Seepage beneath Hoover Dike southern shore of Lake Okeechobee, Florida

Future water needs in southern Florida call for an increase in the storage capacity of Lake Okeechobee. Seepage from the lake is expected to increase as a result of raising the lake level. Data concerning the occurrence and amounts of seepage are needed for the design and operation of flood-control works which will remove excess water from the rich agricultural lands along the southern shore. Intensive studies at five sites along the southern shore of Lake Okeechobee between the Caloosahatchee Canal and the St. Lucie Canal indicate that seepage occurs chiefly through beds of shell and limestone which underlie the Hoover Dike at shallow depth. Seepage rates at the five sites range from about 0.1 to 0.9 cfs per mile per foot of head across the dike. Seepage beneath the 50-mile length of dike should increase from about 22 to 50 cfs if the average stage of the lake is raised from 14 to 16.5 feet. Seepage is greatest between Moore Haven and Clewiston, where deep borrows have been excavated on the landward and lakeward sides of the dike. Most of the seepage from the lake can be controlled by properly spaced toe ditches which would intercept the seepage and return it to the lake. (PDF contains 108 pages.)

A schematic analysis and discussion of species taken by otter trawl net by the research vessel Orion from July, 1965 to June 1966 in the Chesapeake Bay and major tributaries

From July 1965 to June 1964 the Natural Resources Institute's Research Vessel ORION took 16 minute tows with a forty (40) foot otter trawl net at 38 selected locations in Chesapeake Bay from the south of the Potomac River to Turkey Point at the head of the Bay and including some tributaries. Shallow and deep hauls were taken at most stations with depths ranging from 5 to 140 feet. A schematic summary of the 54 different species caught was compared with "Fishes of the Chesapeake Bay" by S. F. Hildebrand and W. C. Schroeder. Sixteen species including five not contained in the above references were selected for discussion. (PDF contains 21 pages)

Benthic sampling program in Biscayne Bay, 1981-1982

The Biscayne Bay Benthic Sampling Program was divided into two phases. In Phase I, sixty sampling stations were established in Biscayne Bay (including Dumfoundling Bay and Card Sound) representing diverse habitats. The stations were visited in the wet season (late fall of 1981) and in the dry season (midwinter of 1982). At each station certain abiotic conditions were measured or estimated. These included depth, sources of freshwater inflow and pollution, bottom characteristics, current direction and speed, surface and bottom temperature, salinity and dissolved oxygen, and water clarity was estimated with a secchi disk. Seagrass blades and macroalgae were counted in a 0.1-m2 grid placed so as to best represent the bottom community within a 50-foot radius. Underwater 35-mm photographs were made of the bottom using flash apparatus. Benthic samples were collected using a petite Ponar dredge. These samples were washed through a 5-mm mesh screen, fixed in formalin in the field, and later sorted and identified by experts to a pre-agreed taxonomic level. During the wet season sampling period, a nonquantitative one-meter wide trawl was made of the epibenthic community. These samples were also washed, fixed, sorted and identified. During the dry season sampling period, sediment cores were collected at each station not located on bare rock. These cores were analyzed for sediment size and organic composition by personnel of the University of Miami. Data resulting from the sampling were entered into a computer. These data were subjected to cluster analyses, Shannon-Weaver diversity analysis, multiple regression analysis of variance and covariance, and factor analysis. In Phase II of the program, fifteen stations were selected from among the sixty of Phase I. These stations were sampled quarterly. At each quarter, five Petite Ponar dredge samples were collected from each station. As in Phase I, observations and measurements, including seagrass blade counts, were made at each station. In Phase II, polychaete specimens collected were given to a separate contractor for analysis to the species level. These analyses included mean, standard deviation, coefficient of dispersion, percent of total, and numeric rank for each organism in each station as well as number of species, Shannon-Weaver taxa diversity, and dominance (the compliment of Simpson's Index) for each station. Multiple regression analysis of variance and covariance, and factor analysis were applied to the data to determine effect of abiotic factors measured at each station. (PDF contains 96 pages)

Configurations and relative efficiencies of shrimp trawls employed in southeastern United States waters

Common shrimp trawl designs employed in the southeastern United States shrimp fishery are the flat, balloon, semiballoon, jib, and super X-3. Recent innovations in trawl design and rigging, including the twin trawl rigging and tongue trawl design, have improved the efficiency of shrimp trawling gear. A description of the construction techniques for the different designs indicate differences which affect gear performance. Measurements of horizontal spread and vertical opening for 76 trawl configurations indicate the relative efficiencies of the different designs. Maximum horizontal spreading efficiency was achieved by the "twin" and "tongue" trawl designs followed by the super X-3, jib, balloon, and semiballoon designs. Designs having the greatest vertical openings were the tongue and flat trawl designs followed by the semiballoon. Maximum total gape dimension was demonstrated by the "Mongoose" tongue trawl. Comparison of trawl spreading efficiency and door area to headrope length ratio indicates that a range of 70-80 in square (per door) of door area is required for each foot of trawl headrope length for maximum efficiency with conventional trawl designs and 66-75 in square per foot of headrope for tongue trawl designs. (PDF file contains 18 pages.)

Fiabilidad de diferentes pruebas que se utilizan para evaluar el riesgo de lesión del miembro inferior en mujeres deportistas

233 p. : il. + anexo (247 p.)

rhegf-Loaded Plga-Alginate Microspheres Enhance The Healing Of Full-Thickness Excisional Wounds In Diabetised Wistar Rats

[EN] Diabetic foot ulcers (DFUs) represent a major clinical challenge in the ageing population. To address this problem, rhEGF-loaded Poly-Lactic-co-Glycolic-Acid (PLGA)-Alginate microspheres (MS) were prepared by a modified w/o/w-doubleemulsion/ solvent evaporation method. Different formulations were evaluated with the aim of optimising MSs properties by adding NaCl to the surfactant solution and/or the solvent removal phase and adding alginate as a second polymer. The characterization of the developed MS showed that alginate incorporation increased the encapsulation efficiency (EE) and NaCl besides increasing the EE also became the particle surface smooth and regular. Once the MS were optimised, the target loading of rhEGF was increased to 1% (PLGA-Alginate MS), and particles were sterilised by gamma radiation to provide the correct dosage for in vivo studies. In vitro cell culture assays demonstrated that neither the microencapsulation nor the sterilisation process affected rhEGF bioactivity or rhEGF wound contraction. Finally, the MS were evaluated in vivo for treatment of the full-thickness wound model in diabetised Wistar rats. rhEGF MS treated animals showed a statistically significant decrease of the wound area by days 7 and 11, a complete re-epithelisation by day 11 and an earlier resolution of the inflammatory process. Overall, these findings demonstrate the promising potential of rhEGF-loaded MS (PLGA-Alginate MS) to promote faster and more effective wound healing, and suggest its possible application in DFU treatment.

Oxygen, carbon and hydrogen isotope studies of contact metamorphism

The O¹⁸/O¹⁶, C¹³/C¹², and D/H ratios have been determined for rocks and coexisting minerals from several granitic plutons and their contact metamorphic aureoles in northern Nevada, eastern California, central Colorado, and Texas, with emphasis on oxygen isotopes. A consistent order of O¹⁸/O¹⁶, C¹³/C¹², and D/H enrichment in coexisting minerals, and a correlation between isotopic fractionations among coexisting mineral pairs are in general observed, suggesting that mineral assemblages tend to approach isotopic equilibrium during contact metamorphism. In certain cases, a correlation is observed between oxygen isotopic fractionations of a mineral pair and sample distance from intrusive contacts. Isotopic temperatures generally show good agreement with heat flow considerations. Based on the experimentally determined quartz-muscovite O¹⁸/O¹⁶ fractionation calibration curve, temperatures are estimated to be 525 to 625°C at the contacts of the granitic stocks studied.

Small-scale oxygen isotope exchange effects between intrusive and country rock are observed over distances of 0.5 to 3 feet on both sides of the contacts; the isotopic gradients are typically 2 to 3 per mil per foot. The degree of oxygen isotopic exchange is essentially identical for different coexisting minerals. This presumably occurred through a diffusion-controlled recrystallization process. The size of the oxygen isotope equilibrium systems in the small-scale exchanged zones vary from about 1.5 cm to 30 cm. A xenolith and a re-entrant of country rock projecting into on intrusive hove both undergone much more extensive isotopic exchange (to hundreds of feet); they also show abnormally high isotopic temperatures. The marginal portions of most plutons have unusually high O¹⁸/O¹⁶ ratios compared to "normal" igneous rocks, presumably due to large-scale isotopic exchange with meta-sedimentary country rocks when the igneous rocks were essentially in a molten state. The isotopic data suggest that outward horizontal movement of H₂O into the contact metamorphic aureoles is almost negligible, but upward movement of H₂O may be important. Also, direct influx and absorption of water from the country rock may be significant in certain intrusive stocks.

Except in the exchanged zones, the O¹⁸/O¹⁶ ratios of pelitic rocks do not change appreciably during contact metamorphism, even in the cordierite and sillimanite grades; this is in contrast to regional metamorphic rocks which commonly decrease in O¹⁸ with increasing grade. Low O¹⁸/O¹⁶ and C¹³/C¹² ratios of the contact metamorphic marbles generally correlate well with the presence of calc-silicate minerals, indicating that the CO₂ liberated during metamorphic decarbonation reactions is enriched in both O¹⁸ and C¹³ relative to the carbonates.

The D/H ratios of biotites in the contact metamorphic rocks and their associated intrusions show a geographic correlation that is similar to that shown by the D/H ratios of meteoric surface waters, perhaps indicating that meteoric waters were present in the rocks during crystallization of the biotites.

Experimental Investigation of Thrust Fault Rupture Mechanics

Thrust fault earthquakes are investigated in the laboratory by generating dynamic shear ruptures along pre-existing frictional faults in rectangular plates. A considerable body of evidence suggests that dip-slip earthquakes exhibit enhanced ground motions in the acute hanging wall wedge as an outcome of broken symmetry between hanging and foot wall plates with respect to the earth surface. To understand the physical behavior of thrust fault earthquakes, particularly ground motions near the earth surface, ruptures are nucleated in analog laboratory experiments and guided up-dip towards the simulated earth surface. The transient slip event and emitted radiation mimic a natural thrust earthquake. High-speed photography and laser velocimeters capture the rupture evolution, outputting a full-field view of photo-elastic fringe contours proportional to maximum shearing stresses as well as continuous ground motion velocity records at discrete points on the specimen. Earth surface-normal measurements validate selective enhancement of hanging wall ground motions for both sub-Rayleigh and super-shear rupture speeds. The earth surface breaks upon rupture tip arrival to the fault trace, generating prominent Rayleigh surface waves. A rupture wave is sensed in the hanging wall but is, however, absent from the foot wall plate: a direct consequence of proximity from fault to seismometer. Signatures in earth surface-normal records attenuate with distance from the fault trace. Super-shear earthquakes feature greater amplitudes of ground shaking profiles, as expected from the increased tectonic pressures required to induce super-shear transition. Paired stations measure fault parallel and fault normal ground motions at various depths, which yield slip and opening rates through direct subtraction of like components. Peak fault slip and opening rates associated with the rupture tip increase with proximity to the fault trace, a result of selective ground motion amplification in the hanging wall. Fault opening rates indicate that the hanging and foot walls detach near the earth surface, a phenomenon promoted by a decrease in magnitude of far-field tectonic loads. Subsequent shutting of the fault sends an opening pulse back down-dip. In case of a sub-Rayleigh earthquake, feedback from the reflected S wave re-ruptures the locked fault at super-shear speeds, providing another mechanism of super-shear transition.

Report on the Linda Vista bridge site

The Linda Vista Bridge spans the Arroyo Seco about a quarter of a mile above the Colorado Street Bridge, but serves an entirely different territory; as there is no road between there on the west bank. Los Angeles, Hollywood, and several of the beach cities can be reached by the way of the Colorado Street Bridge. The Linda Vista Bridge carries the traffic to the northwest of Pasadena, that is, Flintridge, Linda Vista, Montrose, Sunland. After leaving the bridge, the road follows the west bank of the Arroyo almost to the mouth of the canyon; then to the west along the foot of the mountains and into the San Fernando Valley.

Design of a timber Howe truss highway bridge

The span of the bridge was assumed as 100 feet. The type of bridge used is the timber Howe Truss. The height of truss was taken as 20 feet between center lines of top and bottom chords. The width was taken as 18 feet center to center of trusses. The truss was divided up into five panels 20 feet long.

It was designed according to the "General Specifications for Steel Highway Bridges" by Ketchum. For the live load for the floor and its supports, a load of 80 pounds per square foot of total floor surface or a 15 ton traction engine with axles 10 feet centers and 6 feet gage, two thirds of load to be carried by rear axles.

For the truss a load of 75 pounds per square foot of floor surface.

For the wind load the bottom lateral bracing is to be designed to resist a lateral wind load of 300 pounds per foot of span; 150 pounds of this to be treated as a moving load.

The top lateral bracing is to be designed to resist a lateral wind force of 150 pounds per foot of span.

The timber to be used in the bridge is to be Douglas fir.

The unit stresses used for timber are those of the American Railway Engineering Association.

The unsteady forces on slender delta wing hydrofoils oscillating in heave

The investigations described herein are both experimental and theoretical. An experimental technique is described by which the models tested could be oscillated sinusoidally in heave. The apparatus used to gather the unsteady lift, drag and pitching moment data is also described.

The models tested were two flat delta wings with apex angles of 15° and 30° and they had sharp leading edges to insure flow separation. The models were fabricated from 0.25 inch aluminum plate and were approximately one foot in length.

Three distinct types of flow were investigated: 1) fully wetted, 2) ventilated and 3) planing. The experimental data are compared with existing theories for steady motions in the case of fully wetted delta wings. Ventilation measurements, made only for the 30° model at 20° angle of attack, of lift and drag are presented.

A correction of the theory proposed by M.P. Tulin for high speed planing of slender bodies is presented and it is extended to unsteady motions. This is compared to the experimental measurements made at 6° and 12° angle of attack for the two models previously described.

This is the first extensive measurement of unsteady drag for any shape wing, the first measurement of unsteady planing forces, the first quantitative documentation of unstable oscillations near a free surface, and the first measurements of the unsteady forces on ventilated delta wings. The results of these investigations, both theoretical and experimental, are discussed and further investigations suggested.

Efeitos benéficos da rosuvastatina na estrutura renal de ratos espontaneamente hipertensos (SHR)

A incidência de doenças renais crônicas está aumentando no mundo, e há uma grande necessidade de identificar as terapias capazes de deter ou reduzir a progressão da doença. Há crescente evidência clínica e experimental de que as estatinas poderiam desempenhar um papel terapêutico. Recentes estudos clínicos e experimentais têm mostrado que as estatinas têm "efeitos pleiotrópicos", além da modulação lipídica. Estudos têm avaliado os efeitos das estatinas sobre a progressão da doença renal crônica, mas os resultados são controversos. Estudos ultra-estruturais em humanos e em ratos demonstraram a presença de junções GAP dentro de todas as células do glomérulo e os podocitos demonstraram conter principalmente conexina-43 (Cx-43). O presente estudo tem como objetivo observar os efeitos da rosuvastatina na estrutura e ultra-estrutura renal e a expressão glomerular de Cx-43 em ratos normotensos (WKY) e em ratos espontaneamente hipertensos (SHR). O foco do estudo foi avaliar os efeitos pleiotrópicos da rosuvastatina em rins de animais hipertensos normocolesterolêmicos. Os ratos foram divididos aleatoriamente em quatro grupos: WKY-C: animais normotensos que não receberam rosuvastatina; WKY-ROS: animais normotensos que receberam rosuvastatina 20mg/kg/dia por gavagem orogástrica; SHR-C: animais hipertensos que não receberam rosuvastatina; SHR-ROS: animais hipertensos que receberam rosuvastatina, como descrito no grupo WKY-ROS. Os animais dos grupos SHR-C e SHR-ROS apresentaram níveis de pressão arterial maiores que os animais dos grupos WKY-C e WKY-Ros. A massa corporal dos grupos de animais não diferiram significativamente durante o experimento. Não houve diferença nos níveis sanguíneos de uréia, creatinina, ácido úrico e creatinafosfoquinase entre os animas dos grupos estudados. No entanto, houve um aumento da excreção de proteína de 24 horas nos animais do grupo SHR-C. Houve um aumento na área capsular nos animais do grupo SHR-C. Por microscopia eletrônica de transmissão observou-se que nos animais SHR-C a barreira de filtração glomerular, o diafragma de fenda e os podócitos estão alterados exibindo os vacúolos nos podócitos e pedicelos mais curtos e mais espessos. Por microscopia eletrônica de varredura, os animais SHR-C exibiram pedicelos mais afilados, curtos e tortuosos. Um aumento da imunofluorescência para Cx-43 foi observada em células epiteliais viscerais dos glomérulos dos animais do grupo WKY-ROS e nas células parietais e viscerais dos glomérulos dos animais do grupo SHR-ROS, se comparado com os grupos WKY-C e SHR-C. Em conclusão, podemos supor que o efeito pleiotrópico renal da rosuvastatina pode ser uma ferramenta terapêutica para melhorar a estrutura e conseqüentemente a função renal em indivíduos hipertensos.

Modelagem do comportamento dinâmico de passarelas tubulares em aço e mistas (aço-concreto)

A experiência dos engenheiros estruturais e os conhecimentos adquiridos pelo uso de materiais e novas tecnologias, têm ocasionado estruturas de aço e mistas (aço-concreto) de passarelas cada vez mais ousadas. Este fato tem gerado estruturas de passarelas esbeltas, e consequentemente, alterando os seus estados de limite de serviço e último associados ao seu projeto. Uma consequência direta desta tendência de projeto é o aumento considerável das vibrações das estruturas. Portanto, a presente investigação foi realizada com base em um modelo de carregamento mais realista, desenvolvido para incorporar os efeitos dinâmicos induzidos pela caminhada de pessoas. O modelo de carregamento considera a subida e a descida da massa efetiva do corpo em cada passo. A posição da carga dinâmica também foi alterada de acordo com a posição do pedestre sobre a estrutura e a função do tempo gerada, possui uma variação espacial e temporal. O efeito do calcanhar do pedestre também foi incorporado na análise. O modelo estrutural investigado baseia-se em uma passarela tubular (aço-concreto), medindo 82,5m. A estrutura é composta por três vãos (32,5 m, 20,0 m e 17,5 m, respectivamente) e dois balanços (7,5 m e 5,0 m, respectivamente). O sistema estrutural é constituído por perfis de aço tubular e uma laje de concreto, e é atualmente utilizada para travessia de pedestres. Esta investigação é realizada com base em resultados experimentais, relacionando a resposta dinâmica da passarela com as obtidas via modelos de elementos finitos. O modelo computacional proposto adota as técnicas de refinamento de malha, usualmente presente em simulações pelo método de elementos finitos. O modelo de elementos finitos foi desenvolvido e validado com resultados experimentais. Este modelo de passarela tubular permitiu uma avaliação dinâmica completa, investigando especialmente ao conforto humano e seus limites de utilização associados à vibração. A resposta dinâmica do sistema, em termos de acelerações de pico, foi obtida e comparada com os valores limites propostos por diversos autores e padrões de projeto. As acelerações de pico encontradas na presente análise indicou que a passarela tubular investigada apresentou problemas relacionados com o conforto humano. Por isso, foi detectado que este tipo de estrutura pode atingir níveis de vibrações excessivas que podem comprometer o conforto do usuário na passarela e especialmente a sua segurança.

The prevalence of diabetes-related complications and multimorbidity in the population with type 2 diabetes mellitus in the Basque Country

Background: Type 2 diabetes mellitus is associated with a diverse range of pathologies. The aim of the study was to determine the incidence of diabetes-related complications, the prevalence of coexistent chronic conditions and to report multimorbidity in people with type 2 diabetes living in the Basque Country. Methods: Administrative databases, in four cross sections (annually from 2007 to 2011) were consulted to analyse 149,015 individual records from patients aged >= 35 years with type 2 diabetes mellitus. The data observed were: age, sex, diabetes-related complications (annual rates of acute myocardial infarction, major amputations and avoidable hospitalisations), diabetes-related pathologies (prevalence of ischaemic heart disease, renal failure, stroke, heart failure, peripheral neuropathy, foot ulcers and diabetic retinopathy) and other unrelated pathologies (44 diseases). Results: The annual incidence for each condition progressively decreased during the four-year period: acute myocardial infarction (0.47 to 0.40%), major amputations (0.10 to 0.08%), and avoidable hospitalisations (5.85 to 5.5%). The prevalence for diabetes-related chronic pathologies was: ischaemic heart disease (11.5%), renal failure (8.4%), stroke (7.0%), heart failure (4.3%), peripheral neuropathy (1.3%), foot ulcers (2.0%) and diabetic retinopathy (7.2%). The prevalence of multimorbidity was 90.4%. The highest prevalence for other chronic conditions was 73.7% for hypertension, 13.8% for dyspepsia and 12.7% for anxiety. Conclusions: In the type 2 diabetes mellitus population living in the Basque Country, incidence rates of diabetes complications are not as high as in other places. However, they present a high prevalence of diabetes related and unrelated diseases. Multimorbidity is very common in this group, and is a factor to be taken into account to ensure correct clinical management.

Fatores associados à redução do índice tornozelo-braquial aferido por dois métodos diferentes em idosos hipertensos independentes para as atividades de vida diária

Nos últimos anos, a população de idosos vem crescendo em todo o mundo, e a pesquisa de marcadores de risco cardiovascular mais precoces é de fundamental importância. Um desses marcadores é a doença arterial periférica (DAP), cuja prevalência aumenta com a idade. A DAP pode ser avaliada de forma simples e não invasiva através do índice tornozelo-braquial (ITB) que, por sua vez, pode ser obtido por cálculos diferentes. Até o momento, apenas o método tradicional foi utilizado no cálculo do ITB na população idosa. O objetivo do presente estudo foi avaliar, em idosos hipertensos que se mostrassem independentes para as atividades diárias, os principais fatores relacionados à redução do ITB, considerando-se duas formas distintas de calcular o índice. Os pacientes (n=65) foram submetidos à avaliação clínica, geriátrica e laboratorial, e divididos nos grupos com ITB normal (> 0,9) e ITB reduzido (≤ 0,9). Inicialmente o ITB foi calculado a partir da divisão da maior pressão sistólica dos membros inferiores pela maior pressão das artérias braquiais. Em seguida, o cálculo do ITB foi realizado por um método alternativo, a partir da utilização da menor ao invés da maior média de pressão sistólica nos membros inferiores. A média de idade foi de 74 anos, sendo 76% do sexo feminino. A prevalência de ITB reduzido foi de 18% pelo método convencional e de 32% pelo método alternativo. Na avaliação pelo método convencional, o grupo com ITB baixo apresentou maior prevalência de doenças cardiovasculares (58 vs 9%, p<0,001), diabetes (83 vs 13%, p<0,01), síndrome metabólica (75 vs 41%, p<0,05), e valores significativamente maiores de pressão arterial sistólica (1699 vs 1523 mmHg, p<0,05) e pressão de pulso (877 vs 672 mmHg, p<0,01). A redução do ITB pelo método alternativo mostrou associação com as mesmas variáveis, mas adicionalmente com maior freqüência de tabagistas (29 vs 20%, p<0,05) e maiores níveis de LDL-colesterol (15413 vs 1245 mg/dl, p<0,05). Além disso, o método alternativo foi capaz de detectar pacientes sem alto risco pelo escore de Framingham, mas obesos e com síndrome metabólica. Esses dados apontariam para um valor adicional desta forma de estimar o risco ao escore de Framingham na estratificação de risco cardiovascular, sugerindo sua incorporação na rotina de avaliação de pacientes idosos