Multiscale habitat associations of deepwater demersal fishes off central California

Fish-habitat associations were examined at three spatial scales in Monterey Bay, California, to determine how benthic habitats and landscape configuration have structured deepwater demersal fish assemblages. Fish counts and habitat variables were quantified by using observer and video data collected from a submersible. Fish responded to benthic habitats at scales ranging from cm’s to km’s. At broad-scales (km’s), habitat strata classified from acoustic maps were a strong predictor of fish assemblage composition. At intermediate-scales (m’s−100 m’s), fish species were associated with specific substratum patch types. At fine-scales (<1 m), microhabitat associations revealed differing degrees of microhabitat specificity, and for some species revealed niche separation within patches. The use of habitat characteristics in ecosystembased management, particularly as a surrogate for species distributions, will depend on resolving fish-habitat associations and habitat complexity over multiple scales.

Fatores de risco para infecções hospitalares em crianças críticas

O objetivo desta tese foi avaliar a influências da exposição a diversos fatores de risco e ocorrência de infecção hospitalar (IH) e examinar fatores de risco relacionados às pneumonias associadas ao uso de ventilador mecânico (PAV) em crianças críticas. Usamos os métodos de estudo prospectivo envolvendo uma coorte de 268 crianças menores de três anos, realizado em unidade de pacientes graves, de janeiro de 1997 e setembro de 2000. Aplicou-se técnica de regressão de Poisson para estimar razões de risco e estratégia de abordagem hierárquica para identificar fatores de risco associados à IH. Apenas para 179 crianças críticas que usaram ventilador mecânico, aplicou-se a regressão de Cox para estimar razões de risco e identificar fatores de risco associados à PAV. Os resultados apresentaram 74 infecções hospitalares diagnosticadas no total, com taxa de incidência de 48,1 IH por 1000 pacientes-dia. Foi determinante para ocorrência de infecção hospitalar, idade superior a dois anos (Razão de Risco) [RR]: 2,66; intervalo de confiança [IC]: 95%: 1,46-4,58), uso de sonda vesical (RR: 2,92; IC 95%: 1,47-5,80), uso de nutrição parenteral (RR: 1,90; IC 95%: 1,15-3,13), realização de broncoscopia (RR: 1,84; IC 95%: 1,03-3,27), tempo de exposição ao cateter vascular central (RR: 2,36; IC 95%: 1,18-4,71) e ao ventilador mecânico (RR: 1,72; IC 95%: 0,94-3,15). Observou-se PAV em 29 crianças (16,3%), com taxa de incidência de 29,3 casos por 1000 dias de ventilação mecânica (IC 95%: 20,34-42,11), dos quais 50% dos eventos ocorreram até o quinto dia de ventilação. A taxa de risco diária aumentou até um máximo de 2,3%, observada no 7 dia de ventilação, e reduziu a partir daí. Foram fatores de risco para PAV na análise multivariada hierarquizada, idade acima de 1 ano (RR: 3,49; IC 95%; 1,64-7,45), cirurgia do aparelho digestivo (RR: 5,05; IC 95%; 2,17-11,78) e nutrição parenteral (RR: 2,68; IC 95%: 1,24-5,8). /exposição a antibióticos antes da internação conferiu proteção (RR: 0,29; IC 95%: 0,13-0,66). Concluímos que os resultados encontrados neste estudo indicam que a influência do tempo de exposição é determinante para a ocorrência de infecções hospitalares e está associado aos processos de cuidados do paciente crítico. Políticas institucionais direcionadas ao controles e prevenção das IH devem fazer de estratégias fundamentais para a qualidade da assistência e segurança do paciente internado. Vigilância de Saúde Pública e componentes longitudinais de estudo de fatores de risco para infecções hospitalares e para pneumonias associadas ao ventilador podem ajudar avaliar prognósticos e planejar e testar medidas preventivas, concentrando-se esforços na primeira semana de ventilação.

Cicerón en España (siglos XVIII-XXI): Reflexiones políticas e historiográficas

Atti del XII Colloquium Tullianum (Salamanca, 7-9 ottobre 2004)

Pseudohypoparathyroidism Type Ib Associated with Novel Duplications in the GNAS Locus

Context Pseudohypoparathyroidism type 1b (PHP-Ib) is characterized by renal resistance to PTH (and, sometimes, a mild resistance to TSH) and absence of any features of Albright's hereditary osteodystrophy. Patients with PHP-Ib suffer of defects in the methylation pattern of the complex GNAS locus. PHP-Ib can be either sporadic or inherited in an autosomal dominant pattern. Whereas familial PHP-Ib is well characterized at the molecular level, the genetic cause of sporadic PHP-Ib cases remains elusive, although some molecular mechanisms have been associated with this subtype. Objective The aim of the study was to investigate the molecular and imprinting defects in the GNAS locus in two unrelated patients with PHP-Ib. Design We have analyzed the GNAS locus by direct sequencing, Methylation-Specific Multiplex Ligation-dependent Probe Amplification, microsatellites, Quantitative Multiplex PCR of Short Fluorescent fragments and array-Comparative Genomic Hybridization studies in order to characterize two unrelated families with clinical features of PHP-Ib. Results We identified two duplications in the GNAS region in two patients with PHP-Ib: one of them, comprising similar to 320 kb, occurred 'de novo' in the patient, whereas the other one, of similar to 179 kb in length, was inherited from the maternal allele. In both cases, no other known genetic cause was observed. Conclusion In this article, we describe the to-our-knowledge biggest duplications reported so far in the GNAS region. Both are associated to PHP-Ib, one of them occurring 'de novo' and the other one being maternally inherited.

Piper and Vismia Species from Colombian Amazonia Differentially Affect Cell Proliferation of Hepatocarcinoma Cells

There is an increasing interest to identify plant-derived natural products with antitumor activities. In this work, we have studied the effects of aqueous leaf extracts from Amazonian Vismia and Piper species on human hepatocarcinoma cell toxicity. Results showed that, depending on the cell type, the plants displayed differential effects; thus, Vismia baccifera induced the selective killing of HepG2, while increasing cell growth of PLC-PRF and SK-HEP-1. In contrast, these two last cell lines were sensitive to the toxicity by Piper krukoffii and Piper putumayoense, while the Piperaceae did not affect HepG2 growth. All the extracts induced cytotoxicity to rat hepatoma McA-RH7777, but were innocuous (V. baccifera at concentrations < 75 mu g/mL) or even protected cells from basal death (P. putumayoense) in primary cultures of rat hepatocytes. In every case, cytotoxicity was accompanied by an intracellular accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS). These results provide evidence for the anticancer activities of the studied plants on specific cell lines and suggest that cell killing could be mediated by ROS, thus involving mechanisms independent of the plants free radical scavenging activities. Results also support the use of these extracts of the Vismia and Piper genera with opposite effects as a model system to study the mechanisms of the antitumoral activity against different types of hepatocarcinoma.