumstances of museum work, its organizational and governance context and its already multiplying roles vis-à-vis public culture and society at large. Although Weil‘s thoughts were situated in the American museum context of the mid-1980s, many of his thoughts apply to contexts beyond the US, and some of the questions he raised about the potential for professionalising museum work still resonate with the current situation of museum work. This paper tries to pose and approach a host of questions that, whilst in the main echoing Stephen Weil‘s mid-1980s reflections, are reconfigured in light of some sweeping changes in the nature of museum work, its mode of governance and its governing norms and values.

Análisis del fallo de la Sala Especializada de lo Contencioso Tributario de la Corte Nacional de Justicia, dictado dentro del recurso No. 188-2010, referente a la legalidad de la Tasa por Servicios de Seguridad Ciudadana (Jurisprudencia)

El presente trabajo tiene por objeto analizar la sentencia emitida por la Sala de lo Contencioso Tributario de la Corte Nacional de Justicia, relativa a la impugnación de la legalidad de la “Tasa de Seguridad ciudadana”, que aplica el Municipio del Distrito Metropolitano de Quito. Fallo controversial en que se decidió desechar la demanda por caducidad del derecho para la impugnación, toda vez, que a criterio de los juzgadores ha transcurrido más de tres años desde que la referida tasa entró en vigencia. Con tal propósito, se examina críticamente los fundamentos sobre los cuales la Sala decidió desechar la demanda, así mismo, se establece los parámetros de orientación sobre cuál pudo ser el contenido de un pronunciamiento conforme con la Constitución y leyes vigentes.

El principio de corresponsabilidad fiscal: fundamento y límites de los ingresos en la Constitución española (Tema Central)

Consiste en un estudio desde el ordenamiento constitucional español del marco hacendístico autonómico y local en perspectiva nacional, contrastado con el desarrollo legal vigente en la materia y que propicia, en el contexto de la descentralización fiscal, la revisión del principio de corresponsabilidad fiscal a la hora de examinar las prerrogativas de orden financiero de estos niveles de gobierno.

Simulation of monsoon disturbances in the LMD GCM

The monsoon depressions that form over India during the summer are analyzed using simulations from the Laboratoire de Meteorologie Dynamique general circulation model. This type of synoptic system often occurs with a frequency of one to two per month and can produce a strong Indian rainfall. Two kinds of analyses are conducted in this study. The first one is a subjective analysis based on the evolution of the precipitation rate and the pattern of the sea level pressure. The second one is an objective analysis performed using the TRACK program, which identifies and tracks the minima in the sea level pressure anomaly held and computes the statistics for the distribution of systems. The analysis of a 9-yr control run, which simulates strong precipitation rates over the foothills of the Himalayas and over southern India but weak rates over central India, shows that the number of disturbances is coo low and that they almost never occur during August, when break conditions prevail. The generated disturbances more often move north, toward the foothills of the Himalayas. Another analysis is performed to study the effect of the Tibetan Plateau elevation on these disturbances with a 9-yr run carried out with a Tibetan Plateau at 50% of its current height. It is shown that this later integration simulates more frequent monsoon disturbances, which move rather northwestward, in agreement with the current observations. The comparison between the two runs shows that the June-July-August rainfall difference is in large part due to changes in the occurrence of the monsoon disturbances.

A high-order arbitrarily unstructured finite-volume model of the global atmosphere: tests solving the shallow-water equations

Simulations of the global atmosphere for weather and climate forecasting require fast and accurate solutions and so operational models use high-order finite differences on regular structured grids. This precludes the use of local refinement; techniques allowing local refinement are either expensive (eg. high-order finite element techniques) or have reduced accuracy at changes in resolution (eg. unstructured finite-volume with linear differencing). We present solutions of the shallow-water equations for westerly flow over a mid-latitude mountain from a finite-volume model written using OpenFOAM. A second/third-order accurate differencing scheme is applied on arbitrarily unstructured meshes made up of various shapes and refinement patterns. The results are as accurate as equivalent resolution spectral methods. Using lower order differencing reduces accuracy at a refinement pattern which allows errors from refinement of the mountain to accumulate and reduces the global accuracy over a 15 day simulation. We have therefore introduced a scheme which fits a 2D cubic polynomial approximately on a stencil around each cell. Using this scheme means that refinement of the mountain improves the accuracy after a 15 day simulation. This is a more severe test of local mesh refinement for global simulations than has been presented but a realistic test if these techniques are to be used operationally. These efficient, high-order schemes may make it possible for local mesh refinement to be used by weather and climate forecast models.

An overview of Earth's global electric circuit and atmospheric conductivity

The Earth’s global atmospheric electric circuit depends on the upper and lower atmospheric boundaries formed by the ionosphere and the planetary surface. Thunderstorms and electrified rain clouds drive a DC current (∼1 kA) around the circuit, with the current carried by molecular cluster ions; lightning phenomena drive the AC global circuit. The Earth’s near-surface conductivity ranges from 10−7 S m−1 (for poorly conducting rocks) to 10−2 S m−1 (for clay or wet limestone), with a mean value of 3.2 S m−1 for the ocean. Air conductivity inside a thundercloud, and in fair weather regions, depends on location (especially geomagnetic latitude), aerosol pollution and height, and varies from ∼10−14 S m−1 just above the surface to 10−7 S m−1 in the ionosphere at ∼80 km altitude. Ionospheric conductivity is a tensor quantity due to the geomagnetic field, and is determined by parameters such as electron density and electron–neutral particle collision frequency. In the current source regions, point discharge (coronal) currents play an important role below electrified clouds; the solar wind-magnetosphere dynamo and the unipolar dynamo due to the terrestrial rotating dipole moment also apply atmospheric potential differences. Detailed measurements made near the Earth’s surface show that Ohm’s law relates the vertical electric field and current density to air conductivity. Stratospheric balloon measurements launched from Antarctica confirm that the downward current density is ∼1 pA m−2 under fair weather conditions. Fortuitously, a Solar Energetic Particle (SEP) event arrived at Earth during one such balloon flight, changing the observed atmospheric conductivity and electric fields markedly. Recent modelling considers lightning discharge effects on the ionosphere’s electric potential (∼+250 kV with respect to the Earth’s surface) and hence on the fair weather potential gradient (typically ∼130 V m−1 close to the Earth’s surface. We conclude that cloud-to-ground (CG) lightning discharges make only a small contribution to the ionospheric potential, and that sprites (namely, upward lightning above energetic thunderstorms) only affect the global circuit in a miniscule way. We also investigate the effects of mesoscale convective systems on the global circuit.

A calibrated, non-invasive method for measuring the internal interface height field at high resolution in the rotating, two-layer annulus

We describe a remote sensing method for measuring the internal interface height field in a rotating, two-layer annulus laboratory experiment. The method is non-invasive, avoiding the possibility of an interaction between the flow and the measurement device. The height fields retrieved are accurate and highly resolved in both space and time. The technique is based on a flow visualization method developed by previous workers, and relies upon the optical rotation properties of the working liquids. The previous methods returned only qualitative interface maps, however. In the present study, a technique is developed for deriving quantitative maps by calibrating height against the colour fields registered by a camera which views the flow from above. We use a layer-wise torque balance analysis to determine the equilibrium interface height field analytically, in order to derive the calibration curves. With the current system, viewing an annulus of outer radius 125 mm and depth 250 mm from a distance of 2 m, the inferred height fields have horizontal, vertical and temporal resolutions of up to 0.2 mm, 1 mm and 0.04 s, respectively.

Non-radial solar wind flows induced by the motion of interplanetary coronal mass ejections

A survey of the non-radial flows (NRFs) during nearly five years of interplanetary observations revealed the average non-radial speed of the solar wind flows to be �30 km/s, with approximately one-half of the large (>100 km/s) NRFs associated with ICMEs. Conversely, the average non-radial flow speed upstream of all ICMEs is �100 km/s, with just over one-third preceded by large NRFs. These upstream flow deflections are analysed in the context of the large-scale structure of the driving ICME. We chose 5 magnetic clouds with relatively uncomplicated upstream flow deflections. Using variance analysis it was possible to infer the local axis orientation, and to qualitatively estimate the point of interception of the spacecraft with the ICME. For all 5 events the observed upstream flows were in agreement with the point of interception predicted by variance analysis. Thus we conclude that the upstream flow deflections in these events are in accord with the current concept of the large scale structure of an ICME: a curved axial loop connected to the Sun, bounded by a curved (though not necessarily circular)cross section.

The role of sketches in supporting near-synchronous remote communication in computer supported collaborative design

This paper presents recent research into the functions and value of sketch outputs during computer supported collaborative design. Sketches made primarily exploiting whiteboard technology are shown to support subjects engaged in remote collaborative design, particularly when constructed in ‘nearsynchronous’ communication. The authors define near-synchronous communication and speculate that it is compatible with the reflective and iterative nature of design activity. There appears to be significant similarities between the making of sketches in near-synchronous remote collaborative design and those made on paper in more traditional face-to-face settings With the current increase in the use of computer supported collaborative working (CSCW) in undergraduate and postgraduate design education it is proposed that sketches and sketching can make important contributions to design learning in this context

An overview of Earth’s global electric circuit and atmospheric conductivity

The Earth’s global atmospheric electric circuit depends on the upper and lower atmospheric boundaries formed by the ionosphere and the planetary surface. Thunderstorms and electrified rain clouds drive a DC current (∼1 kA) around the circuit, with the current carried by molecular cluster ions; lightning phenomena drive the AC global circuit. The Earth’s near-surface conductivity ranges from 10−7 S m−1 (for poorly conducting rocks) to 10−2 S m−1 (for clay or wet limestone), with a mean value of 3.2 S m−1 for the ocean. Air conductivity inside a thundercloud, and in fair weather regions, depends on location (especially geomagnetic latitude), aerosol pollution and height, and varies from ∼10−14 S m−1 just above the surface to 10−7 S m−1 in the ionosphere at ∼80 km altitude. Ionospheric conductivity is a tensor quantity due to the geomagnetic field, and is determined by parameters such as electron density and electron–neutral particle collision frequency. In the current source regions, point discharge (coronal) currents play an important role below electrified clouds; the solar wind-magnetosphere dynamo and the unipolar dynamo due to the terrestrial rotating dipole moment also apply atmospheric potential differences. Detailed measurements made near the Earth’s surface show that Ohm’s law relates the vertical electric field and current density to air conductivity. Stratospheric balloon measurements launched from Antarctica confirm that the downward current density is ∼1 pA m−2 under fair weather conditions. Fortuitously, a Solar Energetic Particle (SEP) event arrived at Earth during one such balloon flight, changing the observed atmospheric conductivity and electric fields markedly. Recent modelling considers lightning discharge effects on the ionosphere’s electric potential (∼+250 kV with respect to the Earth’s surface) and hence on the fair weather potential gradient (typically ∼130 V m−1 close to the Earth’s surface. We conclude that cloud-to-ground (CG) lightning discharges make only a small contribution to the ionospheric potential, and that sprites (namely, upward lightning above energetic thunderstorms) only affect the global circuit in a miniscule way. We also investigate the effects of mesoscale convective systems on the global circuit.