1000 resultados para usos do solo


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Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)

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Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq)

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Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)

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Pós-graduação em Geografia - IGCE

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Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)

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Na Amazônia Brasileira a principal atividade responsável pelo desmatamento é a pecuária. Esse trabalho analisa a evolução das causas imediatas do desmatamento da Amazônia, utilizando-se de regressões lineares com dados em painel. O modelo avalia a contribuição dos principais usos do solo na região ao desmatamento, de 2000 a 2006. Dados do PRODES de desmatamento, o número de cabeças bovinas de 782 municípios da Amazônia e área plantada de culturas perenes e temporárias foram utilizados para essa análise. O resultado mostrou que o desmatamento é fortemente correlacionado com a pecuária. A soja também aparece positivamente correlacionada com o desmatamento. Esta tendência é reforçada pelo crescimento nacional e internacional da demanda de carne. Políticas públicas eficazes para a redução do desmatamento devem, portanto, agir nas causas subjacentes da expansão da pecuária reduzindo a força dos processos que produzem a sua expansão na fronteira do desmatamento.

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O objetivo deste trabalho foi o de conhecer a comunidade de insetos bentônicos em 17 igarapés do Nordeste Paraense, Amazônia Oriental, sob diferentes usos do solo e investigar as variações na abundância, riqueza e diversidade da comunidade de insetos aquáticos com a cobertura vegetal do seu entorno imediato (zona ripária) e de paisagem (vertentes das microbacias onde se insere o igarapé amostrado). Os macroinvertebrados bentônicos foram coletados entre julho e outubro de 2010, época de menor precipitação. Em cada ponto foram feitas 10 amostragens com Surber para análise quantitativa e três com rede de mão de caráter apenas qualitativo. Para avaliar diferenças entre a riqueza, índice EPT, abundância e a diversidade, foram utilizadas análises de variância e de agrupamento para sumarizar os dados bióticos. Para avaliar as diferenças quanto às escalas de estudo foi empregada a análise ANOSIM seguida da rotina SIMPER. As características ambientais foram avaliadas buscando-se correlacioná-las à composição taxonômica e à distribuição dos táxons através da Análise de Correspondência Canônica (ACC). Um total de 46.371 indivíduos foi coletado, sendo 11.384 com o Surber, distribuídos em 61 táxons com predomínio de insetos aquáticos. As maiores abundâncias observadas foram de Chironomidae, Ephemeroptera, Trichoptera e Coleoptera. Abundância, riqueza e EPT foram maiores nos trechos de igarapés com vegetação ripária de floresta antropizada de igapó e microbacias com predomínio de Floresta. As variáveis ambientais de maior influência sobre a comunidade foram porcentagem de ambiente florestal na zona ripária, temperatura média da água, turbidez, porcentagem de liteira grossa e fina, pH, vazão do canal e coeficiente de variação da largura do canal. Os resultados mostraram diferenças quanto à composição da comunidade em relação aos diferentes usos do solo. Através dos descritores ecológicos, foi detectado que as microbacias com maior percentagem de área de floresta antropizada e sucessional e maior percentagem de vegetação ripária de entorno (30m) apresentaram melhores condições ambientais que aqueles onde predominam as pastagens.

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The planting of diversified crops during the sugarcane fallow period can improve the chemical and physical properties and increase the production potential of the soil for the next sugarcane cycle. The primary purpose of this study was to assess the influence of various soil uses during the sugarcane fallow period on soil chemical and physical properties and productivity after the first sugarcane harvest. The experiment was conducted in two areas located in Jaboticabal, São Paulo State, Brazil (21º 14' 05'' S, 48º 17' 09'' W) with two different soil types, namely: an eutroferric Red Latosol (RLe) with high-clay texture (clay content = 680 g kg-1) and an acric Red Latosol (RLa) with clayey texture (clay content = 440 g kg-1). A randomized block design with five replications and four treatments (crop sequences) was used. The crop sequences during the sugarcane fallow period were soybean/millet/soybean, soybean/sunn hemp/soybean, soybean/fallow/soybean, and soybean. Soil use was found not to affect chemical properties and sugarcane productivity of RLe or RLa. The soybean/millet/soybean sequence improved aggregation in the acric Latosol.

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O processo de homogeneização da biodiversidade tem chamado a atenção de pesquisadores porque integra três principais processos que estão relacionados com a crise moderna da biodiversidade – a introdução de espécies exóticas, extinção de espécies nativas e modificações do habitat – e por dar maior ênfase à composição de espécies ao invés do número de espécies das comunidades. Neste sentido, o conceito de diversidade beta – variação espacial e temporal na composição das espécies – apresenta-se central para a compreensão do processo de homogeneização da biota; principalmente porque a heterogeneidade do habitat é a maior causa da diversidade beta, e segundo, por que algumas métricas de diversidade beta fornecem um meio de estimar e comparar estatisticamente a homogeneização taxonômica. Neste trabalho, nós investigamos se a modificação do habitat está relacionada com a homogeneização taxonômica de macroinvertebrados em 32 riachos da Mata Atlântica. Nós testamos se esta modificação, associada com diferentes usos do solo (e.g., cana-de-açúcar, eucalipto, pasto, banana e floresta), está relacionada com o declínio na diversidade beta, e se a diversidade beta é afetada pela escala espacial utilizada nas análises. Nós estimamos e comparamos diversidade beta através do procedimento de homogeneidade de dispersões multivariadas. Quando agrupamos os diferentes tipos de uso do solo em uma escala maior, i.e., áreas impactadas vs. áreas florestadas, nós encontramos que os riachos impactados tinham diversidade beta mais alta. Ou seja, riachos mais preservados foram, surpreendentemente, mais homogêneos biologicamente. Porém, na escala espacial mais fina, distinguindo os diferentes tipos de uso do solo, nós observamos maior diversidade beta e maior heterogeneidade ambiental entre riachos florestados. Estes resultados indicam que se agruparmos diferentes tipos de impacto como áreas impactadas, nós...

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Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

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The present study has the objective of analyzing how the ways of dwelling influences the uses and the functional and symbolic appropriations of the urban space in Fortaleza city center, through the perspective of the residents and their relation with the living place. Scenarios of development and degradation of its urban space have marked the city center of Fortaleza. The intensification of the commercial and services occupation promoted through the years, paradoxically, the valorization of the land price and the devalorization of the residential use. Thus, the residential occupation was consolidated in a discontinuous way, being concentrated mainly in the external limits of the historical core of the neighborhood. The research is structured over the delimitation of an area and the selection of multifamily residential buildings, built since the 1960s, close to the central core of the neighborhood. The spatial configuration analysis of the selected residential buildings, and their relations with the urban surroundings and the land uses, reveals different aspects related to the urban vitality, producing impacts over the ways of dwelling constituted by the daily life of the residents. The study of the ways of dwelling involves the comprehension that the dwelling is beyond the private residential boundaries and the functional occupation. The conceptual base of this research is developed over the perspective that the dwelling represents a fundamental aspect of the human condition, allowing the person to relate with the space in an essential way (HEIDEGGER, 2012). In this perspective of the dwelling, the space reunites the mental and the cultural, the social and the historical, being marked by simultaneous logics of the conceived, the perceived and the lived space (LEFEVBRE, 2006). The development of this study, over the point of view of the neighborhood residents, is inserted in the perspective of the lived space, related to the concept of place, understood as a qualitative phenomenon, giving essence and identity to the space. The place of dwelling, marked by coexistences, is one of the structural elements of the urban land use, and potential for the rehabilitation of the central areas in big cities. Therefore, the study starts from the hypothesis that the location, the nearby land uses and the spatial configuration of the residential buildings affect the ways of dwelling, in other words the residents dissolve the boundaries of the shelter and experience the urban space, from the dwelling place. The requalification of the dwelling is opposed to the residential space based in functionality, in hierarchy, in self sufficiency, in standardization and in the reproduction of the urban space, materialized in the dense contemporary residential buildings, that are unrelated to the city. The stages of the research involved the spatial configuration analysis of the selected residential buildings and their surrounding, the land use mapping and interviews with the residents. The collected data allowed verifying that the buildings are located in areas presenting heterogeneous land uses, with a great number of residents and users. However, these aspects are not sufficient to promote the vitality of the public spaces in the neighborhood, since the people movement in the streets is controlled by the opening hours of the predominant commercial use in the area. The word of the residents, collected in interviews, indicate that the conservation conditions of the public spaces and the insecurity influences their everyday relations with the place of dwelling, affecting fundamental aspects for the dwelling requalification in the central area of Fortaleza.

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The present study has the objective of analyzing how the ways of dwelling influences the uses and the functional and symbolic appropriations of the urban space in Fortaleza city center, through the perspective of the residents and their relation with the living place. Scenarios of development and degradation of its urban space have marked the city center of Fortaleza. The intensification of the commercial and services occupation promoted through the years, paradoxically, the valorization of the land price and the devalorization of the residential use. Thus, the residential occupation was consolidated in a discontinuous way, being concentrated mainly in the external limits of the historical core of the neighborhood. The research is structured over the delimitation of an area and the selection of multifamily residential buildings, built since the 1960s, close to the central core of the neighborhood. The spatial configuration analysis of the selected residential buildings, and their relations with the urban surroundings and the land uses, reveals different aspects related to the urban vitality, producing impacts over the ways of dwelling constituted by the daily life of the residents. The study of the ways of dwelling involves the comprehension that the dwelling is beyond the private residential boundaries and the functional occupation. The conceptual base of this research is developed over the perspective that the dwelling represents a fundamental aspect of the human condition, allowing the person to relate with the space in an essential way (HEIDEGGER, 2012). In this perspective of the dwelling, the space reunites the mental and the cultural, the social and the historical, being marked by simultaneous logics of the conceived, the perceived and the lived space (LEFEVBRE, 2006). The development of this study, over the point of view of the neighborhood residents, is inserted in the perspective of the lived space, related to the concept of place, understood as a qualitative phenomenon, giving essence and identity to the space. The place of dwelling, marked by coexistences, is one of the structural elements of the urban land use, and potential for the rehabilitation of the central areas in big cities. Therefore, the study starts from the hypothesis that the location, the nearby land uses and the spatial configuration of the residential buildings affect the ways of dwelling, in other words the residents dissolve the boundaries of the shelter and experience the urban space, from the dwelling place. The requalification of the dwelling is opposed to the residential space based in functionality, in hierarchy, in self sufficiency, in standardization and in the reproduction of the urban space, materialized in the dense contemporary residential buildings, that are unrelated to the city. The stages of the research involved the spatial configuration analysis of the selected residential buildings and their surrounding, the land use mapping and interviews with the residents. The collected data allowed verifying that the buildings are located in areas presenting heterogeneous land uses, with a great number of residents and users. However, these aspects are not sufficient to promote the vitality of the public spaces in the neighborhood, since the people movement in the streets is controlled by the opening hours of the predominant commercial use in the area. The word of the residents, collected in interviews, indicate that the conservation conditions of the public spaces and the insecurity influences their everyday relations with the place of dwelling, affecting fundamental aspects for the dwelling requalification in the central area of Fortaleza.