[Kirja-arvostelu]

Kirjallisuusarvostelu

Judiciário e política regulatória: instituições e preferências sob a ótica dos custos de transação

Judiciary and regulatory policy. Increasingly, judges and the courts appear as actors capable of affecting the trajectory of the government decisions, as strategic agents in the policy process. This paper presents an analytical model able to clearly and objectively measure the impact of judicial review in the design of policies in the sphere of economic regulation. Underlying the model is the concept of transaction costs, through which one can raise the levels of intervention of the judiciary in regulatory policy. In addition to the analytical model, the article demonstrates that the interaction between the heterogeneity of preferences in the courts and institutional mechanisms of the justice system is capable of generating greater coordination and cooperation than expected.

In Search for the European solidarity: The rule of law within the European Union in the framework of constitutional pluralism

The dissertation examines the rule of law within the European Union in the theoretical framework of constitutional pluralism. The leading lines of constitutional pluralism are examined with relation to the traditional and prevailing, monistic and hierarchical conceptions on how to perceive legal orders in Europe. The theoretical part offers also historical perspective by highlighting some of the turning points for the Union constitutional legal order in the framework of European integration. The concept of rule of law is examined in legal terms and its meaning to the Union constitutional constellation as a constitutional principle and a common value is observed. The realization of the rule of law at supranational and national level is explored with a view to discover that recent developments in some of the Member States give rise to concern about the viability of the rule of law within the European Union. It is recognized that the inobservance of the rule of law at national level causes a threat to the supranational constitutional legal order. The relationship between the supranational and national legal orders is significant in this respect and therefore particularly the interaction between the Court of Justice of the European Union (hereinafter the ECJ) and the Member States’ (constitutional/supreme) courts takes focus. It is observed that functioning dialogue between the supranational and national courts based on mutual respect and judicial deference is an important prerequisite for the realization of the rule of law within Europe. In order to afford a concrete example, a recent case C-62/14 Gauweiler v Deutscher Bundestag is introduced and analysed in relation to the notorious relationship between the Federal Constitutional Court of Germany and the ECJ. The implications of the ECJ’s decision in Gauweiler v Deutscher Bundestag is assessed with reference to some of the pressing issues of constitutionalism within Europe and some institutional aspects are also brought forward. Lastly, the feasibility of constitutional pluralism as a theoretical setting is measured against the legal reality of today’s Europe and its many constitutions. The hierarchical idea of one ultimate source of power, stemming from the traditional approaches to legal systems, is then assessed with relation to the requirement of the realization of the rule of law within the European Union from the supranational and national point of view.

Päättäväiset porvarskat. Turun johtavan porvariston naisten toimijuus vuosina 1623–1670

Turun 1600-luvun johtavan porvariston naiset toimivat aktiivisesti ja päättäväisesti omiin ja perheensä etuihin liittyvissä asioissa. He jatkoivat jo keskiajalla alkanutta traditiota, jossa myös porvarisvaimojen taloudellisen toiminnan merkitys korostui. He eivät kuitenkaan olleet perheestään, suvustaan tai Turun paikallisyhteisöstä erillään olevia yksilöitä, vaan tärkeä osa niitä. Siksi heidän toimijuuttaan ei voi eikä tule erottaa aikakautensa ja yhteisönsä kontekstista. Johtavan porvariston naiset ajoivat asioitaan Turun kaupungin oikeusasteissa kaikissa kolmessa siviilisäädyssä, naimattomina tyttärinä, aviovaimoina ja leskinä, aktiivisimmat heistä elämänsä aikana yli sata kertaa. Verrattuna muihin saman ajanjakson kaupunkeihin naimattomaksi jääneet turkulaiset porvaristyttäret esiintyivät korostuneen aktiivisesti valvomassa taloudellisia etujaan. Heidän toimintansa hyväksyttiin silloin, kun se ei ylittänyt porvariyhteisön sovinnaisuuden rajoja, joita he pyrkivät koettelemaan parantaakseen talouttaan. Leskinaisten oikeustoimikelpoisuus kertoo siitä, että naisia ei pidetty vaimoinakaan lähtökohtaisesti kyvyttöminä hoitamaan perheen asioita, vaan ainoastaan velvollisina alistumaan miehensä edusmiehisyyteen ja määräysvaltaan tämän eläessä. Talouden pää oli yleensä mies ja hänen velvollisuutenaan oli ajaa perheensä asioita. Siksi aviovaimot esiintyvät oikeudessa siviilisäädyistä harvimmin. Leskillä oli puolestaan oikeus hoitaa itse omaisuuttaan. Tämä tarkoitti myös velvollisuutta valvoa lasten perintöä. Turun johtava porvaristo koostui joistakin kymmenistä perheistä, joista suurin osa oli 1600-loppupuolelle tultaessa muodostanut avioliittojen kautta laajan sukulaisverkoston. Tätä verkostoa ei olisi voinut syntyä ilman porvarisnaisia, joiden avioliitot mahdollistivat omaisuuden siirtämisen uusille yrittäjille. Vaikka sukulaisuussuhteet olivat tärkeitä kaupankäynnissä, kokivat naiset ne myös uhkaksi itselleen. Sukulaismiehet pyrkivät usein saamaan naisten omaisuutta käyttöönsä vetoamalla näiden heikkoon kykyyn hallita omaisuutta. Porvarisnaiset kuitenkin puolustautuivat tällaisissa tilanteissa voimakkaasti ja hakivat turvaa porvariyhteisöä edustaneelta raadilta. He osasivat vedota asemaansa yhteisön jäseninä ja saivat yleensä raadin ja porvariyhteisön tuen. Aviomiehen kuoltua porvarisnaisen oli päätettävä, jatkoiko hän miehensä liiketoimintaa vai hankkiko hän elantonsa jollain muulla tavalla. Monet lesket järjestelivät taloudellisia asioitaan heti miehensä kuoltua ja jäivät sitten elämään esimerkiksi kaupunkitalonsa, maatilojensa ja pääomansa turvin. Osa naisista jatkoi yrittäjyyttä pienimuotoisesti esimerkiksi lainaamalla rahaa korkoa vastaan tai panemalla olutta. Muutamat johtavan porvariston naiset jatkoivat kuitenkin laajaa taloudellista toimintaa vuosikausia. Heidän menestyksensä osoittaa, että he olivat saaneet jo kotonaan perusteellisen koulutuksen porvarisammattiin. He olivat myös toimineet miehensä kumppaneina yrityksen toiminnassa, joten heillä oli hyvät edellytykset itsenäiseen asioiden hoitamiseen. Saamansa koulutuksen turvin porvarisnaiset siirsivät osaamisensa myös lapsilleen.

Français 422

Contient : 1° Vies des Pères du désert, suivies de la vie de St Martin (fol. 83), de la vie de St Nicolas (fol. 97) et de la vie de St Jean l'Évangéliste (fol. 117) ; 2° Lamentations de la Vierge et des saintes femmes ; 3° La Madeleine ; 4° La Venue de l'Antechrist

Physical Education Centre Plans

Site Plan for the Physical Educaiton Centre and future athletic sites. Note the proposed ice rink, track and tennis courts. This site plan would have been made c. 1969.

Walker Complex (April 2002)

The complex was comprised of the new Student/Community Health and Fitness Centre and the state-of-the-art health club called The Zone, in addition to encompassing the existing physical education facilities. Among the new facilities was a 23 000-square-foot gymnasium, which boasted four basketball courts and a 200-meter, three-lane elevated track. The building was named after Walker Industries Holdings, a Thorold firm that was the key donor to the project.

Limiting rights, Canadian style : the Supreme Court of Canada, American jurisprudence and section 1 of the Charter /

The addition of the Charter of Rights and Freedoms represented a fundamental shift in Canadian governance. Many saw the tabling of such a document as a further, even fmal, step towards the Americanization of the Canadian polity. While the Charter's presence has significantly altered the relationship between citizens, government and the courts, it has done so by maintaining the traditional values and experiences that has been the hallmarks of Canadian constitutionalism. This is in contrast to the fears harboured by critics suggesting that the Charter was a further Americanization of the Canadian Polity, notwithstanding the very different natures of the American Bill of Rights and the Canadian Charter. Analyzing American Supreme Court precedent use by the Canadian Supreme Court has demonstrated that such an Americanization has not, in fact, occurred. In the present analysis of American precedent use in section 1 limitation of rights cases, the citation of these precedents are at best episodic, at least on the quantitative level. Qualitatively, the Canadian Supreme Court generally uses American jurisprudence to further support broad definitions of 'great rights' . As for the more intricate details of rights limitations and the process involved in detennining how Charter rights are limited, one would be hard pressed to find even cursory references to American case law.

Proceedings of a court of inquiry, convened on board the United States frigate the President, in the harbour of New York, on the thirteenth day of August, 1811, pursuant to the following warrant : To Stephen Decatur, esquire, a captain in the Navy of the United States. --

Caption title.

Proceedings of the Court Martial, held on the officers and crew of His Majesty's late ship, the Java.

Ordered to be printed 10th May 1813.

Trial of Brig. Gen. William Hull : for treason, cowardice, neglect of duty, and unofficial-like conduct with the sentence of the court, and remission thereof by the President of the United States

Printed for Russell, Cutler and Co.

Marriage Certificate - Hamilton K. Woodruff and Julia C. Cleveland

The marriage certificate of Mr. Hamilton K. Woodruff of St. Catharines and Miss Julia C. Cleveland of Erie, Pennsylvania. This is certificate no. 5221 signed by James C. Wilson. This is accompanied by 2 envelopes; one envelope is from Henry L. Rea, clerk of courts, Erie Pennsylvania to Mr. H. K. Woodruff, the other envelope just says "marriage certificate Mrs. H. K. Woodruff", Nov. 21, 1894.

Diploma (vellum) from the Bar of Lower Canada to Edward Bradley Parkin of Quebec

Diploma (vellum) from the Bar of Lower Canada to Edward Bradley Parkin of Quebec conferring upon him the right of practicing as an Advocate, Barrister, Attorney, Solicitor and Proctor-at-Law in all courts in Lower Canada, June 4, 1866.

Driedger's 'Modern Principle' at the Supreme Court of Canada: Interpretation, Justification, Legitimization

Un résumé en français est également disponible

Regulatory History Material as an Extrinsic Aid to Interpretation: An Empirical Study on the Use of RIAS by the Federal Court of Canada

Since 1986, the Canadian Public Administration is required to analyze the socio-economic impact of new regulatory requirements or regulatory changes. To report on its analysis, a Regulatory Impact Analysis Statement (RIAS) is produced and published in the Canada Gazette with the proposed regulation to which it pertains for notice to, and comments by, interested parties. After the allocated time for comments has elapsed, the regulation is adopted with a final version of the RIAS. Both documents are again published in the Canada Gazette. As a result, the RIAS acquires the status of an official public document of the Government of Canada and its content can be argued in courts as an extrinsic aid to the interpretation of a regulation. In this paper, an analysis of empirical findings on the uses of this interpretative tool by the Federal Court of Canada is made. A sample of decisions classified as unorthodox show that judges are making determinations on the basis of two distinct sets of arguments built from the information found in a RIAS and which the author calls “technocratic” and “democratic”. The author argues that these uses raise the general question of “What makes law possible in our contemporary legal systems”? for they underline enduring legal problems pertaining to the knowledge and the acceptance of the law by the governed. She concludes that this new interpretive trend of making technocratic and democratic uses of a RIAS in case law should be monitored closely as it may signal a greater change than foreseen, and perhaps an unwanted one, regarding the relationship between the government and the judiciary.