Evaluation of the interactions between multiwalled carbon nanotubes and caco-2 cells

The aim of this study was to determine whether multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWNCT) are taken up by and are toxic to human intestinal enterocytes using the Caco-2 cell model. Caco-2 cells were exposed to 50 ?g/ml MWCNT (oxidized or pristine) for 24 h, and experiments were repeated in the presence of 2.5 mg/L natural organic matter. Cells displayed many of the properties that characterize enterocytes, such as apical microvilli, basolateral basement membrane, and glycogen. The cell monolayers also displayed tight junctions and electrical resistance. Exposure to pristine and oxidized MWCNT, with or without natural organic matter, did not markedly affect viability, which was assessed by measuring activity of released lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) and staining with propidium iodide. Ultrastructural analysis revealed some damage to microvilli colocalized with the MWCNT; however, neither type of MWCNT was taken up by Caco-2 cells. In contrast, pristine and oxidized MWCNT were taken up by the macrophage RAW 264.7 line. Our study suggests that intestinal enterocytes cells do not take up MWCNT. [Authors]

The hotel industry and its importance in the technical and economic development of a region : the Lake Geneva case (1852-1914)

The historiography dedicated to tourism has emphasised how some socio-economic evolutions such as urbanisation, mechanisation of transport or the advent of leisure time in society have supported pleasure trips and therefore the development of the hotel industry. On the contrary, the research has too often neglected or at least minimised the impact of the hotel sector on a region's development. This contribution seeks to fill this gap by analysing the Geneva Lake region, one of the most important birthplaces of the European tourism. In this space not much touched by the first industrial revolution, the hotel business has in fact played the role of an economic motor, stimulating investment and employment. This dynamism provoked a domino effect on several other sectors of the economy (industry, bulding sector, banking). To please their customers, the hoteliers have not only given impulses on housing modernisation, but also to the revitalisation of transport, energy and communication networks. The necessity to remain on the state-of-the-art of technical issues, with the concern of competitiveness, has called forth an acceleration of the technology transfer and stimulated the constitution of technical know-how.

The couples life story approach: a dyadic intervention for dementia.

This article describes an approach for working with individuals who have dementia, along with their spouses or partners. The 5-week intervention focuses on helping couples communicate, reminisce about the story of their relationship, find photographs and mementoes from their past, and develop a book that incorporates these mementoes. This clinical approach highlights the strengths and the resilience of couples and adds to the limited repertoire of dyadic interventions for dementia care which are currently available. Preliminary findings from 24 couples are presented, including the intervention's feasibility and acceptability.

Projeto de construção de uma indústria de enchidos e produtos cárneos fumados. Caso prático de um projeto a implementar em Cabo Verde

Este projeto de construção de uma indústria de enchidos e produtos cárneos, a situar-se em Cabo verde, retrata o desejo de avançar com uma indústria até então não existente em Cabo Verde. Os enchidos e produtos cárneos são produtos bastante apreciados em Cabo verde. A gastronomia cabo-verdiana recorre vulgarmente a ingredientes desta natureza, nomeadamente, chouriços de sangue e chouriço corrente. Os emulsionados (fiambre da perna, mortadela) são exemplo de produtos bastante consumidos, cuja origem é também externa. Foram realizados inquéritos aos consumidores e aos possíveis distribuidores, com o intuito de conhecer o mercado em questão e saber quais os produtos mais apreciados. Esta empresa se dedicará ao fabrico de fiambre e chouriço pois, dentro da gama de enchidos e produtos cárneos, pela análise dos inquéritos, podemos inferir que 97% da população consome enchidos e produtos cárneos, 92,1% da população consome fiambre e 88,6% consome chouriço. Estes produtos, fiambre e chouriço, são os mais consumidos pela população cabo-verdiana. Por ser um mercado em crescimento, Cabo Verde apresenta-se como uma oportunidade de investimento. Este projeto contribuirá potencialmente para o aumento do emprego em Cabo Verde e irá ainda reduzir a dependência de Cabo Verde face ao exterior. A Salsicharia “Di Nós” (designação fictícia) que se localizará na cidade da Praia, apresenta uma estimativa de capacidade de produção anual de 81211,68 kg de fiambre e de 74425,12 kg de chouriço corrente. Esses dados foram estimados com base na quantidade de produtos importados e com base nos inquéritos realizados. No estudo da viabilidade económica do projeto de construção da Salsicharia “Di Nós”, foram estudados 3 cenários, onde se avaliou qual o cenário mais viável em termos económicos. Constatou-se que, no terceiro cenário ao aumentar a receita, através do aumento do preço de venda do fiambre, ao diminuir os custos com a mão-de-obra retirando dois funcionários (uma empregada de limpeza e o diretor comercial), ao manter o empréstimo bancário de 30%, e importando a carne do Brasil, obteve-se os seguintes indicadores económicos: PRC de 7,8 anos, TIR de 13% e VAL de 308023,0501. A partir do 8º ano começa a existir algum retorno do dinheiro investido, e ainda gera um excedente financeiro, o que torna o projeto a médio prazo economicamente viável. A dissertação esta dividida em 13 capítulos e pretende ser uma base de trabalho para um projeto real a implementar em Cabo Verde. A criação de uma indústria de enchidos e produtos cárneos, atualmente inexistente em Cabo Verde torna-se um desafio pertinente e com enormes possibilidades de seguir em frente.

Determinación de la edad y crecimiento de la Sardina Sardinops sagax sagax (J)

Determinación de la sardina Sardinops sagax sagax (J.), del área del Callao, mediante métodos de lecturas y mediciones de las marcas de los anillos de crecimiento de 243 otolitos. Los métodos empleados se adjuntan a la especie estudiada con facilidad y los resultados se consideran satisfactorios. En el cálculo de los parámetros de crecimiento se aplica la ecuación de Von Bertalanffy, con cuyas expresiones se calcularon las tallas y pesos teóricos por edades. Al relacionar la edad con las tallas de captura, para los niños 1973 y 1974, se determinó la predominancia del grupo de edad 4 años en 1973; posteriormente, en 1974 se experimentaron cambios en la estructura poblacional presentándose una predominancia del grupo de edad 2 conjuntamente con el de 3 años de edad. La edad relacionada al peso deja ver que existe una correspondencia entre ambos, muy similar en machos y hembras hasta la edad de 3 años; esto hace suponer la igualdad de condiciones nutricionales. A partir de esa edad, las hembras incrementan su peso en menor proporción, lo que debe depender del mayor desgastes en los desoves, muy notorio en individuos mayores. La tasa máxima de crecimiento es alcanzada a los 4 años en los machos y a los 3 años en las hembras, con un promedio de 1.90 y 1.17, respectivamente. La distribución por edades guarda relación con los grupos de tallas correspondientes a las capturas, a pesar de que la cantidad de observaciones no cubre el rango de distribución real por tallas.

Credit derivatives in emerging markets

Credit Derivatives are securities that offer protection against credit or default risk ofbonds or loans. The credit derivatives emerging market has grown rapidly and creditderivatives are widely used. This paper describes the emerging credit derivativesmarket structure. The current market activity is analyzed through elementary pricingdynamics and the study of the term structure of default risk. Focusing on theperformance of credit derivatives in stress situation, including legal and market risks,we discuss the potential consequences of a debt restructuring in a large emergingmarket borrower. The contribution of credit derivatives to the risk sharing in emergingmarkets is also examined.

Subjective theories of gynaecologists discussing sexuality in consultations

Objectives: This study aims to explore subjectives theories (Flick, 1991) concerning sexualityamong gynaecologists. Methods: We conducted 27 deepened semi-structured interviews withmen and women gynaecologists, in the French part of Switzerland. A thematic contentanalysis was applied to the entire corpus. Results: We observe that discourse on sexualityissues can be source of discomfort during consultation with patients. Our analysis highlightsdisparities among levels of knowledge, attitudes and practices in gynaecologists. We observedthat their knowledges on sexuality seem to be constructed mainly on a profane knowledgebased on the common sense and/or their personal experiences. Furthermore, our findingsshow sex differences among physicians, especially on theoretical perspectives underlying theirdiscourse, and the time they allow themselves to spend with a patient. Conclusion: Nowadays,gynaecologists come across sexuality issues that go beyond anatomical and physiologicalconsiderations and for which they are not necessarily qualified. Our research suggests toanalyse both the role and the limits of gynaecologists as well as the motivations guiding theircurrent practice.

Therapist interventions using the Psychodynamic Interventions Rating Scale (PIRS) in dynamic therapy, psychoanalysis and CBT.

Abstract One requirement for psychotherapy research is an accurate assessment of therapeutic interventions across studies. This study compared frequency and depth of therapist interventions from a dynamic perspective across four studies, conducted in four countries, including three treatment arms of psychodynamic psychotherapy, and one each of psychoanalysis and CBT. All studies used the Psychodynamic Intervention Rating Scales (PIRS) to identify 10 interventions from transcribed whole sessions early and later in treatment. The PIRS adequately categorized all interventions, except in CBT (only 91-93% categorized). As hypothesized, interpretations were present in all dynamic therapies and relatively absent in CBT. Proportions of interpretations increased over time. Defense interpretations were more common than transference interpretations, which were most prevalent in psychoanalysis. Depth of interpretations also increased over time. These data can serve as norms for measuring where on the supportive-interpretive continuum a dynamic treatment lies, as well as identify potentially mutative interventions for further process and outcome study.

Comparative testing of a miniature diffusion size classifier to assess airborne ultrafine particles under field conditions

Miniature diffusion size classifiers (miniDiSC) are novel handheld devices to measure ultrafine particles (UFP). UFP have been linked to the development of cardiovascular and pulmonary diseases; thus, detection and quantification of these particles are important for evaluating their potential health hazards. As part of the UFP exposure assessments of highwaymaintenance workers in western Switzerland, we compared a miniDiSC with a portable condensation particle counter (P-TRAK). In addition, we performed stationary measurements with a miniDiSC and a scanning mobility particle sizer (SMPS) at a site immediately adjacent to a highway. Measurements with miniDiSC and P-TRAK correlated well (correlation of r = 0.84) but average particle numbers of the miniDiSC were 30%âeuro"60% higher. This difference was significantly increased for mean particle diameters below 40 nm. The correlation between theminiDiSC and the SMPSduring stationary measurements was very high (r = 0.98) although particle numbers from the miniDiSC were 30% lower. Differences between the three devices were attributed to the different cutoff diameters for detection. Correction for this size dependent effect led to very similar results across all counters.We did not observe any significant influence of other particle characteristics. Our results suggest that the miniDiSC provides accurate particle number concentrations and geometric mean diameters at traffic-influenced sites, making it a useful tool for personal exposure assessment in such settings.

The efficiency of a novel delivery system (PEI600-Tat) in development of potent DNA vaccine using HPV16 E7 as a model antigen.

DNA vaccination is a promising approach for inducing both humoral and cellular immune responses. The mode of plasmid DNA delivery is critical to make progress in DNA vaccination. Using human papillomavirus type 16 E7 as a model antigen, this study evaluated the effect of peptide-polymer hybrid including PEI600-Tat conjugate as a novel gene delivery system on the potency of antigen-specific immunity in mice model. At ratio of 10:50 PEI-Tat/E7DNA (w/w), both humoral and cellular immune responses were significantly enhanced as compared with E7DNA construct and induced Th1 response. Therefore, this new delivery system could have promising applications in gene therapy.

Reconstructing mid-to-recent Holocene paleoenvironments in the vicinity of ancient Amarynthos (Euboea, Greece).

This article examines the shoreline evolution and human occupation in the vicinity of the important archeological site of Amarynthos (Euboea Island, Greece) over the last six millennia. Archeological evidence indicates a continuous occupation of the site from the Bronze Age to the Roman period and the site is well-known, thanks to the existence of a sanctuary dedicated to the goddess Artemis. Based on the study of four boreholes, a paleogeographic reconstruction of the coastal landscape is proposed. Facies were determined based on mollusc identification, and sedimentology based on grain-size measurements (hand sieving for the fraction above 2 mm and LASER technique for particles below 2 mm) and loss-on-ignition. In addition, a series of 12 AMS radiocarbon dates define a reliable chronostratigraphy. Results suggest the presence of a fully marine environment from the early Holocene to ca. 2600-2400 cal. BC, which developed into a brackish environment from ca. 2600-2400 cal. BC to ca. 750 cal. BC due to the deltaic progradation of the nearby stream (Sarandapotamos River). From ca. 750 cal. BC onward, coastal swamps prevailed in the study area. Human-environmental interaction is discussed and particular attention is paid to the paleolandscape configuration of Amarynthos.

Evaluation of the Adolescent Drug Abuse Diagnosis instrument in a Swiss sample of drug abusers.

OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to evaluate a French language version of the Adolescent Drug Abuse Diagnosis (ADAD) instrument in a Swiss sample of adolescent illicit drug and/or alcohol users. PARTICIPANTS AND SETTING: The participants in the study were 102 French-speaking adolescents aged 13-19 years who fitted the criteria of illicit drug or alcohol use (at least one substance--except tobacco--once a week during the last 3 months). They were recruited in hospitals, institutions and leisure places. Procedure. The ADAD was administered individually by trained psychologists. It was integrated into a broader protocol including alcohol and drug abuse DSM-IV diagnoses, the BDI-13 (Beck Depression Inventory), life events and treatment trajectories. RESULTS: The ADAD appears to show good inter-rater reliability; the subscales showed good internal coherence and the correlations between the composite scores and the severity ratings were moderate to high. Finally, the results confirmed good concurrent validity for three out of eight ADAD dimensions. CONCLUSIONS: The French language version of the ADAD appears to be an adequate instrument for assessing drug use and associated problems in adolescents. Despite its complexity, the instrument has acceptable validity, reliability and usefulness criteria, enabling international and transcultural comparisons.