Wealth concentration in the European periphery: Ireland, 1858–2001

Using annual will indexes, a series of wealth concentration is constructed for the north of Ireland on a decennial basis for the period 1858 to 2001. Wealth was highly concentrated at the beginning of the sample period, but inequality falls towards the end of the nineteenth century and continues to fall until the 1970s. However, there does not appear to be a Kuznets-type process at work. Instead, using data on socio-occupational status, it is suggested that the fall in wealth concentration appears to be associated with the demise of the titled classes. Interestingly, similar to the findings of other studies, wealth has become more concentrated since the 1970s.

An Investigation into the Dissolution Properties of Celecoxib Melt Extrudates: Understanding the Role of Polymer Type and Concentration in Stabilizing Supersaturated Drug Concentrations

In this study, the dissolution properties of celecoxib (CX) solid dispersions manufactured from Eudragit 4155F and polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) were evaluated. Hot-melt extrusion (HME) technology was used to prepare amorphous solid dispersions of drug/polymer binary systems at different mass ratios. The drug concentrations achieved from the dissolution of PVP and Eudragit 4155F solid dispersions in phosphate buffer, pH 7.4 (PBS 7.4) were significantly greater than the equilibrium solubility of CX (1.58 µg/mL). The degree of supersaturation increased significantly as the polymer concentration within the solid dispersion increased. The maximum drug concentration achieved by PVP solid dispersions did not significantly exceed the apparent solubility of amorphous CX. The predominant mechanism for achieving supersaturated CX concentrations in PBS 7.4 was attributed to stabilization of amorphous CX during dissolution. Conversely, Eudragit 4155F solid dispersions showed significantly greater supersaturated drug solutions particularly at high polymer concentrations. For example, at a drug/polymer ratio of 1:9, a concentration of 100 µg/mL was achieved after 60 min that was stable (no evidence of drug recrystallization) for up to 72 h. This clearly identifies the potential of Eudragit 4155F to act as a solubilizing agent for CX. These findings were in good agreement with the results from solubility performed using PBS 7.4 in which Eudragit 4155F had been predissolved. In these tests, Eudragit 4155F significantly increased the equilibrium solubility of CX. Solution 1H NMR spectra were used to identify drug/polymer interactions. Deshielding of CX aromatic protons (H-1a and H-1b) containing the sulfonamide group occurred as a result of dissolution of Eudragit 4155F solid dispersions, whereas deshielding of H-1a protons and shielding of H-1b protons occurred as a result of the dissolution of PVP solid dispersions. In principle, it is reasonable to suggest that the different drug/polymer interactions observed give rise to the variation in dissolution observed for the two polymer/drug systems.

La concentration. Le mouvement du discours poetique dans le poeme EIN WURFHOLZ de Paul Celan

This article demonstrates how poetic discourse signifies by its movement of language at the example of a poem by Paul Celan.

Early target cells of measles virus after aerosol infection of non-human primates

Measles virus (MV) is highly infectious, and has long been thought to enter the host by infecting epithelial cells of the respiratory tract. However, epithelial cells do not express signaling lymphocyte activation molecule (CD150), which is the high-affinity cellular receptor for wild-type MV strains. We have generated a new recombinant MV strain expressing enhanced green fluorescent protein (EGFP), based on a wild-type genotype B3 virus isolate from Khartoum, Sudan (KS). Cynomolgus macaques were infected with a high dose of rMV(KS)EGFP by aerosol inhalation to ensure that the virus could reach the full range of potential target cells throughout the entire respiratory tract. Animals were euthanized 2, 3, 4 or 5 days post-infection (d.p.i., n?=?3 per time point) and infected (EGFP(+)) cells were identified at all four time points, albeit at low levels 2 and 3 d.p.i. At these earliest time points, MV-infected cells were exclusively detected in the lungs by fluorescence microscopy, histopathology and/or virus isolation from broncho-alveolar lavage cells. On 2 d.p.i., EGFP(+) cells were phenotypically typed as large mononuclear cells present in the alveolar lumen or lining the alveolar epithelium. One to two days later, larger clusters of MV-infected cells were detected in bronchus-associated lymphoid tissue (BALT) and in the tracheo-bronchial lymph nodes. From 4 d.p.i. onward, MV-infected cells were detected in peripheral blood and various lymphoid tissues. In spite of the possibility for the aerosolized virus to infect cells and lymphoid tissues of the upper respiratory tract, MV-infected cells were not detected in either the tonsils or the adenoids until after onset of viremia. These data strongly suggest that in our model MV entered the host at the alveolar level by infecting macrophages or dendritic cells, which traffic the virus to BALT or regional lymph nodes, resulting in local amplification and subsequent systemic dissemination by viremia.