999 resultados para 54301-012


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Let (M, g) be a compact Ricci-fiat 4-manifold. For p is an element of M let K-max(P) (respectively K-min(p)) denote the maximum (respectively the minimum) of sectional curvatures at p. We prove that if K-max(p) <= -cK(min)(P) for all p is an element of M, for some constant c with 0 <= c < 2+root 6/4 then (M, g) is fiat. We prove a similar result for compact Ricci-flat Kahler surfaces. Let (M, g) be such a surface and for p is an element of M let H-max(p) (respectively H-min(P)) denote the maximum (respectively the minimum) of holomorphic sectional curvatures at p. If H-max(P) <= -cH(min)(P) for all p is an element of M, for some constant c with 0 <= c < 1+root 3/2, then (M, g) is flat. (C) 2015 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

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The ATLAS and CMS collaborations at the LHC have performed analyses on the existing data sets, studying the case of one vector-like fermion or multiplet coupling to the standard model Yukawa sector. In the near future, with more data available, these experimental collaborations will start to investigate more realistic cases. The presence of more than one extra vector-like multiplet is indeed a common situation in many extensions of the standard model. The interplay of these vector-like multiplet between precision electroweak bounds, flavour and collider phenomenology is a important question in view of establishing bounds or for the discovery of physics beyond the standard model. In this work we study the phenomenological consequences of the presence of two vector-like multiplets. We analyse the constraints on such scenarios from tree-level data and oblique corrections for the case of mixing to each of the SM generations. In the present work, we limit to scenarios with two top-like partners and no mixing in the down-sector.

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Molecular dynamics simulations were employed to investigate the specimen thickness-dependent tensile behavior of a series of Cu(x)Z(100-x) (x = 20, 40, 50, 64 and 80 at%) metallic glass (MG) films, with a particular focus on the critical thickness, tc, below which non-localized plastic flow takes place. The simulation results reveal that while the transition occurs in all the alloys examined, t(c) is sensitive to the composition. We rationalize t(c) by postulating that the strain energy stored in the sample at the onset of plastic deformation has to be sufficient for the formation of shear bands. The composition-dependence of t(c) was found to correlate with the average activation energy of the atomic level plastic deformation events. (C) 2015 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

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Nano-crystals of LiNbxTa1 (-) O-x(3) were evolved by subjecting melt-quenched 1.5Li(2)O-2B(2)O(3)-xNb(2)O(5)-(1 - x)Ta2O5 glasses (where x = 0, 0.25, 0.5, 0.75 and 1.00) to a controlled 3-h isothermal heat treatment between 530 and 560 degrees C. Detailed X-ray diffraction and Raman spectral studies confirmed the formation of nano-crystalline LiNbxTa1 (-) O-x(3) along with a minor phase of ferroelectric and non-linear optic Li2B4O7. The sizes of the nanocrystals evolved in the glass were in the range of 19-37 nm for x = 0-0.75 and 23-45 nm for x = 1.00. Electron microscopic studies confirmed a transformation of the morphology of the nano-crystallites from dendritic star-shaped spherulites for x = 0 to rod-shaped structures for x = 1.00 brought about by a coalescence of crystallites. Broad Maker-fringe patterns (recorded at 532 nm) were obtained by subjecting the heat-treated glass plates to 1064 nm fundamental radiation. However, an effective second order non-linear optic coefficient, d(eff), of 0.45 pm/V, which is nearly 1.2 times the d(36) of KDP single crystal, was obtained for a 560 degrees C/3 h heat-treated glass of the representative composition x = 0.50 comprising 37 nm sized crystallites. (C) 2015 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

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Nano-crystals of LiNbxTa1 (-) O-x(3) were evolved by subjecting melt-quenched 1.5Li(2)O-2B(2)O(3)-xNb(2)O(5)-(1 - x)Ta2O5 glasses (where x = 0, 0.25, 0.5, 0.75 and 1.00) to a controlled 3-h isothermal heat treatment between 530 and 560 degrees C. Detailed X-ray diffraction and Raman spectral studies confirmed the formation of nano-crystalline LiNbxTa1 (-) O-x(3) along with a minor phase of ferroelectric and non-linear optic Li2B4O7. The sizes of the nanocrystals evolved in the glass were in the range of 19-37 nm for x = 0-0.75 and 23-45 nm for x = 1.00. Electron microscopic studies confirmed a transformation of the morphology of the nano-crystallites from dendritic star-shaped spherulites for x = 0 to rod-shaped structures for x = 1.00 brought about by a coalescence of crystallites. Broad Maker-fringe patterns (recorded at 532 nm) were obtained by subjecting the heat-treated glass plates to 1064 nm fundamental radiation. However, an effective second order non-linear optic coefficient, d(eff), of 0.45 pm/V, which is nearly 1.2 times the d(36) of KDP single crystal, was obtained for a 560 degrees C/3 h heat-treated glass of the representative composition x = 0.50 comprising 37 nm sized crystallites. (C) 2015 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

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Este experimento fue establecido en la finca las Lajas ubicada en el municipio de Malacatoya, departamento de Granada. La zona del ensayo se encuentra localizada a los 12° 04' 40" de latitud Norte y 86° 01'55" Oeste, a una altura de 30 msnm. El trabajo de campo estuvo comprendido entre el 4 de agosto hasta el 3 de diciembre de 1998. En el ensayo se evaluó: Características fenotípicas y genotípicas de las líneas y variedades de arroz (Oryza sativa L.) y adaptabilidad de trece líneas promisorias de arroz procedentes del CIAT, con tres variedades comerciales procedentes de Colombia, Nicaragua y Taiwán. Estas variedades son Oryzica Llanos-4, INTA N-1 Taichung sen-10 respectivamente. Se utilizó el diseño experimental de Bloques Completos al Azar (B.C.A) con trece tratamientos y seis repeticiones. Se evaluaron quince variables estas son las siguientes: Vigor, altura de planta, habilidad de macollamiento, floración, senescencia, acame, exerción de la panícula, desgrane, aceptabilidad fenotípica, longitud de la panícula, número de granos por panícula, fertilidad de las espiguillas, peso de 1 000 granos, rendimiento en grano y calidad industrial. De acuerdo a los resultados obtenidos en las evaluaciones de los componentes de rendimiento, características agronómicas y calidad industrial se procedió a seleccionar 3 líneas con buen potencial de rendimiento y buenas características agronómicas. Estas líneas son las siguientes: CT-8553-31-MI-MC, CT-8008-16-3 y CT-8008-1S-29-1P con rendimientos de 7 012.5, 6 650 y 6 502 kg/ha respectivamente. Además en la calidad industrial en el rendimiento de pilada (arroz integral) obtuvieron 76, 74.1 y 75.4 por ciento respectivamente. En el índice de pilada (grano entero pulido) presentaron un 82, 83.5 y 82.5 por ciento respectivamente.

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La producción agropecuaria en Nicaragua, tanto para consumo interno, como para la exportación se ha estancado en los últimos veinte años. Ello indica que los niveles de productividad se han deteriorado en ese importante sector de la economía nacional. La falta de inversión que incide en el mejoramiento de la calidad de la producción, la escasa diversificación de la oferta exportable, el inadecuado impulso en la generación de tecnologías apropiadas y el fortalecimiento de la capacidad de los recursos humanos, la ausencia de servicios que permitan mejorar la eficiencia del sector, la escasez de crédito y las altas tasas de interés de los fondos de crédito disponibles son los obstáculos más importantes que afectan al sector agrícola. A ello debe agregarse el problema de acceso a mercados tanto nacionales como externos. Todo ello ha contribuido al incremento de la pobreza en el área rural y que ésta se haya convertido en zona de pobres que trabajan la tierra y producen bajo condiciones cada vez más adversas. No obstante, el aporte en la generación de ingresos por exportaciones del país es significativo, y es responsable en la generación de empleo de la Población Económicamente Activa. De los diez principales productos exportables de Nicaragua a los EEUU, seis son de origen agrícola Además, Nicaragua cuenta con extensas áreas con vocación agrícola, terrenos altamente fértiles con condiciones para ser cultivados con métodos intensivos de producción, clima apropiado para diversificar la oferta exportable, considerable experiencia de la población rural en la producción de granos básicos; condiciones que combinadas con políticas dirigidas al desarrollo del sector, darían al país la posibilidad de enfrentar los nuevos retos de la apertura y la liberalización comercial. En el marco de los Tratados de Libre Comercio, la producción agrícola nacional deberá competir con productos extranjeros que ingresarán libremente al mercado nacional. De igual manera su oferta exportable deberá competir con los productos de otros países en los mercados de destino. Es decir, a la agricultura nicaragüense le tocará competir con producciones de países desarrollados, que además de proporcionar altos subsidios a sus productores, también les suministran recursos para la inversión y la investigación. La producción agrícola nicaragüense enfrenta un doble reto; por un lado, deberá incrementar sus niveles de productividad y reducir sus costos de producción; y por otro lado, deberá diversificar su oferta exportable y mejorar la calidad de su producción. Ello le dará la posibilidad de mejorar las condiciones para competir tanto en el mercado interno, como en el mercado externo. Esta obra que ha sido elaborada por el Doctor Elgin Vivas Viachica, decano de la Facultad de Desarrollo Rural de la Universidad Nacional Agraria, es la culminación de varios años de trabajo docente - investigativo del autor. Diseñada para servir como manual a los estudiantes relacionados con la agricultura, la obra proporciona fundamentos para una mejor utilización y aprovechamiento de los factores productivos. De igual manera, orienta sobre diferentes métodos para aumentar la productividad de todos los recursos que se combinan para la elaboración de productos agrícolas. Esta obra desea contribuir a la materialización de uno de los principales objetivos de la Universidad Nacional Agraria; dotar a sus estudiantes y a través de ellos a la población nicaragüense dedicada a la agricultura, de los fundamentos teóricos que trasladados a la práctica cotidiana, incidan en el aumento de la productividad de las actividades agrícolas y en el incremento de la calidad de la producción. Ambos instrumentos en el marco de los TLC, permitirán al país mejorar sus condiciones para competir a nivel interno y externo, incrementar su nivel de ingresos, reducir las disparidades económicas y sociales entre el campo y la ciudad, y evitar que la pobreza siga incrementándose en la zona rural. Managua, mayo de 2010.

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The effects of potential sea level rise on the shoreline and shore environment have been briefly examined by considering the interactions between sea level rise and relevant coastal processes. These interactions have been reviewed beginning with a discussion of the need to reanalyze previous estimates of eustatic sea level rise and compaction effects in water level measurement. This is followed by considerations on sea level effects on coastal and estuarine tidal ranges, storm surge and water level response, and interaction with natural and constructed shoreline features. The desirability to reevaluate the well known Bruun Rule for estimating shoreline recession has been noted. The mechanics of ground and surface water intrusion with reference to sea level rise are then reviewed. This is followed by sedimentary processes in the estuaries including wetland response. Finally comments are included on some probable effects of sea level rise on coastal ecosystems. These interactions are complex and lead to shoreline evolution (under a sea level rise) which is highly site-specific. Models which determine shoreline change on the basis of inundation of terrestrial topography without considering relevant coastal processes are likely to lead to erroneous shoreline scenarios, particularly where the shoreline is composed of erodible sedimentary material. With some exceptions, present day knowledge of shoreline response to hydrodynamic forcing is inadequate for long-term quantitative predictions. A series of interrelated basic and applied research issues must be addressed in the coming decades to determine shoreline response to sea level change with an acceptable degree of confidence. (PDF contains 189 pages.)

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This paper presents a model designed to study vertical interactions between wheel and rail when the wheel moves over a rail welding. The model focuses on the spatial domain, and is drawn up in a simple fashion from track receptances. The paper obtains the receptances from a full track model in the frequency domain already developed by the authors, which includes deformation of the rail section and propagation of bending, elongation and torsional waves along an infinite track. Transformation between domains was secured by applying a modified rational fraction polynomials method. This obtains a track model with very few degrees of freedom, and thus with minimum time consumption for integration, with a good match to the original model over a sufficiently broad range of frequencies. Wheel-rail interaction is modelled on a non-linear Hertzian spring, and consideration is given to parametric excitation caused by the wheel moving over a sleeper, since this is a moving wheel model and not a moving irregularity model. The model is used to study the dynamic loads and displacements emerging at the wheel-rail contact passing over a welding defect at different speeds.

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氧碘化学激光器(COIL)的混合喷管内发生的是气体动力学、化学反应动力学以及光学等相互耦合的复杂过程,每个过程都对COIL性能有着至关重要的影响.利用3维计算流体动力学技术,通过求解层流Navier-Stokes方程与组分输运方程对简化的氧碘化学激光RADICL模型进行数值模拟与分析,结合10种组分和21个基元反应的化学反应模型,对COIL超声速段射流情况下喷管内的流动及混合情况,尤其是产率、分解率、泵浦率和小信号增益系数的细致3维空间分布进行研究.结果证明超声速段进行射流有利于提高COIL的性能表现,可以充分利用高增益区,光腔位置增益可以达到0.012 cm~(-1),与亚声速段射流相比总压恢复性能提高,混合有待加强.

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An oceanographic software is presented which enables quick access to oceanographic databases. The program is interactive, yields a graphic display for quick-look of data availability and parameter ranges. Additionally, the results of the data retrieval are stored in an ASCII file which can be interfaced with commercial programs like spreadsheet and isoline software. An example is given for the temperature distribution in Greenland waters.

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Results are presented for the first 4 years data (1994-1998) of the Kainji Lake catch assessment survey, collected and analysed by the Nigerian-German Kainji Lake Fisheries Promotion Project. The following areas are covered: Methodology and alterations of the original sampling concept; Frame survey results - factors relating to the CAS; Catch assessment survey results - general; Gill net fishery; Drift net fishery; Beach seine fishery; Cast net fishery; Longline fishery; Trap fishery; and, Catch statistics from fisherwomen. (PDF contains 143 pages)

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(1) Equation of State of Komatiite

The equation of state (EOS) of a molten komatiite (27 wt% MgO) was detennined in the 5 to 36 GPa pressure range via shock wave compression from 1550°C and 0 bar. Shock wave velocity, US, and particle velocity, UP, in km/s follow the linear relationship US = 3.13(±0.03) + 1.47(±0.03) UP. Based on a calculated density at 1550°C, 0 bar of 2.745±0.005 glee, this US-UP relationship gives the isentropic bulk modulus KS = 27.0 ± 0.6 GPa, and its first and second isentropic pressure derivatives, K'S = 4.9 ± 0.1 and K"S = -0.109 ± 0.003 GPa-1.

The calculated liquidus compression curve agrees within error with the static compression results of Agee and Walker [1988a] to 6 GPa. We detennine that olivine (FO94) will be neutrally buoyant in komatiitic melt of the composition we studied near 8.2 GPa. Clinopyroxene would also be neutrally buoyant near this pressure. Liquidus garnet-majorite may be less dense than this komatiitic liquid in the 20-24 GPa interval, however pyropic-garnet and perovskite phases are denser than this komatiitic liquid in their respective liquidus pressure intervals to 36 GPa. Liquidus perovskite may be neutrally buoyant near 70 GPa.

At 40 GPa, the density of shock-compressed molten komatiite would be approximately equal to the calculated density of an equivalent mixture of dense solid oxide components. This observation supports the model of Rigden et al. [1989] for compressibilities of liquid oxide components. Using their theoretical EOS for liquid forsterite and fayalite, we calculate the densities of a spectrum of melts from basaltic through peridotitic that are related to the experimentally studied komatiitic liquid by addition or subtraction of olivine. At low pressure, olivine fractionation lowers the density of basic magmas, but above 14 GPa this trend is reversed. All of these basic to ultrabasic liquids are predicted to have similar densities at 14 GPa, and this density is approximately equal to the bulk (PREM) mantle. This suggests that melts derived from a peridotitic mantle may be inhibited from ascending from depths greater than 400 km.

The EOS of ultrabasic magmas was used to model adiabatic melting in a peridotitic mantle. If komatiites are formed by >15% partial melting of a peridotitic mantle, then komatiites generated by adiabatic melting come from source regions in the lower transition zone (≈500-670 km) or the lower mantle (>670 km). The great depth of incipient melting implied by this model, and the melt density constraint mentioned above, suggest that komatiitic volcanism may be gravitationally hindered. Although komatiitic magmas are thought to separate from their coexisting crystals at a temperature =200°C greater than that for modern MORBs, their ultimate sources are predicted to be diapirs that, if adiabatically decompressed from initially solid mantle, were more than 700°C hotter than the sources of MORBs and derived from great depth.

We considered the evolution of an initially molten mantle, i.e., a magma ocean. Our model considers the thermal structure of the magma ocean, density constraints on crystal segregation, and approximate phase relationships for a nominally chondritic mantle. Crystallization will begin at the core-mantle boundary. Perovskite buoyancy at > 70 GPa may lead to a compositionally stratified lower mantle with iron-enriched mangesiowiistite content increasing with depth. The upper mantle may be depleted in perovskite components. Olivine neutral buoyancy may lead to the formation of a dunite septum in the upper mantle, partitioning the ocean into upper and lower reservoirs, but this septum must be permeable.

(2) Viscosity Measurement with Shock Waves

We have examined in detail the analytical method for measuring shear viscosity from the decay of perturbations on a corrugated shock front The relevance of initial conditions, finite shock amplitude, bulk viscosity, and the sensitivity of the measurements to the shock boundary conditions are discussed. The validity of the viscous perturbation approach is examined by numerically solving the second-order Navier-Stokes equations. These numerical experiments indicate that shock instabilities may occur even when the Kontorovich-D'yakov stability criteria are satisfied. The experimental results for water at 15 GPa are discussed, and it is suggested that the large effective viscosity determined by this method may reflect the existence of ice VII on the Rayleigh path of the Hugoniot This interpretation reconciles the experimental results with estimates and measurements obtained by other means, and is consistent with the relationship of the Hugoniot with the phase diagram for water. Sound waves are generated at 4.8 MHz at in the water experiments at 15 GPa. The existence of anelastic absorption modes near this frequency would also lead to large effective viscosity estimates.

(3) Equation of State of Molybdenum at 1400°C

Shock compression data to 96 GPa for pure molybdenum, initially heated to 1400°C, are presented. Finite strain analysis of the data gives a bulk modulus at 1400°C, K'S. of 244±2 GPa and its pressure derivative, K'OS of 4. A fit of shock velocity to particle velocity gives the coefficients of US = CO+S UP to be CO = 4.77±0.06 km/s and S = 1.43±0.05. From the zero pressure sound speed, CO, a bulk modulus of 232±6 GPa is calculated that is consistent with extrapolation of ultrasonic elasticity measurements. The temperature derivative of the bulk modulus at zero pressure, θKOSθT|P, is approximately -0.012 GPa/K. A thermodynamic model is used to show that the thermodynamic Grüneisen parameter is proportional to the density and independent of temperature. The Mie-Grüneisen equation of state adequately describes the high temperature behavior of molybdenum under the present range of shock loading conditions.

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提出了一种精确测量1/4波片相位延迟量的新方法。测量光路由激光器、起偏器、被测1/4波片、光弹调制器、检偏器和光电探测器构成。起偏器和检偏器的透光轴相互垂直。被测1/4波片的快轴与光弹调制器的振动轴平行,且与起偏器和检偏器的透光轴分别成±45°夹角。准直激光束依次经过起偏器、被测1/4波片、光弹调制器和检偏器的探测光强由光电探测器接收。利用探测信号的直流分量与二次谐波分量精确计算出被测1/4波片的相位延迟量。实验验证了这种测量方法的有效性,改变初始光强过程中相位延迟量测量结果的复现性为0.012°,检偏器

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O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar o impacto do tratamento periodontal não cirúrgico sobre a atividade de elastase e o volume de fluido gengival nos pacientes portadores de periodontite crônica e agressiva generalizadas. Foram avaliados 18 pacientes com periodontite crônica (idade média 48,6 DP 7,5 anos), e 11 com periodontite agressiva (idade média 27,9 DP 6,54 anos). Foram utilizados os parâmetros clínicos de avaliação de profundidade de bolsa à sondagem (PB) (mm), nível de inserção (NI) (mm) e sangramento à sondagem (SS). As medidas clínicas e as amostras de fluido gengival foram colhidas a partir dos cinco sítios mais profundos (P) e de cinco sítios rasos com gengivite (G) de cada paciente, antes e 90 dias após o término do tratamento. As etapas clínicas obedeceram ao seguinte cronograma: seleção e exame periodontal; coleta de fluido gengival; tratamento periodontal; reavaliação, compreendendo o exame periodontal e coleta de fluido gengival. O tratamento levou, em média, 4 sessões de 40 minutos cada por paciente, com intervalo de 1 semana entre elas. As consultas para reavaliação foram feitas 90 dias após o término do tratamento. O teste de Wilcoxon foi utilizado para comparar os dados antes e depois do tratamento e o teste não pareado de Mann-Whitney U-test foi utilizado para comparar os grupos de periodontite crônica e agressiva. A amostra analisada antes e após o tratamento não apresentou diferenças significativas entre o grupo com periodontite crônica e agressiva, que responderam de forma similar a todos os indicadores avaliados, exceto para a profundidade de bolsa à sondagem nos sítios rasos com gengivite (p = 0,039) e para o sangramento à sondagem (p = 0,021) nos sítios profundos, ambos mais reduzidos na periodontite crônica após o tratamento. A elastase apresentou, após o tratamento, redução significativa nos sítios profundos, para a periodontite crônica (p = 0,012) e agressiva (p = 0,02). Em relação ao volume de fluido gengival, houve significativa redução após o tratamento nos pacientes com periodontite crônica e agressiva, tanto nos sítios rasos (p = 0,03 e p = 0,03) como nos profundos (p ˂ 0,001 e p = 0,003), respectivamente. Concluindo, os grupos com periodontite crônica e agressiva generalizadas comportaram- se de maneira semelhante frente à terapia mecânica não cirúrgica. Ainda, a terapia periodontal mecânica não cirúrgica mostrou redução significativa do volume de fluido gengival em todos os sítios analisados, e da atividade neutrofílica, nos sítios profundos, associada a reduções significativas em todos os indicadores clínicos analisados após o tratamento.