957 resultados para AB INITIO DFT CALCULATION


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Cette thèse, composée de quatre articles scientifiques, porte sur les méthodes numériques atomistiques et leur application à des systèmes semi-conducteurs nanostructurés. Nous introduisons les méthodes accélérées conçues pour traiter les événements activés, faisant un survol des développements du domaine. Suit notre premier article, qui traite en détail de la technique d'activation-relaxation cinétique (ART-cinétique), un algorithme Monte Carlo cinétique hors-réseau autodidacte basé sur la technique de l'activation-relaxation nouveau (ARTn), dont le développement ouvre la voie au traitement exact des interactions élastiques tout en permettant la simulation de matériaux sur des plages de temps pouvant atteindre la seconde. Ce développement algorithmique, combiné à des données expérimentales récentes, ouvre la voie au second article. On y explique le relâchement de chaleur par le silicium cristallin suite à son implantation ionique avec des ions de Si à 3 keV. Grâce à nos simulations par ART-cinétique et l'analyse de données obtenues par nanocalorimétrie, nous montrons que la relaxation est décrite par un nouveau modèle en deux temps: "réinitialiser et relaxer" ("Replenish-and-Relax"). Ce modèle, assez général, peut potentiellement expliquer la relaxation dans d'autres matériaux désordonnés. Par la suite, nous poussons l'analyse plus loin. Le troisième article offre une analyse poussée des mécanismes atomistiques responsables de la relaxation lors du recuit. Nous montrons que les interactions élastiques entre des défauts ponctuels et des petits complexes de défauts contrôlent la relaxation, en net contraste avec la littérature qui postule que des "poches amorphes" jouent ce rôle. Nous étudions aussi certains sous-aspects de la croissance de boîtes quantiques de Ge sur Si (001). En effet, après une courte mise en contexte et une introduction méthodologique supplémentaire, le quatrième article décrit la structure de la couche de mouillage lors du dépôt de Ge sur Si (001) à l'aide d'une implémentation QM/MM du code BigDFT-ART. Nous caractérisons la structure de la reconstruction 2xN de la surface et abaissons le seuil de la température nécessaire pour la diffusion du Ge en sous-couche prédit théoriquement par plus de 100 K.

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La présente thèse porte sur les limites de la théorie de la fonctionnelle de la densité et les moyens de surmonter celles-ci. Ces limites sont explorées dans le contexte d'une implémentation traditionnelle utilisant une base d'ondes planes. Dans un premier temps, les limites dans la taille des systèmes pouvant être simulés sont observées. Des méthodes de pointe pour surmonter ces dernières sont ensuite utilisées pour simuler des systèmes de taille nanométrique. En particulier, le greffage de molécules de bromophényle sur les nanotubes de carbone est étudié avec ces méthodes, étant donné l'impact substantiel que pourrait avoir une meilleure compréhension de ce procédé sur l'industrie de l'électronique. Dans un deuxième temps, les limites de précision de la théorie de la fonctionnelle de la densité sont explorées. Tout d'abord, une étude quantitative de l'incertitude de cette méthode pour le couplage électron-phonon est effectuée et révèle que celle-ci est substantiellement plus élevée que celle présumée dans la littérature. L'incertitude sur le couplage électron-phonon est ensuite explorée dans le cadre de la méthode G0W0 et cette dernière se révèle être une alternative substantiellement plus précise. Cette méthode présentant toutefois de sévères limitations dans la taille des systèmes traitables, différents moyens théoriques pour surmonter ces dernières sont développés et présentés dans cette thèse. La performance et la précision accrues de l'implémentation résultante laissent présager de nouvelles possibilités dans l'étude et la conception de certaines catégories de matériaux, dont les supraconducteurs, les polymères utiles en photovoltaïque organique, les semi-conducteurs, etc.

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The structural saturation and stability, the energy gap, and the density of states of a series of small, silicon-based clusters have been studied by means of the PM3 and some ab initio (HF/6-31G* and 6-311++G**, CIS/6-31G* and MP2/6-31G*) calculations. It is shown that in order to maintain a stable nanometric and tetrahedral silicon crystallite and remove the gap states, the saturation atom or species such as H, F, Cl, OH, O, or N is necessary, and that both the cluster size and the surface species affect the energetic distribution of the density of states. This research suggests that the visible luminescence in the silicon-based nanostructured material essentially arises from the nanometric and crystalline silicon domains but is affected and protected by the surface species, and we have thus linked most of the proposed mechanisms of luminescence for the porous silicon, e.g., the quantum confinement effect due to the cluster size and the effect of Si-based surface complexes.

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The performance of density-functional theory to solve the exact, nonrelativistic, many-electron problem for magnetic systems has been explored in a new implementation imposing space and spin symmetry constraints, as in ab initio wave function theory. Calculations on selected systems representative of organic diradicals, molecular magnets and antiferromagnetic solids carried out with and without these constraints lead to contradictory results, which provide numerical illustration on this usually obviated problem. It is concluded that the present exchange-correlation functionals provide reasonable numerical results although for the wrong physical reasons, thus evidencing the need for continued search for more accurate expressions.

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Existence of collective effects in magnetic coupling in ionic solids is studied by mapping spin eigenstates of the Heisenberg and exact nonrelativistic Hamiltonians on cluster models representing KNiF3, K2NiF4, NiO, and La2CuO4. Ab initio techniques are used to estimate the Heisenberg constant J. For clusters with two magnetic centers, the values obtained are about the same for models having more magnetic centers. The absence of collective effects in J strongly suggests that magnetic interactions in this kind of ionic solids are genuinely local and entangle only the two magnetic centers involved.

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Magnetic interactions in ionic solids are studied using parameter-free methods designed to provide accurate energy differences associated with quantum states defining the Heisenberg constant J. For a series of ionic solids including KNiF3, K2NiF4, KCuF3, K2CuF4, and high- Tc parent compound La2CuO4, the J experimental value is quantitatively reproduced. This result has fundamental implications because J values have been calculated from a finite cluster model whereas experiments refer to infinite solids. The present study permits us to firmly establish that in these wide-gap insulators, J is determined from strongly local electronic interactions involving two magnetic centers only thus providing an ab initio support to commonly used model Hamiltonians.

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CuF2 is known to be an antiferromagnetic compound with a weak ferromagnetism due to the anisotropy of its monoclinic unit cell (Dzialoshinsky-Moriya mechanism). We investigate the magnetic ordering of this compound by means of ab initio periodic unrestricted Hartree-Fock calculations and by cluster calculations which employ state-of-the-art configuration interaction expansions and modern density functional theory techniques. The combined use of periodic and cluster models permits us to firmly establish that the antiferromagnetic order arises from the coupling of one-dimensional subunits which themselves exhibit a very small ferromagnetic coupling between Cu neighbor cations. This magnetic order could be anticipated from the close correspondence between CuF2 and rutile crystal structures.

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The results are presented of a combined periodic and cluster model approach to the electronic structure and magnetic interactions in the spin-chain compounds Ca2CuO3 and Sr2CuO3. An extended t-J model is presented that includes in-chain and interchain hopping and magnetic interaction processes with parameters extracted from ab initio calculations. For both compounds, the in-chain magnetic interaction is found to be around -240 meV, larger than in any of the other cuprates reported in the literature. The interchain magnetic coupling is found to be weakly antiferromagnetic, -1 meV. The effective in-chain hopping parameters are estimated to be ~650 meV for both compounds, whereas the value of the interchain hopping parameter is 30 meV for Sr2CuO3 and 40 meV for Ca2CuO3, in line with the larger interchain distance in the former compound. These effective parameters are shown to be consistent with expressions recently suggested for the Néel temperature and the magnetic moments, and with relations that emerge from the t-J model Hamiltonian. Next, we investigate the physical nature of the band gap. Periodic calculations indicate that an interpretation in terms of a charge-transfer insulator is the most appropriate one, in contrast to the suggestion of a covalent correlated insulator recently reported in the literature.

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The nature of the chemical bond in three titanium oxides of different crystal structure and different formal oxidation state has been studied by means of the ab initio cluster-model approach. The covalent and ionic contributions to the bond have been measured from different theoretical techniques. All the analysis is consistent with an increasing of covalence in the TiO, Ti2O3, and TiO2 series as expected from chemical intuition. Moreover, the use of the ab initio cluster-model approach combined with different theoretical techniques has permitted us to quantify the degree of ionic character, showing that while TiO can approximately be described as an ionic compound, TiO2 is better viewed as a rather covalent oxide.

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The present work emphasizes the use of chirality as an efficient tool to synthesize new types of second order nonlinear materials. Second harmonic generation efficiency (SHG) is used as a measure of second order nonlinear response. Nonlinear optical properties of polymers have been studied theoretically and experimentally. Polymers were designed theoretically by ab initio and semiempirical calculations. All the polymeric systems have been synthesized by condensation polymerization. Second harmonic generation efficiency of the synthesized systems has been measured experimentally by Kurtz and Perry powder method

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Hochaufgelöste Photoelektronspektroskopie ermöglicht die Untersuchung der Zerfallsdynamik angeregter Lochzustände im Festkörper. Durch Messung der intrinsischen Linienbreiten in den Spektren von Kupfer- und Silbereinkristallen werden die Lebensdauern von tiefliegenden d-Lochzuständen in diesen Edelmetallen bestimmt und mit Vielteilchenrechnungen verglichen. Insbesondere kann gezeigt werden (1) daß sich die d-Lochlebensdauern in Kupfer und Silber trotz unterschiedlicher Lage der d-Bänder ähnlich verhalten (2) daß keine quadratische Abhängigkeit gemäß des einfachen Modell eines freien Elektronengases beobachtet wird und (3) daß die Lochlebensdauern an der d-Bandoberkante von Kupfer und Silber stark zunehmen. Diese experimentellen Befunde legen eine weitgehende Entkopplung der Zerfallsdynamik von d-Löchern und sp-Elektronen nahe. Diese Deutung kann qualitativ durch ab-initio Rechnungen zur Lochlebensdauer bestätigt werden.

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Ab initio self-consistent DFS calculations are performed for five different symmetric atomic systems from Ar-Ar to Pb-Pb. The level structure for the {2p_\pi}-{2p_\sigma} crossing as function of the united atomic charge Z_u is studied and interpreted. Manybody effects, spin-orbit splitting, direct relativistic effects as well as indirect relativistic effects are differently important for different Z_u. For the I-I system a comparison with other calculations is given.

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We report on the measurement of the total differential scattering cross section of {Ar^+}-Ar at laboratory energies between 15 and 400 keV. Using an ab initio relativistic molecular program which calculates the interatomic potential energy curve with high accuracy, we are able to reproduce the detailed structure found in the experiment.

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The influence of the occupation of the single particle levels on the impact parameter dependent K - K charge transfer occuring in collisions of 90 keV Ne{^9+} on Ne was studied using coupled channel calculations. The energy eigenvalues and matrixelements for the single particle levels were taken from ab initio self consistent MO-LCAO-DIRAC-FOCK-SLATER calculations with occupation numbers corresponding to the single particle amplitudes given by the coupled channel calculations.

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We performed ab initio calculations of many particle inclusive probabilities for the scattering system 16 MeV-S{^16+} on Ar. The solution of the time-dependent DIRAC-FOCK-SLATER-equation is achieved via a set of coupled-channel equations with energy eigenvalues and matrix elements which are given by static SCF molecular many electron calculations.