953 resultados para 4-methyl-3-penten-2-one
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A bimonthly literary magazine edited by Zhou Shoujuan 周瘦鵑, featuring fiction, topical articles, and entertainment features, published from September 1921 through November 1925.
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A bimonthly literary magazine edited by Zhou Shoujuan 周瘦鵑, featuring fiction, topical articles, and entertainment features, published from September 1921 through November 1925.
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A holistic study of the composition of the basalt groundwaters of the Atherton Tablelands region in Queensland, Australia was undertaken to elucidate possible mechanisms for the evolution of these very low salinity, silica- and bicarbonate-rich groundwaters. It is proposed that aluminosilicate mineral weathering is the major contributing process to the overall composition of the basalt groundwaters. The groundwaters approach equilibrium with respect to the primary minerals with increasing pH and are mostly in equilibrium with the major secondary minerals (kaolinite and smectite), and other secondary phases such as goethite, hematite, and gibbsite, which are common accessory minerals in the Atherton basalts. The mineralogy of the basalt rocks, which has been examined using X-ray diffraction and whole rock geochemistry methods, supports the proposed model for the hydrogeochemical evolution of these groundwaters: precipitation + CO 2 (atmospheric + soil) + pyroxene + feldspars + olivine yields H 4SiO 4, HCO 3 -, Mg 2+, Na +, Ca 2+ + kaolinite and smectite clays + amorphous or crystalline silica + accessory minerals (hematite, goethite, gibbsite, carbonates, zeolites, and pyrite). The variations in the mineralogical content of these basalts also provide insights into the controls on groundwater storage and movement in this aquifer system. The fresh and weathered vesicular basalts are considered to be important in terms of zones of groundwater occurrence, while the fractures in the massive basalt are important pathways for groundwater movement.
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The crystal structures of the 1:1 proton-transfer compounds of isonipecotamide (piperidine-4-carboxamide) with the monocyclic heteroaromatic carboxylic acids, isonicotinic acid, picolinic acid, dipicolinic acid and pyrazine-2,3-dicarboxylic acid have been determined at 200 K and their hydrogen-bonding patterns examined. The compounds are respectively anhydrous 4-carbamoylpiperidinium pyridine-4-carboxylate (1), the partial hydrate 4-carbamoylpiperidinium pyridine-2-carboxylate 0.25 water (2), the solvate 4-carbamoylpiperidinium 6-carboxypyridine-2-carboxylate methanol monosolvate (3), and anhydrous 4-carbamoylpiperidinium 3-carboxypyrazine-2-carboxylate (4). In compounds 1 and 3, hydrogen-bonding interactions give two-dimensional sheet structures which feature enlarged cyclic ring systems, while in compounds 2 and 4, three-dimensional structures are found. The previously described cyclic R2/2(8) hydrogen-bonded amide-amide dimer is present in 2 and 3. The hydrogen-bonding in 2 involves the partial-occupancy water molecule while the structure of 4 is based on inter-linked homomolecular hydrogen-bonded cation-cation and anion-anion associated chains comprising head-to-tail interactions. This work further demonstrates the utility of the isonipecotamide cation in the generation of chemically stable hydrogen-bonded systems, particularly with aromatic carboxylate anions, providing crystalline solids.
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The synthesis and characterization of solution processable donor-acceptor-donor (D-A-D) based conjugated molecules with varying ratios of thiophene as donor (D) and benzothiadiazole as acceptor (A) are reported. Optical, electrochemical, thermal, morphological and organic thin film transistor (OTFT) device properties of these materials were investigated. The thermal and polarized optical microscope analysis indicates that the materials having higher D/A ratios exhibit both liquid crystalline (LC) and OTFT behavior. AFM analysis of the materials having D/A ratios of 3 and 4 (3T1B and 4T1B) show well ordered structures, resulting from strong π-π interchain interactions compared to the other molecules in this study. A XRD patterns for 3T1B and 4T1B thin films also shows high crystalline ordering. Solution processed OTFTs of 3T1B and 4T1B have shown un-optimized charge carrier mobilities of 2 × 10 -2 cm 2 V -1 s -1 and 4 × 10 -3 cm 2 V -1 s -1, respectively on bare Si/SiO 2 substrate.
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N6-({Delta}2-Isopentenyl) adenosine antibodies were used for the isolation of free cytokinins and cytokinin-containing tRNAs from parts of Cucumis sativus L. var. Guntur seedlings and for the estimation of cytokinins in them. Immobilized N6-({Delta}2-isopentenyl) adenosine antibodies retained tRNAs containing N6-({Delta}2-isopentenyl) adenosine and N6-(4-hydroxy-3-methylbut-2-enyl) adenosine with equal efficiencies. There were at least five cytokinins in the free form in cucumber seedlings. N6-(4-Hydroxy-3-methylbut-2-enyl) adenosine, N6-({Delta}2-isopentenyl) adenosine, and N6-({Delta}2-isopentenyl) adenine were present at least to the extent of 80, 23, and 9 nanograms, respectively, in the cotyledons and 40, 6, and 3 nanograms, respectively, in the decotyledonated seedlings per gram of tissue. Only two cytokinins were found in the tRNAs of cucumber cotyledons, namely N6-({Delta}2-isopentenyl) adenosine and N6-(4-hydroxy-3-methylbut-2-enyl) adenosine in amounts of 12 and 318 nanograms, respectively, per gram of tissue. Immunoaffinity chromatographic analysis of radiolabeled aminoacyl tRNAs from cucumber cotyledons showed that tRNAPhe and tRNATyr contained cytokinins whereas tRNAAla did not.
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3,4-Dichlorophenol (1) crystallizes in the tetragonal space group I4(1)/a with a short axis of 3.7926 (9) angstrom. The structure is unique in that both type I and type II Cl.....Cl interactions are present, these contact types being distinguished by the angle ranges of the respective C-Cl....Cl angles. The present study shows that these two types of contacts are utterly different. The crystal structures of 4-bromo-3-chlorophenol (2) and 3-bromo-4-chlorophenol (3) have been determined. The crystal structure of (2) is isomorphous to that of (1) with the Br atom in the 4-position participating in a type II interaction. However, the monoclinic P2(1)/c packing of compound (3) is different; while the structure still has O-H....O hydrogen bonds, the tetramer O-H.....O synthon seen in (1) and (2) is not seen. Rather than a type I Br....Br interaction which would have been mandated if (3) were isomorphous to (1) and (2), Br forms a Br....O contact wherein its electrophilic character is clearly evident. Crystal structures of the related compounds 4-chloro-3-iodophenol (4) and 3,5-dibromophenol (5) were also determined. A computational survey of the structural landscape was undertaken for (1), (2) and (3), using a crystal structure prediction protocol in space groups P2(1)/c and I4(1)/a with the COMPASS26 force field. While both tetragonal and monoclinic structures are energetically reasonable for all compounds, the fact that (3) takes the latter structure indicates that Br prefers type II over type I contacts. In order to differentiate further between type I and type II halogen contacts, which being chemically distinct are expected to have different distance fall-off properties, a variable-temperature crystallography study was performed on compounds (1), (2) and (4). Length variations with temperature are greater for type II contacts compared with type I. The type II Br....Br interaction in (2) is stronger than the corresponding type II Cl....Cl interaction in (1), leading to elastic bending of the former upon application of mechanical stress, which contrasts with the plastic deformation of (1). The observation of elastic deformation in (2) is noteworthy; in that it finds an explanation based on the strengths of the respective halogen bonds, it could also be taken as a good starting model for future property design. Cl/Br isostructurality is studied with the Cambridge Structural Database and it is indicated that this isostructurality is based on shape and size similarity of Cl and Br, rather than arising from any chemical resemblance.
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El presente trabajo se realizó en la finca Guadarrama, de la comunidad Buena Vista del Sur, del municipio de Diriamba, Carazo en los meses de julio a noviembre del 2004; con los obje tivos de evaluar 6 tipos de secciones de propagación ( ½ de sección vertical, ½ de sección horizontal, 1, 2, 3 y 4 cladodios) para determinar las respue stas a las condiciones edafoclimáticas de la zona, en aras de presentarles alternativas de producción a los agricultores, se estableció en un diseño experimental de bloques completamente al azar (BCA) con 4 re peticiones. Se evaluó el número, longitud y diámetro de lo s brotes por plantas, así como el porcentaje de sobrevivencia. El número de brotes en los tratamientos 4 y 3 cladodios presentaron los mejores resultad os con 2.66 y 2.38 brotes/planta respectivamente. En longitud de brot es no hubo diferencias estadísticas entre los tratamientos, observándose el mayor valor numérico en el tratamiento de 4 cladodios con 11.71 cm /brote; en la variable diámetro de brotes los mejores resultados se obtuvi eron de los tratamientos 4, 1, 3 y 2 cladodios con 5.04, 4.44, 4.09 y 3.95 cm /brote. La sobrevivencia de las plantas fue significativamente diferente entre los tratamientos obteniendo el 100% de sobrevivencia los tratamientos 2 y 3 cladodios para el mejor resultado. Los menores porcentajes de sobreviven cia se encontraron con la forma de reproducción de ½ transversal, el cual presentó 1.16 brotes/planta, con longitud de 7.40 cm/brote y 2.13 cm/brote de diámet ro y un 60% de sobrevivencia de las plantas.
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Resumen Background: Nitric oxide can be measured at multiple flow rates to determine proximal (maximum airway nitric oxide flux; Jaw(NO)) and distal inflammation (alveolar nitric oxide concentration; CA(NO)). The main aim was to study the association among symptoms, lung function, proximal (maximum airway nitric oxide flux) and distal (alveolar nitric oxide concentration) airway inflammation in asthmatic children treated and not treated with inhaled glucocorticoids. Methods: A cross-sectional study with prospective data collection was carried out in a consecutive sample of girls and boys aged between 6 and 16 years with a medical diagnosis of asthma. Maximum airway nitric oxide flux and alveolar nitric oxide concentration were calculated according to the two-compartment model. In asthmatic patients, the asthma control questionnaire (CAN) was completed and forced spirometry was performed. In controls, differences between the sexes in alveolar nitric oxide concentration and maximum airway nitric oxide flux and their correlation with height were studied. The correlation among the fraction of exhaled NO at 50 ml/s (FENO50), CA(NO), Jaw(NO), forced expiratory volume in 1 second (FEV1) and the CAN questionnaire was measured and the degree of agreement regarding asthma control assessment was studied using Cohen's kappa. Results: We studied 162 children; 49 healthy (group 1), 23 asthmatic participants without treatment (group 2) and 80 asthmatic patients treated with inhaled corticosteroids (group 3). CA(NO) (ppb) was 2.2 (0.1-4.5), 3 (0.2-9.2) and 2.45 (0.1-24), respectively. Jaw(NO) (pl/s) was 516 (98.3-1470), 2356.67 (120-6110) and 1426 (156-11805), respectively. There was a strong association (r = 0.97) between FENO50 and Jaw(NO) and the degree of agreement was very good in group 2 and was good in group 3. There was no agreement or only slight agreement between the measures used to monitor asthma control (FEV1, CAN questionnaire, CA(NO) and Jaw(NO)). Conclusions: The results for CA(NO) and Jaw(NO) in controls were similar to those found in other reports. There was no agreement or only slight agreement among the three measure instruments analyzed to assess asthma control. In our sample, no additional information was provided by CA(NO) and Jaw(NO).
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本文报道了在中国山西太原晚石炭世煤核中发现的两种不同类型种子:小类心籽(新命名)Nucellangium minor nom. nov. 和波缘靓籽(比较种)Callospermarion cf. undulatum, 它们分别属于心籽目(Cardiocarpales)的类心籽属(Nucellangium)和靓籽属(Callospermarion)。 小类心籽为科达类植物种子,两侧对称,厚心形,主切面长约4-6mm,宽3-4mm,次切面厚约2.5-3.0mm。成熟种子的珠被由肉质层、硬质层组成,内表层由7-10层大型薄壁细胞组成,只存在于未成熟种子。肉质层外有一角质层和表皮层,肉质层分为两个亚层;外层细胞扁长,有深色内含物,内层无内含物,由薄壁细胞组成,越往内越小,硬质层外缘光滑无刺突,分为两个纤维细胞亚层,外层细胞壁厚直径小,内层细胞直径增大细胞壁变薄,沿纵切方向伸长。珠心除基部外游离于珠被。双维管系统由分布在肉质层的珠被维管束和呈套状分布的珠心维管束组成,组成珠心维管束的管胞为梯纹状加厚。文章对类心籽属的特征作了修正,并以小类心籽的形态、大小和珠被结构等特征为依据,就它的个体发育进行了探讨,证明晚出同名的小心籽(Cardiocarpus minor Wang 1987)为当前小类心籽个体发育的早期阶段。 波缘靓籽(比较种)(Callospermarion cf. undulatum)为靓羊齿植物(Callistophytales)种子,两侧对称,三层珠被,肉质层占据珠被的大部分,有分泌腔分布,肉质层外缘呈波缘状。珠心除了在基部外,游离于珠被。维管束分布在翼部肉质层内侧。首次在太原的靓籽属种子中发现了具有重要意义的特征性结构——分泌腔。还就山西太原发现的波缘靓籽所代表的个体发育阶段进行了讨论。 文中还分别讨论了这两类种子各自的亲缘关系。
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毛乌素沙地位于内蒙古鄂尔多斯高原东南部,是一个多层次生态过渡带。沙地柏系柏科(Cupressaceae)圆柏属(Sabina)常绿灌木,是毛乌素沙地中唯一的天然常绿灌木,也是一种具代表性的木本克隆植物。由于沙地柏起源古老、对半干旱沙地的适应性较强,因而吸引了许多中外研究者。本文的目的是初步探讨沙地柏对变化环境的反应。 第2章探讨沙地柏的叶结构与功能随性别、叶型、生长型和生境的变化。(1)沙地柏雌性植株的叶片厚度、失水系数、净光合速率和表观光能利用效率均显著大于雄性植株,而前者的微管束宽度显著小于后者。(2)鳞叶的表皮厚度和水分利用效率显著大于针叶,而针叶的组织密度、失水系数、光合速率、蒸腾速率和Ci/Ca显著大于鳞叶。(3)匍匐茎的最大光合速率、最大表观光能利用效率、光补偿点、暗呼吸速率、表皮细胞长度和微管束大小都显著大于起立茎,而光饱和点、水分利用效率恰好相反。水分饱和亏缺不受生长型的影响。(4)叶片的比叶面积、结构特征、失水系数、气体交换和资源利用效率均受生境类型的显著影响。(5)沙地柏叶结构与功能具有许多普遍性特征,例如,光合曲线为双峰型、具有午休现象,最大光合速率和暗呼吸速率随叶片厚度的增加而降低。 第3章探讨沙地柏根系的分布特征及其对水分资源的共享。(1)地下部分生物量投资、根密度、根面积指数随土壤水分可利用性降低而减小,这种格局有利于减缓沙地柏植株地下部分对水分资源的竞争,从而经济、长时间地利用有限水分资源。(2)根系深度系数、最大根系深度、含50%或90%根系生物量或表面积的根系深度随土壤水分可利用性降低而增大。这些结果指示,沙地柏根系通过增加深度以补偿土壤水分可利用性的降低。(3)根系生物量和表面积分布与土壤现有水分含量的有关性随生境发生变化。(4)根系分布特征既可能记载了植物生境中水分状况的变化,又可在一定程度上为群落动态提供证据。(5)沙地柏根系具有共享水分资源的潜力。 第4章分析沙地柏对养分贫瘠的沙地环境的适应策略。(1)土壤养分并不随土壤水分不可利用性的梯度变化而成梯度变化。(2)叶重比随土壤干旱度增加而增大,地下部分投资比例却相反。(3)N、P、K在叶中分配比随土壤养分含量降低而增大,而在根中的分配恰好相反。(4)N、P利用效率随土壤养分含量减少降低,重吸收效率却相反;K利用效率和重吸收效率、Ca、Mg利用效率均随土壤养分含量降低而增大。(5)沙地柏植株地上部分与地下部分对养分内循环的贡献恰好相反,这指示沙地柏植株对养分内循环的贡献可能存在一种权衡。(6)根系分布对不同养分异质性的影响存在差异,而且对水平和垂直剖面上异质性的影响也不相同。 第5章研究沙地柏种群的繁殖和更新特征。(1)根原基是沙地柏进行营养繁殖的结构基础,它反映营养繁殖能力的潜在大小,受性别、生长型、生境和植株大小级的显著影响;由根原基转化而来的不定根可吸收充足的土壤资源供给萌生分株代谢需要,因此定居分株能够独立维持。(2)雌株的繁殖分配显著大于雄株,但繁殖效率恰好相反;生长型、生境和植株大小级对繁殖分配、繁殖效率和种子产生有明显影响。(3)沙地柏同时具有营养繁殖和有性繁殖,这为种群更新提供了两种方式。由于可供分配的资源有限,两种繁殖方式各有利弊,因此两者间可能存在权衡。(4)根原基数量、繁殖分配、繁殖效率和种子产生随生境变化。这表明未来气候变化对沙地柏种群繁殖特征具有潜在影响。(5)种子质量差、种子萌发率低和幼苗存活率低是制约沙地柏种群有性更新的三个“瓶颈”。(6)沙地柏营养繁殖力强、萌生苗存活率高,这使自然条件下沙地柏种群以无性更新为主。 第6章探讨沙地柏群落的发生和演替。(1)沙地柏系古北极成分,起源古老,天然分布在大陆性干旱、半干旱草原气候带。(2)沙地柏群落的发生方式有两种,即滩地发生和固定沙地发生,但以前者为主。(3)由于毛乌素沙地的干扰频繁,因而沙地柏群落的发展具有多种途径。 第7章探讨切断匍匐茎和除叶干扰对沙地柏生理和生长特征的影响。(1)切断匍匐茎对沙地柏子株存活率的影响不显著,这批示天然压条形成的定居子株能够独立维持。(2)切断匍匐茎对子株气体交换和资源利用效率的影响都不显著,而显著影响其生长和生物量分配特征。(3)除叶干扰通过改变生理指标峰值出现时间从而影响沙地柏生理动态。(4)除叶干扰(尤其是除部分老叶)具有补偿效应,可以促进当年生枝生长和生物量积累。(5)干扰效应受干扰方式、干扰强度和环境因子的共同影响,因此干扰效应多种多样。(6)不同生理、生长指标对模拟干扰的敏感性存在差异。 第8章探讨模拟降雨变化对沙地柏实生苗生理和生长特征的影响。(1)水分变化显著影响沙地柏实生苗的气体交换特征,对所测荧光特征的影响均不显著。这种影响差异指示水分变化主要影响样片的表观性生理特征,而对光系统II的内在本质基本无影响。(2)水分变化显著影响实生苗的水分特征和水分构筑特征。两类特征的变化趋势表明,随施水量增加,沙地柏实生苗的抗旱性和水分利用效率逐渐降低。(3)水分变化显著影响生物量分配,而对形态和生产力指标均无显著影响;根系对水分变化的敏感性高于叶和茎,地下部分生物量投资随水分可利用性提高而增大。
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干旱区和半干旱区生长的植物具有复杂的生存机制,以确保其能够在特定的环境中生存和发展。植物在干旱的荒漠条件下的生存,与其特殊的种子萌发机制密切相关,这种机制能够确保植物在合适的时间与地点进行种子萌发与幼苗生长发育。在植物的生活史中,种子对极端环境具有最大的忍耐力,而萌发的幼苗对环境胁迫的忍耐程度最小。在干旱区生长的植物往往具有特殊的萌发机制使萌发出的幼苗能够度过对外界的敏感期,对于植物的生存具有重要意义。 毛乌素沙地是我国的四大沙地之一,该地区具有水分短缺,蒸发强烈,风沙剧烈和生境异质性高的特征。本文假设生长在这种极端环境中的植物也发展出了“适时适地”的种子萌发和幼苗生长的适应对策。为了验证以上的假设,本文选取毛乌素沙地不同生境中生长的两种优势固沙禾草——流动沙丘上生长的沙鞭(Psammochloa villosa)和固定沙丘上生长的赖草(Leymus secalinus)为研究材料,通过野外调查、温室控制实验和实验室控制实验的方法,从生理生态学的角度探讨这两种植物的种子萌发和幼苗生长过程对沙丘环境的适应对策,主要对比它们在种子休眠、萌发和幼苗早期生长过程中对沙丘生境适应性的异同点。研究结果表明: (1)新成熟的沙鞭和赖草的种子为适应冬季低温而发展出生理性的内生休眠——非深度生理休眠。沙鞭和赖草的种子分别需要经过4周和8周的低温层积处理(3-5ºC)来完全打破休眠。另外,划破种皮或者部分切除胚乳也能够促进种子的萌发,这进一步证明两种植物的种子具有非深度生理休眠。然而,切除胚乳在不同程度上影响它们的幼苗生长。由非深度生理休眠、温度和损伤种皮/胚乳调节的部分萌发机制能够确保两种植物的种子即使在条件适宜的情况下只有部分种子萌发,从而分散植物生存的风险性。 (2)毛乌素沙地的小量降水(无法触发萌发)使种子经常遭受湿润-干燥的交替胁迫过程。种子先在湿润条件下吸涨1d或者2d,然后在室温下干燥0-8天。尽管在经历反复吸涨和自然干燥脱水后仍能够保持萌发能力,沙鞭和赖草种子的萌发特性却发生了不同的变化:和各自的对照相比,沙鞭种子萌发率相同而萌发速率降低;赖草种子的萌发率和萌发速率都降低,部分种子进入休眠状态。沙鞭和赖草萌发出的幼苗可能由于没有后续降雨或者因沙蚀而遭受干燥胁迫,但是其幼苗在生长早期能够忍耐一定程度的干燥,再次湿润后部分幼苗能够恢复生长。沙鞭和赖草幼苗的耐干燥的“极限点”不同:当幼根长度为1 mm时,它们的幼苗忍耐干燥的时间分别是60d和30d;当幼根长度为4 mm时,它们的幼苗忍耐干燥的时间分别是14d和7d。沙鞭和赖草的种子和生长早期的幼苗的耐干燥性特性可能是它们对降雨量和降雨时间都不可预测的沙地生境的生存策略之一。 (3)不同的沙埋深度影响沙鞭和赖草的种子萌发和出苗。这两种植物的种子萌发和出苗都需1-2 cm的浅层沙埋。随着沙埋深度的增加,两种植物的种子萌发率和出苗率逐渐降低,强迫休眠率逐渐升高;萌发率与出苗率和沙埋深度呈负相关关系而休眠率和沙埋深度呈正相关关系。但是,沙鞭种子出苗的最大沙埋深度是8 cm,而赖草的则为4 cm。因强迫休眠而没有萌发的种子对维持一个长期的土壤种子库来说具有生态学优势,这些种子暴露在合适的萌发土壤深度时具有生长出幼苗的潜能。 (4)沙鞭和赖草的种子都具有大小的差异性,种子大小对沙鞭和赖草的种子在不同沙埋深度的出苗具有不同的影响。沙鞭的三种不同大小种子的平均质量分别为小,4.489 ± 0.012 mg (4 – 4.9 mg);中,5.457 ± 0.012 mg (5 – 5.9 mg)和大,6.415 ± 0.011 mg (6 – 6.9 mg)。赖草的两种不同大小种子的平均质量分别为小,3.083 ± 0.026 mg (3 – 3.5 mg)和大3.955 ± 0.028 mg (3.6 – 4.0 mg)。在相同的沙埋深度下,两种植物的大种子的出苗率都显著高于小种子。和小种子相比,两种植物的大种子由于贮藏更多的能量,所以在相同深度的沙埋中具有出苗率更高的生态优势,而大量小种子在沙埋中不能萌发,可以作为种子库保存在沙层中,这样就分散了一次性大量萌发给植物带来的冒险性。 (5)沙鞭和赖草的幼苗在生长过程中会遭受沙埋,其幼苗忍耐沙埋的能力与沙埋的相对深度(沙埋比例)和幼苗年龄有关。沙鞭和赖草幼苗的耐沙埋能力不同:沙鞭的2周龄幼苗可以忍耐达到株高100%的沙埋,而其1周龄幼苗只能忍耐75%的沙埋。赖草的1周龄和2周龄幼苗都只能忍耐75%的沙埋。沙埋之后,沙鞭和赖草幼苗的生物量,根/茎比以及根和茎的长度都受到不同程度的影响。赖草幼苗不能忍耐完全沙埋可能是限制它在流动沙丘上分布的一个原因。 (6)降雨量和降雨频率能够不同程度地影响沙鞭和赖草在不同沙层的萌发和出苗。这两种植物的种子萌发和出苗需要的最小降雨量不同:在一次浇水相当于5 mm降雨量后,沙鞭和赖草种子的萌发率都超过50%;但是使沙鞭和赖草的出苗率能够达到50%的降雨量分别为10 mm和15 mm。沙埋中的沙鞭和赖草种子的出苗对降雨的响应具有以下特征:两种植物种子的出苗随降雨量或者降雨频率的增加而增加;沙鞭的出苗率受到降雨量和降雨频率的显著影响,但是二者交互作用的影响不显著;赖草的出苗率受到降雨量、降雨频率以及二者交互作用的显著影响。 由非深度生理休眠,种子大小,干燥-湿润循环,沙埋和降雨调节的种子萌发和出苗机制确保了自然条件下沙鞭和赖草每次只有少量种子萌发和出苗,从而分散了两种植物在沙丘上的生存风险。 根据沙鞭和赖草在沙丘上的种子萌发和幼苗生长特性,本文为毛乌素沙地通过植物固沙恢复受损的沙地生态系统的种子飞播实践提出了几点建议。
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采自黑龙江省兴凯湖区域的管壳缝目 (Aulonoraphidinales)硅藻 4科 6属 30种 14变种 2变型 ,其中 2种 4变种1变型为中国新记录。初步分析了不同生境下的管壳缝目植物的种类组成。为黑龙江省兴凯湖硅藻资源的调查提供最基本的资料。
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在模拟精度验证基础上,应用WinEPIC模型模拟研究了黄土高原不同降水类型区1960~2000年期间不同肥力水平下连作春玉米的产量变化和土壤水分效应。模拟结果表明:(1)洛川、延安、寿阳、榆林连作春玉米产量地区间差异显著,其年平均值分别为4.40、3.75、2.50、1.75t/hm2。施肥增产率和水分利用效率地区间差异均显著,均表现为洛川>延安>寿阳>榆林;同一地区水分利用效率随施肥量的增加而提高,不同地区施肥增产率最大值范围不同。(2)0~7m土层逐月土壤有效含水量地区间差异显著,洛川>延安>寿阳>榆林;同一地区内肥力水平越高,春玉米耗水量越大,逐月土壤有效含水量平均值越低。在春玉米生育期内0~7m土层年度土壤有效水分增减量地区间差异显著,洛川<延安<寿阳<榆林;不同肥力处理间的差异在模拟前期为显著,在模拟后期为不显著。(3)所有地区的春玉米在连作期间0~7m土层土壤湿度剖面分布,在经历了土壤湿度逐年降低、土壤干层逐年加厚的干燥化过程后,均出现了稳定的土壤干层。土壤干燥化速度地区间差异显著,洛川<延安<寿阳<榆林;不同肥力处理间随着施肥水平的提高土壤干燥化速度加快。(4)洛川、延安、寿阳、榆林连作春玉米的...
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本论文共合成了两种类型12个稀土金属配合物和一个硅化合物,分别对它们进行了红外、核磁等表征,对其中的9个配合物进行了晶体结构的测定。考察了配体结构和反应条件对所生成的配合物结构的影响,研究了稀土单烷基配合物的反应性,以及稀土双烷基配合物在烷基铝和有机硼盐的共同作用下对丁二烯聚合的催化活性和选择性。主要工作内容和结论如下: (1) 合成了噻吩苯胺配体(HL1),该配体与(Lu,Y)稀土三烷基化合物反应,通过C–H活化和烷基消除反应制备了稀土(Lu,Y)单烷基配合物1和2,配体以少见的C,N模式配位,S原子并不参与配位。配体(HL1)与Sc三烷基化合物反应制备了配体分别以C, N和N, S配位的双配的Sc配合物5。 (2) 通过改变反应时间和溶剂体系,HL1与稀土钇三烷基化合物反应可得到罕见的由稀土烷基化物和胺化物两部分组成的配合物3,它们通过噻吩环上活化的C原子连接在一起。HL1和Lu(CH2SiMe3)2(THF)2LiCH2SiMe3在甲苯和正己烷溶剂中反应可得到以L12Lu(CH2SiMe3)2为阴离子,Li(THF)4为阳离子的离子对4。 (3) 研究配合物1和2的反应性。1和2与过量的PhSiH3反应得到中心金属与Si元素交换的Si化合物。 (4) 合成了噻吩苯基膦胺配体(HL2-4)和苯基膦胺配体(HL5)配体。HL2-5与稀土(Y, Lu和Sc)三烷基化合物反应制备了稀土双烷基配合物6,7,8,9,10,11和12。进一步研究了稀土金属双烷基配合物6–12对丁二烯的催化特性,发现该系列催化剂具有独特的催化性质,能够催化丁二烯高反1,4-聚合(91.3%),得到的聚合物分子量在1到2万之间,分子量分布较窄(1.4–1.6)。 (5) 研究了金属钇(Y),镥(Lu),钪(Sc)三种中心金属对丁二烯聚合活性和反式1,4选择性的影响,发现催化剂对丁二烯聚合活性和反1,4选择性取决于配合物的中心金属原子,其中选择性最高为钪配合物,催化活性最佳的为钇配合物。 (6) 研究了配体HL2-4的N-芳环上的取代基分别为甲基,乙基,异丙基时催化体系对丁二烯反式1,4聚合活性和选择性的影响,发现随着N-芳环上取代基空间位阻的增大,催化剂活性逐渐下降,选择性逐渐增加,但当其取代基为异丙基时,过大的空间位阻导致活性和选择性同时有明显的下降。我们通过改变噻吩基为苯基,比较了相同聚合条件下含噻吩基的稀土双烷基配合物和含苯基的稀土双烷基配合物对丁二烯聚合活性和选择性的影响,发现噻吩环的存在对催化剂的活性和选择性有较大的影响。 (7) 在相同催化剂条件下,研究了不同聚合条件(不同类型的AlR3,不同类型的Borate,Al/Ln比等)对丁二烯反1,4聚合活性和选择性的影响。 我们发现,在AlR3和Borate这两种影响因素中,以烷基铝的类型对催化剂催化活性和选择性的影响最大,而有机硼盐的影响则比较轻微,其中以烷基铝为AliBu3,Borate为[B(C6F5)4][Me2NHPh]时,反1,4选择性为最佳。Al/Ln增大并不能够显著增加催化剂的活性,对选择性的影响也并不明显,相反,随着铝比的增加,聚合过程中的链转移增加,导致分子量下降,对于该系列稀土烷基催化剂,最佳Ln/Al 为10。