The spatial and temporal representation of a tone on the guinea pig basilar membrane

In the mammalian cochlea, the basilar membrane's (BM) mechanical responses are amplified, and frequency tuning is sharpened through active feedback from the electromotile outer hair cells (OHCs). To be effective, OHC feedback must be delivered to the correct region of the BM and introduced at the appropriate time in each cycle of BM displacement. To investigate when OHCs contribute to cochlear amplification, a laser-diode interferometer was used to measure tone-evoked BM displacements in the basal turn of the guinea pig cochlea. Measurements were made at multiple sites across the width of the BM, which are tuned to the same characteristic frequency (CF). In response to CF tones, the largest displacements occur in the OHC region and phase lead those measured beneath the outer pillar cells and adjacent to the spiral ligament by about 90°. Postmortem, responses beneath the OHCs are reduced by up to 65 dB, and all regions across the width of the BM move in unison. We suggest that OHCs amplify BM responses to CF tones when the BM is moving at maximum velocity. In regions of the BM where OHCs contribute to its motion, the responses are compressive and nonlinear. We measured the distribution of nonlinear compressive vibrations along the length of the BM in response to a single frequency tone and estimated that OHC amplification is restricted to a 1.25- to 1.40-mm length of BM centered on the CF place.

Season-Long Examination of the Intervention Tone of Coach-Athlete Interactions and Athlete Development in Youth Sport

Objectives: Coaches are a primary influence on athletes' development in youth sport (Horn, 2008). However, the intervention tone of coaches' behaviour has not been directly observed. The purpose of this study was to examine associations between the intervention tone exhibited by youth sport coaches and athletes' individual developmental trajectories over the course of a season. Design: Short-term longitudinal study with behavioural observation. Method: Fifty-five athletes and their coaches from five youth volleyball teams were observed at three time points, and the intervention tone of interactive behaviour was systematically coded and organized by coach-athlete dyad. Athletes completed measures of the 4C's of athlete development (competence, confidence, connection, character) at each time point, which were used to create individualized developmental trajectories. Person-centred analyses were used to examine associations between athletes' developmental trajectories and their unique interactive experiences with their coach. Results: Cluster analysis revealed the presence of three distinct clusters based on athletes' developmental trajectories: 1) high and increasing, 2) low and decreasing, and 3) moderate and maintaining, with athletes from each team distributed across clusters. Analysis of dyadic interaction profiles revealed significant differences in interactive behaviour between clusters. Conclusions: Results suggest that differences in coach-athlete interactive experiences are associated with different developmental trajectories over the course of a season, even for athletes working with the same coach, highlighting the individualized nature of coaches' influence on young athletes. Practical implications for coaches include a critical awareness of their unique interactive relationship with each athlete independently, as well as the importance of fostering these relationships with regard to young people as more than just athletes.

Manners and tone of good society. Or, Solecisms to be avoided.

Mode of access: Internet.

The theory and practice of tone-relations; an elementary course of harmony with emphasis upon the element of melody

Mode of access: Internet.

Water-colors : four Chinese tone poems /

For medium voice and piano.

The theory and practice of tone relations : a condensed course of harmony designed for the New England Conservatory of Music, Boston, Mass /

Mode of access: Internet.

Aquarelles : ten tone pictures for the pianoforte, op. 19 /

Mode of access: Internet.

The art of breathing as the basis of tone-production; a book indispensable to cingers, elocutionists, educators, lawyers, preachers, and to all others desirous of having a pleasant voice and good health,

Mode of access: Internet.

The technics of pianoforte-playing [and] Musical ornamentation, op. 28. Manual of tone-production in pianoforte-playing from How to play the pianoforte, op. 30, pt. 1.

Op. 28 translated from 6th improved German ed.; op. 30, pt. 1, from the 2d improved German ed.

The tone system in public speaking and reading : a discussion of the sources of effectiveness in oral expression and in the teaching of oral expression, with illustrations and suggestions /

Mode of access: Internet.

Die Pathologie und Diagnose der Krankheiten der Brust, ins Besondere erläutert durch eine rationelle Erklärung ihrer physikalischen Zeichen nebst neuen Untersuchung über die Tone des herzens.

Translation of The pathology and diagnosis of diseases of the chest.

Suétone, les écrivains de l'histoire Auguste, Eutrope, Sextus Rufus : avec la traduction en français /

Includes works by Élius Spartien, J. Capitolin, Valcatius Gallicanus, Élius Lampride, Trébellius Pollion et Falvius Vopisque.

Stories of lake, field and forest. Rambles of a sportsman-naturalist. With ten half-tone engravings.

Grouse shooting extraordinary.--Fly-fishing for white perch.--Goose shooting.--Perch fishing.--A tale of Winnepesaukee.--Horn pout fishing.--The fox we did not get.--Insect hunting in winter.--Lake trout fishing.--The naturalist in the White Mountains.