Karyotypic diversity in polyploid gibel carp, Carassius auratus gibelio Bloch

Polyploid gibel carp, Carassius auratus gibelio, is an excellent model system for evolutionary genetics owing to its specific genetic background and reproductive modes. Comparative karyotype studies were performed in three cultured clones, one artificially manipulated group, and one mated group between two clones. Both the clones A and P had 156 chromosomes in their karyotypes, with 36 metacentric, 54 submetacentric, 36 subtelocentric, 24 acrocentric, and six small chromosomes. The karyotype of clone D contained 162 chromosomes, with 42 metacentric, 54 submetacentric, 36 subtelocentric, 24 acrocentric, and six small chromosomes. All the three clones had six small chromosomes in common. Group G, being originated from the clone D by artificial manipulation, showed supernumerary microchromosomes or chromosomal fragments, in addition to the normal chromosome complement that was identical to the clone D. The offspring from mating between clones D and A had 159 chromosomes. Comparing with the clone A, the DA offspring showed three extra metacentric chromosomes. In addition, variable RAPD fingerprint patterns and unusual SCAR marker inheritance were, respectively, detected among individuals of artificial group G and in the mated DA offspring. Both the chromosome and molecular findings suggest that genome reshuffling might have occurred by manipulation or mating of the clones.

The restoration of aquatic macrophytes for improving water quality in a hypertrophic shallow lake in Hubei Province, China

This paper deals with a case study of the restoration of submerged macrophytes for improving water quality in a hypertrophic shallow lake, Lake Donghu of Wuhan, Hubei Province, China. Macrophyte restoration experiments were conducted in large-scale enclosures established in three sublakes of different trophic status, and the effectiveness for water quality improvement was tested by using the enclosure experiment in the hypertrophic sublake. Water quality was remarkably improved after the reestablishment of aquatic macrophytes. It is suggested that the submerged vegetation of less polluted sublakes could be capable of recovering spontaneously once the stocking of herbivorous fishes has been ceased, and the K-selected plants such as Potamogeton maackianus should be introduced into these sublakes to enhance the stability of aquatic vegetation. However, it may not be possible and economical to restore the submerged macrophytes in severely polluted basins unless external pollution has been cut off and internal nutrient loadings considerably reduced. In this case, the r-selected submerged plants should be used as the pioneer species for macrophyte recovery. (C) 2001 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.

Photosynthetic characteristics of the terrestrial blue-green alga, Nostoc flagelliforme

Photosynthetic responses of rewetted Nostoc flagelliforme to CO2, desiccation, light and temperature were investigated under emersed conditions in order to characterize its ecophysiological behaviour in nature. Net photosynthesis increased to a maximum rate at about 30 % water loss, then decreased, while dark respiration always decreased with the progress of desiccation. Light-saturated photosynthesis and dark respiration were significantly reduced at 8 degreesC, but remained little affected by changes of temperature within the range of 15-35 degreesC. Photosynthetic efficiency (alpha) was maximal at the beginning of desiccation and then reduced with increased water loss. Saturating irradiance for photosynthesis was about 194-439 mu mol quanta m(-2) s(-1), being maximal at about 30 % water loss. No photoinhibition was observed at irradiances up to 1140 mu mol m(-2) s(-1). Light compensation points were about 41-93 mu mol m(-2) s(-1). Photosynthesis of N. flagelliforme was CO2-limited at the present atmospheric CO2 level. The CO2-saturated photosynthesis increased with increase of irradiance (190-1140 mu mol m(-2) s(-1)) and temperature (8-25 degreesC) and decreased significantly with water loss (0-75 %). Photosynthetic affinity for CO2 was sensitive to temperature and irradiance. The CO2 compensation point (Gamma) increased significantly with increased temperature and was insensitive to irradiance. Desiccation did not affect Gamma values before water loss exceeded 70 %. Photorespiratory CO2 release did not occur in N. flagelliforme at the current atmospheric CO2 level.

ROLE OF PHOSPHORUS CYCLING IN ALGAL METABOLISM AND ALGAL SUCCESSION IN LAKE DONGHU, CHINA

The role of phosphorus cycling in algal metabolism was studied in a shallow lake, Donghu, in Wuhan using the methods of measuring cell quota C, N and P, and calculating nutrients uptake rate by algal photosynthesis. The mean daily phosphorus uptake rate of phytoplankton varied between 0.04-0.11 and 0.027-0.053 g/m2/d in station I and station II respectively. The turnover time of phosphorus in phytoplankton metabolism ranged from 0.75-5.0 days during 1979-1986. The available P was 0.176 (+/- 0.156) g/m3 (mean +/- SD) in 1982 and 0.591 (+/- 0.24) g/m3 in 1986. The relationship between P/B ratio (Y) and TP (X: mg/l) was described by the following regression equation Y = 1.163 + 0.512logX (r = 0.731, P < 0.001). The dynamics of algal biomass and algal species succession were monitored as the indicators of environmental enrichment. The small-sized algae have replaced the blue-green algae as the dominant species during 1979-1986. The small-sized algae include Merismopedia glauca, Cryptomonas ovata, Cryptomonas erosa, several species Cyclotella. There has been drastic decrease in algal biomass and an obvious increase in P/B ratio. A nutrient competition hypothesis is proposed to explain the reason of the disappearance of blue-green algae bloom. The drastic change in algal size and the results in high P/B ratio (reaching a maximum mean daily ratio of 1.09 in 1986) may suggest a transition of algal species from K-selection to r-selection in Lake Donghu.

Optical properties of UO2 and PuO2

We perform first-principles calculations of electronic structure and optical properties for UO2 and PuO2 based on the density functional theory using the generalized gradient approximation (GGA) + U scheme. The main features in orbital-resolved partial density of states for occupied f and p orbitals, unoccupied d orbitals, and related gaps are well reproduced compared to experimental observations. Based on the satisfactory ground-state electronic structure calculations, the dynamical dielectric function and related optical spectra, i.e., the reflectivity, adsorption coefficient, energy-loss, and refractive index spectrum, are obtained. These results are consistent with the available experiments.

Structure and visible luminescence of ZnO nanoparticles

ZnO nanoparticles were synthesized in ethanolic solution using a sol-gel method. The structural and optical properties were investigated by X-ray diffraction, transmission electron microscopy, UV absorption, and photoluminescence. After annealing at 200 degrees C, the particle size is increased and the peak of defect luminescence in the visible region is changed. A yellow emission was observed in the as-prepared sample and a green emission in the annealed sample. The change of the visible emission is related to oxygen defects. Annealing in the absence of oxygen would increase oxygen vacancies. (c) 2006 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Optical properties and band lineup in GaNxAs1-x/GaAs single quantum wells

The optical properties and the band lineup in GaNAs/GaAs single quantum wells (SQWs) grown by molecular beam epitaxy (MBE) using photoluminescence (PL) technique were investigated. It was found that the low-temperature PL is dominated by the intrinsic localized exciton emission. By fitting the experimental datawith a simple calculation, band offset of the GaN0.015As0.985/GaAs heterostructure was estimated. Moreover, DeltaE(c), the discontinuity of the conduction band was found to be a nonlinear function of the nitrogen composition (chi) and the average variation of DeltaE(c) is about 0. 110eV per % N, such smaller than that reported on the literature to (0.156 similar to 0.175 eV/N %). In addition, Qc has little change whtn N composition increares, with an experimential relation of QC approximate tox(0.25). The band bowing coefficient (b) was also studied in this paper. The measured band bowing coefficient shows a strong function of chi, giving an experimental support to the theoretic calculation of Wei Su-Huai and Zunger Alex (1996).

Electronic and vibrational Raman scattering in resonance with yellow luminescence transitions in GaN on sapphire substrate

We analyze low-temperature Raman and photoluminescence spectra of MBE-grown GaN layers on sapphire. Strong and sharp Raman peaks are observed in the low frequency region. These peaks, which are enhanced by excitation in resonance with yellow luminescence transitions, are attributed to electronic transitions related to shallow donor levels in hexagonal GaN. It is proposed that a low frequency Raman peak at 11.7 meV is caused by a pseudo-local vibration mode related to defects involved in yellow luminescence transitions. The dependence of the photoluminescence spectra on temperature gives additional information about the residual impurities in these GaN layers.

Structure and visible luminescence of ZnO nanoparticles

ZnO nanoparticles were synthesized in ethanolic solution using a sol-gel method. The structural and optical properties were investigated by X-ray diffraction, transmission electron microscopy, UV absorption, and photoluminescence. After annealing at 200 degrees C, the particle size is increased and the peak of defect luminescence in the visible region is changed. A yellow emission was observed in the as-prepared sample and a green emission in the annealed sample. The change of the visible emission is related to oxygen defects. Annealing in the absence of oxygen would increase oxygen vacancies. (c) 2006 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

基于BDD的增量启发式方法及其应用

增量启发式搜索是一种利用先前的搜索信息和启发信息提高本次搜索效率的方法，通常可用来解决动态环境下的重规划问题。在人工智能领域，一些实时系统常常需要根据外界环境的变化不断修正自身，这样就会产生一系列变化较小的相似问题，此时应用增量启发式搜索将会非常有效。 另一方面，基于BDD的强大的搜索技术利用BDD有效操作性以及化简后唯一性的优点，在一定程度上缓解了模型检测的状态爆炸问题，使得被检测状态的个数大大增加。 1、本文结合基于BDD的启发式搜索和基于BDD的增量搜索这两种方法给出了基于BDD的增量启发式搜索方法，基于BDD的增量启发式搜索综合了基于BDD的搜索、增量搜索以及启发式搜索这三种方法的优点。它既用BDD作为数据结构以提高搜索的空间效率，又结合了增量搜索的思想来提高重搜索的效率，同时，又引入了启发函数来进一步压缩搜索空间。 2、本文介绍了基于BDD的增量启发式搜索算法BDDRPA*并用大量的实验结果证明BDDRPA*的高效性。给定一个搜索问题，BDDRPA*算法先用基于BDD的启发式搜索方法搜出一条从初始节点到目标节点的最短路径；接着，问题的状态格局发生改变，BDDRPA*再用基于BDD的增量搜索方法根据旧格局的迁移关系BDD_T构造出新格局的迁移关系BDD_{T'}，然后再用启发式方法搜索路径，如此反复下去。 3、本文介绍了基于BDD的动态增量启发式搜索算法BDDD*并用大量的实验结果证明BDDD*的高效性。BDDD*算法在机器人边走边扫描的过程中，不断根据机器人新获得的信息更新已知地图并重新规划路线。每次规划时，BDDD*都假设未知的领域没有任何障碍物，也就是每个位置都是可通的，它按照这个假设去计算从当前位置到目标位置的最短路径。如果在行走的过程中扫描到了障碍物，它就把这条信息添加到它的地图中，然后重复上面的过程，直到到达目标位置或者发现每条路径都被堵死为止。 BDDRPA*算法和BDDD*算法可以应用到机器人线路规划、智能交通及计算机网络的线路规划问题中。另外，在机器学习和控制领域，也可以考虑使用BDDRPA*算法和BDDD*算法。

a constraint solver and its application to path feasibility analysis

Many testing methods are based on program paths. A well-known problem with them is that some paths are infeasible. To decide the feasibility of paths, we may solve a set of constraints. In this paper, we describe constraint-based tools that can be used for this purpose. They accept constraints expressed in a natural form, which may involve variables of different types such as integers, Booleans, reals and fixed-size arrays. The constraint solver is an extension of a Boolean satisfiability checker and it makes use of a linear programming package. The solving algorithm is described, and examples are given to illustrate the use of the tools. For many paths in the testing literature, their feasibility can be decided in a reasonable amount of time.

一个面向电子政务的信息交换与共享平台的设计与实现

基于J2EE、XML等技术,设计并实现了一个面向电子政务的信息交换与共享平台.对平台的总体结构、元数据定义与管理、数据交换模式等关键问题进行了论述,最后给出了平台的模块实现.该平台已经应用于北京市信息资源管理中心,实现了遥感信息、区县图层、企业基础信息等资源的交换与共享.

手持移动设备中多通道交互的通用开发框架

提出的多通道交互通用开发框架可以快速地开发出支持多通道交互的应用,也可以将已经存在的应用快速更改为多通道交互应用;基于此理论,设计和实现了一种支持手写笔和语音输入的多通道家电开关控制系统。具体地阐明了实际开发中应该重点注意的环节,希望能够对当前手持移动设备的多通道交互化有所借鉴。