Another way of thinking about ADHD: the predictive role of early attachment deprivation in adolescents' level of symptoms.

PURPOSE: Attention deficit and hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is one of the most frequent disorders in childhood and adolescence. Both neurocognitive and environmental factors have been related to ADHD. The current study contributes to the documentation of the predictive relation between early attachment deprivation and ADHD. METHOD: Data were collected from 641 adopted adolescents (53.2 % girls) aged 11-16 years in five countries, using the DSM oriented scale for ADHD of the Child Behavior Checklist (CBCL) (Achenbach and Rescorla, Manual for the ASEBA school-age forms and profiles. University of Vermont, Research Center for Children, Youth and Families, Burlington, 2001). The influence of attachment deprivation on ADHD symptoms was initially tested taking into consideration several key variables that have been reported as influencing ADHD at the adoptee level (age, gender, length of time in the adoptive family, parents' educational level and marital status), and at the level of the country of origin and country of adoption (poverty, quality of health services and values). The analyses were computed using the multilevel modeling technique. RESULTS: The results showed that an increase in the level of ADHD symptoms was predicted by the duration of exposure to early attachment deprivation, estimated from the age of adoption, after controlling for the influence of adoptee and country variables. The effect of the age of adoption was also demonstrated to be specific to the level of ADHD symptoms in comparison to both the externalizing and internalizing behavior scales of the CBCL. CONCLUSION: Deprivation of stable and sensitive care in infancy may have long-lasting consequences for children's development.

Hume, liberty and the object of moral evaluation

Hume's project concerning the conflict between liberty and necessity is ";reconciliatory";. But what is the nature of Hume's project? Does he solve a problem in metaphysics only? And when Hume says that the dispute between the doctrines of liberty and necessity is merely verbal, does he mean that there is no genuine metaphysical dispute between the doctrines? In the present essay I argue for: (1) there is room for liberty in Hume's philosophy, and not only because the position is pro forma compatibilist, even though this has importance for the recognition that Hume's main concern when discussing the matter is with practice; (2) the position does not involve a ";subjectivization"; of every form of necessity: it is not compatibilist because it creates a space for the claim that the operations of the will are non-problematically necessary through a weakning of the notion of necessity as it applies to external objects; (3) Hume holds that the ordinary phenomena of mental causation do not preempt the atribuition of moral responsibility, which combines perfectly with his identification of the object of moral evaluation: the whole of the character of a person, in relation to which there is, nonetheless, liberty. I intend to support my assertions by a close reading of what Hume states in section 8 of the first Enquiry.

Investigating the mechanisms underlying neuronal death in ischemia using in vitro oxygen-glucose deprivation: potential involvement of protein SUMOylation

It is well established that brain ischemia can cause neuronal death via different signaling cascades. The relative importance and interrelationships between these pathways, however, remain poorly understood. Here is presented an overview of studies using oxygen-glucose deprivation of organotypic hippocampal slice cultures to investigate the molecular mechanisms involved in ischemia. The culturing techniques, setup of the oxygen-glucose deprivation model, and analytical tools are reviewed. The authors focus on SUMOylation, a posttranslational protein modification that has recently been implicated in ischemia from whole animal studies as an example of how these powerful tools can be applied and could be of interest to investigate the molecular pathways underlying ischemic cell death.

A plea for liberty : an argument against socialism and socialistic legislation, consisting of an introduction by Herbert Spencer and essays by various writers /

Introduction. From freedom to bondage, by H. Spencer.--The impracticability of socialism, by E. S. Robertson.--The limits of liberty, by W. Donisthorpe.--Liberty for labour, by G. Howell.--State socialism in the Antipodes, by C. Fairfield.--The discontent of the working-classes, by E. Vincent.--Investment, by T. Mackay.--Free education, by B. H. Alford.--The housing of the working-classes and of the poor, by A. Raffalovich.--The evils of state trading as illustrated by the Post Office, by F. Millar.--Free libraries, by M. D. O'Brien.--The State and electrical distribution, by F. W. Beauchamp Gordon.--True line of deliverance, by A. Herbert.

Rex Shunt for the Treatment of Portal Vein Thrombosis After Pediatric Liver Transplantation: A Case Report

Background and Purpose. Late portal vein thrombosis (PVT) can be extremely well tolerated, although portal hypertension and other consequences of the long-term deprivation of portal inflow to the graft may be hazardous, especially in young children. Recently, the ""Rex shunt"" has been used successfully to treat these patients. We now report the initial experience with this novel technique. Methods. A 3-year-old girl with PVT at 7 months after whole organ cadaveric liver transplant displayed portal hypertension with an episode of gastrointestinal bleeding, requiring a mesenteric-portal surgical shunt (""Rex shunt"") using a left internal jugular vein autograft. Results. Upon current follow-up of 6 months, postoperative Doppler ultrasound confirmed shunt patency. Endoscopic status was significantly improved after surgery with resolution of portal hypertension. There was no recurrence of bleeding. Conclusions. The mesenteric-portal shunt (""Rex shunt""), using a left internal jugular vein autograft, should be considered for children with late PVT after liver transplantation. Although this is an initial experience, we may conclude that this technique is feasible, with great potential benefits and low risks for these patients.

Tissue-specific induction of SOCS gene expression by PRL

The mechanisms whereby tissue sensitivity to PRL is controlled are not well understood. Here we report that expression of mRNA and protein for members of the SOCS/CIS/JAB family of cytokine signaling inhibitors is increased by PRL administration in ovary and adrenal gland of the lactating rat deprived of circulating PRL and pups for 24 h but not in mammary gland. Moreover, suckling increases SOCS mRNA in the ovary but not in the mammary gland of pup-deprived rats. Deprivation of PRL and pups for 48 h allows the mammary gland to induce SOCS genes in response to PRL administration, and this is associated with a decrease in basal SOCS-3 mRNA and protein expression to the level seen in other tissues, suggesting that SOCS-3 induced refractoriness related to filling of the gland. In reporter assays, SOCS-1, SOCS-3, and CIS, but not SOCS-2, are able to inhibit transactivation of the STAT 5-responsive beta -lactoglobulin promoter in transient transfection assays. Moreover, suckling results in loss of ovarian and adrenal responsiveness to PRL administered 2 h after commencement of suckling, as determined by STAT 5 gel shift assay. Immunohistochemistry was used to localize the cellular sites of SOCS-3 and CIS protein expression in the ovary and adrenal gland. We propose that induced SOCS-1, SOCS-3, and CIS are actively involved in the cellular inhibitory feedback response to physiological PRL surges in the corpus luteum and adrenal cortex during lactation, but after pup withdrawal, the mammary gland is rendered unresponsive to PRL by increased levels of SOCS-3.

The Liberal Ethics of Non-Interference and the Pareto Principle

We analyse the liberal ethics of non-interference applied to social choice. A liberal principle capturing noninterfering views of society and inspired by John Stuart Mill s conception of liberty, is examined. The principle captures the idea that society should not penalise agents after changes in their situation that do not a¤ect others. An impossibility for liberal approaches is highlighted: every social decision rule that satis es unanimity and a general principle of noninterference must be dictatorial. This raises some important issues for liberal approaches in social choice and political philosophy.

"Right to Personal Liberty Under the Indian Constitution - With Special Reference to Judicial Process"

The nature and extent of protection secured to personal liberty has been a subject matter of great controversy and debate. The expression "procedure established by law" as a standard of protection for personal liberty has been looked upon as highly unsatisfactory and inadequate. For, unlike the specific attributes of liberty that are separately guaranteed under Art.19, ‘personal liberty‘ as guaranteed by Art.21 does not obligate the .Legislature to comply with the requirements of justice and reasonableness as and when it enchroaches upon that right. Though the concept of ‘personal liberty‘ has received an evolutive and expansive meaning through judicial process, the standard of protection which the judicial process could secure to personal liberty through the interpretation of Art.21 has been far from satisfactory Even after four decades of judicial process in the interpretation of Art.21 the problem of evolving a just and adequate standard of protection for personal liberty in that Article continues to be 21 crucial constitutional issue, craving for a. satisfactory solution. And the present study is a humble attempt to unravel this problem and to Search for a reasonable solution.

Enhanced sensitivity to rapamycin following long-term oestrogen deprivation in MCF-7, T-47-D and ZR-75-1 human breast cancer cells

Human breast cancer cells (MCF-7, T-47-D and ZR-75-1) can adapt to circumvent any reduced growth rate during long-term oestrogen deprivation, and this provides three model systems to investigate mechanisms of endocrine resistance in breast cancer. In this paper we report consistent differences in the effects of three growth inhibitors following long-term oestrogen deprivation in all three cell models. Long-term oestrogen deprivation of MCF-7, T-47-D and ZR-75-1 cells resulted in reduced growth inhibition by PD98059 (2–10 µg/ml), implying a loss of dependence on mitogen-activated protein kinase pathways for growth. The growth inhibitor LY294002 (2–10 µM) inhibited growth of both oestrogen-maintained and oestrogen-deprived cells with similar dose–responses, implying continued similar dependence on phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K) pathways with no alteration after adaptation to oestrogen independent growth. However, by contrast, long-term oestrogen deprivation resulted in an increased sensitivity to growth inhibition by rapamycin, which was not reduced by readdition of oestradiol. The enhanced inhibition of long-term oestrogen-deprived MCF-7-ED, T-47-D-ED and ZR-75-1-ED cell growth by combining rapamycin with LY294002 at concentrations where each alone had little effect, offers preclinical support to the development of therapeutic combinations of rapamycin analogues with other PI3K inhibitors in endocrine-resistant breast cancer.

Influence of Superovulatory Protocols on In Vitro Production of Nellore (Bos indicus) Embryos

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

Dimensions of poverty and gender policies

Includes bibliography

Um dos desafios da questão social: adolescentes em cumprimento de medida sócioeducativa em Araraquara-SP

Pós-graduação em Serviço Social - FCHS

DELAY IN THE DIAGNOSIS OF TUBERCULOSIS IN PRISONS: THE EXPERIENCE OF INCARCERATED PATIENTS

This study analyzed the causes of delay in the diagnosis of tuberculosis in the prison system, according to the experience of incarcerated patients. The theoretical and methodological framework of the French school of discourse analysis was used, which seeks to comprehend the processes of meaning production, in the relationship of language with ideology and the development of subjects in their positions. Semi-directed interviews were conducted with seven incarcerated tuberculosis patients in a hospital of Joao Pessoa, Paraiba, Brazil, between August and October 2009. The delay in the diagnosis of tuberculosis was related to the naturalization of the lack of care for the prisoner, to the interpretation of the prison as a place of death and suffering and to the deprivation of the right to health for the detainees as a result of their position in the asymmetric power relationships and ideological effects.

Submandibular glands and the regulation of gastric proliferation and TGFα distribution during rat postnatal development

Rodent gastric mucosa grows and differentiates during suckling-weaning transition. Among the molecules in rat milk, EGF and TGFβ are important peptides in the control of cell proliferation, and together with TGFα, they are also produced by submandibular glands. We aimed to determine the effect of saliva and milk on epithelial cell proliferation in the stomach of rat pups. We also examined the distribution of TGFα in the gastric mucosa after sialoadenectomy (SIALO) and fasting in order to determine whether this growth factor is affected by the deprivation of molecules derived from saliva and milk. SIALO was performed at 14 days and fasting was induced 3 days later. Cell proliferation was evaluated through metaphasic index and TGFα was detected by immunohistochemistry. We observed that whereas SIALO did not alter cell division, since the metaphasic index (MI) was unchanged, fasting stimulated cell proliferation (P < 0.05). After SIALO and fasting, MI was reduced when compared to the fasted group (P < 0.05). We found that TGFα is distributed along gastric gland and SIALO did not interfere in the localization and number of immunolabeled cells, but fasting increased their density when compared to the control (P < 0.05). The association of SIALO and fasting reduced TGFα immunostaining (P < 0.05). Therefore, during fasting, high MI was parallel to increased TGFα in gastric epithelium, but interestingly, this effect was found only in the presence of submandibular glands. We suggest that during suckling, peptides derived from saliva and milk are important to regulate gastric growth.