Grain size composition of ocean and sea bottom sediments

On the basis of a long term research of the authors a database model of grain size composition of unlithified marine and ocean bottom sediments has been created. An improved method of water-mechanical analysis has been offered. Grain size parameters of main types of bottom sediments have been measured and calculated. The genetic interpretation of results and regularities of sandy, aleuritic and pelitic material in basins of sedimentation are under discussion.

(Figure 1) Distribution of 137Cs and 134Cs vs. age in sediments of the Großer Plöner See, north Germany

137Cs and 134Cs as compounds of the radioactive release from the reactor catastrophy of Chernobyl on the 26.04.1986 were deposited into sediments of lakes in Schleswig-Holstein (Germany). Three years later, in autumn 1989, a sediment core was taken from the Großer Plöner See and the distribution of both caesium isotopes was determined. The radiocaesium profiles were dated by 210Pb. The radiocaesium nuclides from Chernobyl diffused into sediment layers which were deposited decades before the catastrophy. The activity of 137Cs from Chernobyl was higher than from the nuclear bomb fallout.

Relative contents of foraminifera species in bottom sediments of northern and southern seas

Correlation of paleoceanographic events in several key regions of the World Ocean: North Atlantic, Antarctic, West Arctic Seas, North Pacific and tropical Indo-Pacific has been carried out for the last 135 ka based on micropaleontological, stable isotope, geochronological (AMS-14C) and other data. It has been shown that the global thermohaline circulation controls remote climatic teleconnections on millennial-scale and partly on centennial-scale, while short-term climate changes are mainly transferred by the atmosphere. The basic information is given about the recent thermohaline circulation and stages of its development during Neogene.

(Table 1) Mineral composition of sand- and silt-sized fractions of bottom sediments from the Romanche Trench

A study was made of mineral composition of sand- and silt-sized fractions of recent clastic (riftogenic) sediments and solidified deposits collected from the bottom of the Romanche Trench during the first voyage of R/V Akademik Kurchatov. Similarity between mineral compositions of sediments and bedrocks (ultrabasites, gabbroids, diabases) was established. This similarity is a basis for considering the mineral complex of the deposits that have been derived from the bedrocks of the trench slopes, and have formed due to their submarine denudation accompanied by tectonic crushing. The same mineral composition was found in pieces of older consolidated deposits; this suggests that conditions of sedimentation similar to those at recent times have existed for a long time in the Romanche Trench.

(Table 1) Chemical composition of palygorskite and host sediments from Core VITYAZ4599-GC

Palygorskite streak veinlets were studied in the lower part of a sediment core collected at Station VITYAZ4599 in the central (Mid-Indian) basin of the Indian Ocean. It is suggested that this palygorskite is of hydrothermal origin and was formed in pre-Pliocene time.

Geochemical parameters of sediments and waters in areas of ocean barrier zones

Geochemical barrier zones play an important role in determining various physical systems and characteristics of oceans, e.g. hydrodynamics, salinity, temperature and light. In the book each of more than 30 barrier zones are illustrated and defined by physical, chemical and biological parameters. Among the topics discussed are processes of inflow, transformation and precipitation of the sedimentary layer of the open oceans and more restricted areas such as the Baltic, Black and Mediterranean Seas.