960 resultados para 3-D modeling
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琼胶是一种从石花菜等红藻中提取的,目前生产工艺和结构等方面研究比较成熟的海藻多糖,广泛应用于医药、仪器等行业。但是,海藻多糖因为具有分子量大,粘度大,溶解度较小的等特点,而使其应用范围受到限制。利用降解的手段对其进行修饰,降低分子量和粘度,改善溶解性,可以拓展其应用范围。并且根据文献报道,琼 胶寡糖具有一些特殊的生物活性,如抗氧化性,抗炎症等。因此,对琼胶降解的研究具有生要意义。本研究中,为了选择一种合适的降解方法,进行了几种水解方法的尝试,其中包括在不同湿度和酸度下盐酸水解,过氧化氢和醋酸催化水解,Fenton体系羟基自由基降解。对于酸水解和Fenton体系氧化还原降解方法,通过粘度法对反应的速度进行了比较,表明氧化还原降解反应中琼胶的粘度降低比较快,并且具有代表性和新意,确定为本实验的降解琼胶的方法并对氧化还原降解所得的产物进行了活性实验。通过模仿自然界普遍存在的氧化还原降解反应,利用Vc诱导的Fenton体系产生的羟基自由基氧化还原降解琼胶得到低分子量的琼胶。降解产物经过高速离心、60%乙醇沉淀,除去分子量比较大的降解产物和磷酸盐,得到可溶于60%乙醇的分子量估计小于3000的降争产物,其产率为85%。利用经Sephadex-G25凝胶色谱分离所香的不同分子量的级分进行分子量和α-葡萄糖苷酶抑制活性关系的实验。降解产物对α-葡萄糖苷酶的抑制率和各级分的浓度呈线性正相关,并且各级分的IC_(50)则随着分子量的降低而降低。另外,对所得的降解产物混合物进行了红外吸收光谱、质子去偶核磁共震碳谱和负离子基质辅助激光诱导-飞行时间质谱结构分析。结果表明,氧化还原降解反应的专一性差,在得到寡糖的同时,在光谱图中出现一些比较复杂的副产物的结构信息。最后,根据MTT法的原理,以有体皮肤成纤维细胞为材料,通过紫外线辐射产生自由基造成氧化损伤,研究降解产物对成纤维细胞的保护作用。当无紫外线辐射时,降解产物对成纤维细胞具有显著的促进生长增殖作用:当经UVa、UBb辐射时则可以显著地表现出对损伤的保护作用,并且这种促进生长和保护作用呈显著的量效关系,表明降解产物具有清除基自由基的作用。但是,因为氧化还原降解以应的机理尚不十分明的以及琼羟胶的特殊结构,使得反应的副产物很难预测,也就使得分离工作难以进行,所以,根据目前所得的信息,尚不能确定是降解产物的什么级分产生的以上两种生物活性。
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本论文研究了胶洲湾、东海和渤海的蓝细菌(Synechococcus)、生物量、异养细菌生物量和生产力的生态学特点。并在汇泉湾、渤海和东海用分极增减法对海洋蓝细菌在微型食物环(the microbial loop)中的作用进行了初步研究。在以上海区调查研究的时间如下:胶州湾:1993年2月、5月、9月11月,1996年5月、1999年3月、5月和12月。汇泉湾:1996年4月至1998年4月。东海:1997年2-3月,1998年7月。渤海1998年9-10月,1999年4-5月。研究结果如下:胶州湾:蓝细菌生物量的变化范围是11.4-0.03 mgC/m~3,季节变化是夏季>秋季和春季>冬季。其水平分布是除夏季蓝细菌生物量是沿岸浅水区向湾外递减外,其它三季(春、秋和冬季)是由湾外向湾内至沿岸浅水区递减。蓝细菌生物量与海水温度周年变化正相关,与季节海水温度的关系是秋、冬季分布变化一致,春、夏季分布变化相反。海水温度是影响胶州湾蓝细菌生物量分布变化的主要原因。异养细菌生物量和生产力的变化范围分别是29.8-1.62 mgC/m~3; 129.12-1.92 mgC/m~3.d。季节变化都是夏季>秋季、春季>冬季。夏季的异养细菌生物量和生产力水平分布趋势与蓝细菌生物量的分布变化相同。海水温度对异养细菌生产力的影响较对异养细菌生物量的影响大。异养细菌生产力相比(BP:PP)的变化在0.58-0.02之间,季节分布变化是夏季>秋季、春季>冬季。夏季表层的BP:PP由沿岸浅水区向湾心、湾口和湾外递减。东海:蓝细菌生物量的变化范围是46.72-0.011 mgC/m~3,夏季高平均是23.59 mgC/m~3,冬季低平均是3.61 mgC/m~3。冬季蓝细菌生物量的水平分布明显受黑潮的影响,在表面和20米层是由东南向西北方向递减。其垂直分布是冬季表层和20米层>底层,夏季是20米层>表层>底层;在连续站冬111站和410站变化都是中层>底层>表层。异养细菌生物量和生产力的变化范围分别是17.2-4.4 mgC/m~3(1997.2);376.8-7.2 mgC/m~3.d。异养细菌生产力夏季高平均是35.1 mgC/m~3.d。异养细菌生物量的水平分布是由沿岸向外海递增(1997.2),异养细菌生产力的水平分布是冬季异养细菌生产力在32度断面有由沿岸向外递减趋势,PN断面的变化与冬季相似。垂直分布,冬季和夏季的异养细菌生产力的垂直变化在2断面是底层大于表面,PN断面则是表层大于底层,32度断面大多断站是底层大于表层。在连续站冬季111站异养细菌生产力的变化是底层>中层>表层,409站的变化是中层>底层>表层,夏季111站和410站都是中>底层>表层。异养细菌生物量(1997.2)表层分布变化与海水温度分布变化相似,底层变化相反。异养细菌生产力与初级生产力相比(BP:PP),冬季在0.04-0.30之间,平均为0.17;夏季在0.20-0.43之间平均0.32。冬季在长江口附近BP:PP有一个高值区是0.30,夏季在111站附近有一个高值区是0.43。从连续站111站和409’站观测发现底层的BP:PP明显高于表层。渤海:蓝细菌生物量秋季(16.6-0.37 mgC/m~3)比春季(0.44-0.015 mgC/m~3)高。其秋季的水平分布与海水盐度水平分布相同,与海水温度水平分布相反。异养细菌生产力秋季(189-62.2 mgC/m~3.d)与春季(193.2-49.8 mgC/m~3.d)相当。但秋季捕层BP普遍小于底层,而春季是表层普遍大于底层。根据颗粒分级培养实验结果,海洋蓝图细菌在微型食物环中的作用如下:在汇泉湾的春季和秋季蓝细菌可能主要被小型浮游动物(microzooplankton 20-200 μm)捕食。在渤海的春季和秋季也是同样结果。但在东海夏季的111站和410站附近(东海大陆架中部)微型浮游动物(nanozooplankton 2-20 μm)对蓝细菌的捕食压力明显。
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Two biological aerated filters (BAF) were setup for ammonia removal treatment of the circulation water in a marine aquaculture. One of the BAFs was bioaugmented with a heterotrophic nitrifying bacterium, Lutimonas sp. H10, where the ammonia removal was not improved and the massive inoculation was even followed by a nitrification breakdown from day 9 to 18. The nitrification was remained stable in control BAF operated under the same conditions. Fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH) with rRNA-targeted probes and cultivable method revealed that Lutimonas sp. H10 almost disappeared from the bioaugomented BAF within 3 d, and this was mainly due to the infection of a specific phage as revealed by flask experiment, plaque assay and transmission electron observation. Analyses of 16S rRNA gene libraries showed that bacterial groups from two reactors evolved differently and an overgrowth of protozoa was observed in the bioaugmented BAR Therefore, phage infection and poor biofilm forming ability of the inoculated strain are the main reasons for bioaugmentation failure. In addition, gazing by protozoa of the bacteria might be the reason for the nitrification breakdown in bioaugmented BAF during day 9-18.
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The velocity components across tidal fronts are examined using the Blumberg and Mellor 3-D nonlinear numerical coastal circulation model incorporated with the Mellor and Yamada level 2.5 turbulent closure model based on the reasonable model output of the M-2 tide and density residual currents. In the numerical experiments, upwelling motion appears around all the fronts with different velocity structures, accounting for surface cold water around the fronts. The experiments also suggest that the location and formation of fronts are closely related to topography and tidal mixing, as is the velocity structure around the front.
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The three-dimensional fluorescence spectrum was used to detect the changes in dissolved organic substances from the cultured Skeletonema costatum, Alexandrium tamarense, Alexandrium mimutum, Scrippsiella trochodea, Prorocentrum donghaiense and Prorocentrum micans. The result indicates that all of the microalgaes can produce FDOM in the growth courses. Diatom such as Skeletonema costatum can produce humic-like FDOM. However dinoflagellate can produce protein-like FDOM at exponential growth phase. When the algae grows into decadency phase, the intensity of humic-like and protein-like fluorescence augments rapidly, which may be due to a mass of FDOM realeased by the old or dead cell fragmentation and the degradation of bacteria by using non-FDOM. The fluorescent intensity of Alexandrium tamarense, Alexandrium mimutum, Prorocentrum donghaiense and Prorocentrum micans can reduce at anaphase of decadency phase because of the degradation of bacteria and light. The same genus of algae can produce similar FDOM, for example: Alexandrium tamarense, and Alexandrium mimutum, Prorocentrum donghaiense and Prorocentrum micans, but the positions of the fluorescence peaks are different.
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A three-dimensional (3-D) coupled physical and biological model was used to investigate the physical processes and their influence on the ecosystem dynamics of the Bohai Sea of China. The physical processes include M-2 tide, time - varying wind forcing and river discharge. Wind records from I to 31 May in 1993 were selected to force the model. The biological model is based on a simple, nitrate and phosphate limited, lower trophic food web system. The simulated results showed that variation of residual currents forced by M, tide, river discharge and time-varying wind had great impact on the distribution of phytoplankton biomass in the Laizhou Bay. High phytoplankton biomass appeared in the upwelling region. Numerical experiments based on the barotropic model and baroclinic model with no wind and water discharge were also conducted. Differences in the results by the baroclinic model and the barotropic model were significant: more patches appeared in the baroclinic model comparing with the barotropic model. And in the baroclinic model, the subsurface maximum phytoplankton biomass patches formed in the stratified water.
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N'-(4-fluorobenzylidene)-2-(1H-1 2,4-triazole-1-yl) acetohydrazide was synthesized by the reaction of 4-fluorobenzaldehyde with 2-(1H-1 2,4-triazole-1-yl) acetohydrazide. The structure was confirmed via elemental analysis, MS, H-1 NMR, IR, and X-ray diffraction. It crystallized in a monoclinic system with space group P2 (1) a = 0.4905 (1) nm, b = 0.8160 (2) nm, c = 1.4105 (3) nm, beta = 93.33 (3)degrees, Z = 2, V = 0.5636 (2) nm(3), D-c = 1.457 Mg/m(3), mu = 0.112 mm(-1), F(000) = 256, and final R-1 = 0.0685. Several intermolecular hydrogen-bond interactions existed in the crystal structure, facilitating the stabilization of the compound.
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在室内条件下,将大鵟作为艾虎的天敌动物,通过双通道选择实验确定6只成体艾虎在3个捕食风险水平和4种饥饿状态条件下的取食行为,探讨艾虎在取食过程中对饥饿风险与捕食风险的权衡策略.研究结果表明:在无捕食风险存在时,艾虎被剥夺食物0 d和1 d后对食物量不同的两个斑块中的取食量和利用频次均无明显不同(P>0.05),但对高食物量斑块的利用时间均明显高于低食物量斑块的(P<0.05),而艾虎被剥夺食物2 d和3 d后对高食物量斑块中的取食量和利用时间均明显高于低食物量斑块中的(P<0.05),但在利用频次上均无明显差异(P>0.05).在面临低风险时,艾虎在4种饥饿状态下均只利用无天敌动物存在的低食物量斑块,而基本不利用有天敌动物存在的高食物量斑块.在面临高风险时,艾虎不得不利用有天敌动物存在的食物斑块,被剥夺食物0 d时艾虎对无风险、无食物量斑块的利用时间基本相同于对高风险、有食物量斑块的利用时间(P>0.05),而被剥夺食物1 d、2 d和3 d后艾虎对高风险、有食物量斑块的利用时间明显高于无风险、无食物量斑块的(P<0.05).在相同风险条件下,随着饥饿程度增加,艾虎在斑块中的取食量均明显增加(P<0.05),而对斑块的利用时间和利用频次明显降低(P<0.05).在相同的饥饿状态下,不同风险水平时,艾虎在斑块中的取食量无明显的差异(P>0.05),但在低风险和高风险时对斑块的利用时间和频次均明显低于无风险时的(P<0.05).以上结果说明艾虎能够根据食物摄取率和自身的能量需求在捕食风险和饥饿风险之间做出权衡,当饥饿风险小于捕食风险时,艾虎趋于躲避捕食风险,当饥饿风险大于捕食风险时,艾虎趋于面对捕食风险,所采用的取食策略是减少活动时间和能量消耗,最大程度地提高单位时间内获得的能量.
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以2-(2-(10-蒽基)-萘[2,3-d]咪唑)-乙基-对甲苯磺酸酯(ANITS)作为柱前衍生化试剂,在Eclipse XDB-C8色谱柱上,梯度洗脱实现了20种游离脂肪酸(FFA)衍生物的完全基线分离.90℃下在DMF溶剂中以K2CO3作催化剂,选取衍生试剂摩尔数为脂肪酸的7倍,衍生反应40 min可获得稳定的荧光产物.激发和发射波长分别为250 nm和512 nm.采用大气压化学电离源(APCI)正离子模式,实现了油菜蜂花粉中游离脂肪酸的质谱鉴定.所有脂肪酸的线性相关系数均大于0.9999, 检出限为24.76~98.79 fmol.
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本文探讨新生大鼠肾上腺皮质对高原低氧的应答及模拟高原低氧对其功能发育的影响。结果表明, 当不同日龄大鼠暴露于5 km 及7 km 海拔24 h, 7 d、14 d 龄大鼠肾上腺皮质无明显应答反应。21 d 及28 d 龄大鼠肾上腺皮质酮水平随海拔增高而增加, 血浆皮质酮表现为抑制作用。当1 d 龄新生大鼠在5 km 海拔高度发育3 d 和7 d,其肾上腺皮质功能无异于正常发育大鼠; 但发育14 d、21 d 及28 d, 其血液及肾上腺中皮质酮含量均明显低于对照组, 肾上腺皮质功能发育严重受抑。
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A sensitive method for the determination of free fatty acids using 2-(2-(anthracen-10-yl)-1H-naphtho[2,3-dimidazol-1-yl) ethyl-p-toluenesuIfonate (ANITS) as tagging reagent with fluorescence detection has been developed. ANITS could easily and quickly label fatty acids in the presence of the K2CO3 catalyst at 90 degrees C for 40 min in N,N-dimethylformamide solvent. From the extracts of rape bee pollen samples, 20 free fatty acids were sensitively determined. Fatty acid derivatives were separated on a reversed-phase Eclipse XDB-C8 column by HPLC in conjunction with gradient elution. The corresponding derivatives were identified by post-column APCI/MS in positive-ion detection mode. ANITS-fatty acid derivatives gave an intense molecular ion peak at mlz [M+H](+); with MS/MS analysis, the collision-induced dissociation spectra of m/z [M+H](+) produced the specific fragment ions at mlz [M-345](+) and mlz 345.0 (here, m/z 345 is the core structural moiety of the ANITS molecule). The fluorescence excitation and emission wavelengths of the derivatives were lambda(ex) = 250 nm and lambda(em) = 512 nm, respectively. Linear correlation coefficients for all fatty acid derivatives are > 0.9999. Detection limits, at a signal-to-noise ratio of 3 : 1, are 24.76-98.79 fmol for the labeled fatty acids.
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提出一种基于遗传算法的三维动态环境下的路径规划方法,通过对机器人的运动行为进行编码,将各种约束条件融入到遗传算法当中,规划出可实际应用的避障路径,仿真研究表明该方法是简单有效的。
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本文提出了一种结构化环境下,基于立体视觉的机器人楼梯识别算法,并将算法该应到自主移动机器人上。该算法首先利用二维图像分析的方法搜索楼梯的疑似区域;进而利用立体视觉对各个疑似区域进行精确三维重建,结合三维信息重构楼梯平面,排除虚假疑似楼梯区域;最后判定机器人和楼梯的相对位姿关系,引导机器人爬楼梯。最终我们将该算法应用到了自主移动机器人上,通过在各种光照条件下的实验,进一步验证了该算法的准确性和快速性。
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分析了轮式移动机器人(WMR)在不平坦的三维地形上运动的运动学模型.利用速度投影法,得到了WMR运动模型的一种新形式.基于虚拟现实技术,利用VC++OpenGL实现了WMR虚拟漫游系统.该系统具有较强的交互性和实时性,为星球探测机器人的虚拟导航、遥操作等提供了验证平台.
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提出了一种新型模块化链式移动机器人机构,它具有可重构、自动变形的特点。单个标准模块主要由中间通孔式连接手臂、履带驱动链传动装置、模块偏转锥齿轮传动装置、模块俯仰链传动装置、连接柄等组成。模块间由偏转关节、连接柄、连接臂和仰俯关节进行连接组合。为提高单个模块的机动性和实现运动自主功能,对标准模块进行了适当改进,单模块机器人采用了履带、轮、臂、腿组合的移动机构,具有三维空间的运动能力。最后对单模块机器人样机在垂直壁障碍、平地支腿、平地转弯、斜坡、楼梯等情况下的运动能力进行了实验,为进一步实现多模块机器人的自重构和环境应用打下了基础。