Predicting trabecular bone microdamage initiation and accumulation using a non-linear perfect damage model

Studies evaluating the mechanical behavior of the trabecular microstructure play an important role in our understanding of pathologies such as osteoporosis, and in increasing our understanding of bone fracture and bone adaptation. Understanding of such behavior in bone is important for predicting and providing early treatment of fractures. The objective of this study is to present a numerical model for studying the initiation and accumulation of trabecular bone microdamage in both the pre- and post-yield regions. A sub-region of human vertebral trabecular bone was analyzed using a uniformly loaded anatomically accurate microstructural three-dimensional finite element model. The evolution of trabecular bone microdamage was governed using a non-linear, modulus reduction, perfect damage approach derived from a generalized plasticity stress-strain law. The model introduced in this paper establishes a history of microdamage evolution in both the pre- and post-yield regions

Analysis by optical absorption and transmission electron microscopy of the strain inhomogeneities in InGaAs/InP strained layers

Optical absorption spectra and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) observations on InGaAs/InP layers under compressive strain are reported. From the band¿gap energy dispersion, the magnitude of the strain inhomogeneities. Is quantified and its microscopic origin is analyzed in view of the layer microstructure. TEM observations reveal a dislocation network at the layer interface the density of which correlates with ¿¿. It is concluded that local variations of dislocation density are responsible for the inhomogeneous strain field together with another mechanism that dominates when the dislocation density is very low.

Frequency-dependent attenuation as a potential indicator of oil saturation

At seismic frequencies, wave-induced fluid flow is a major cause of P-wave attenuation in partially saturated porous rocks. Attenuation is of great importance for the oil industry in the interpretation of seismic field data. Here, the effects on P-wave attenuation resulting from changes in oil saturation are studied for media with coexisting water, oil, and gas. For that, creep experiments are numerically simulated by solving Biot's equations for consolidation of poroelastic media with the finite-element method. The experiments yield time-dependent stress?strain relations that are used to calculate the complex P-wave modulus from which frequency-dependent P-wave attenuation is determined. The models are layered media with periodically alternating triplets of layers. Models consisting of triplets of layers having randomly varying layer thicknesses are also considered. The layers in each triplet are fully saturated with water, oil, and gas. The layer saturated with water has lower porosity and permeability than the layers saturated with oil and gas. These models represent hydrocarbon reservoirs in which water is the wetting fluid preferentially saturating regions of lower porosity. The results from the numerical experiments showed that increasing oil saturation, connected to a decrease in gas saturation, resulted in a significant increase of attenuation at low frequencies (lower than 2 Hz). Furthermore, replacing the oil with water resulted in a distinguishable behavior of the frequency-dependent attenuation. These results imply that, according to the physical mechanism of wave-induced fluid flow, frequency-dependent attenuation in media saturated with water, oil, and gas is a potential indicator of oil saturation.

Precast Concrete Elements for Accelerated Bridge Construction Final Report, Volume 1-1. Laboratory Testing of Precast Substructure Components: Boone County Bridge, January 2009

In July 2006, construction began on an accelerated bridge project in Boone County, Iowa that was composed of precast substructure elements and an innovative, precast deck panel system. The superstructure system consisted of full-depth deck panels that were prestressed in the transverse direction, and after installation on the prestressed concrete girders, post-tensioned in the longitudinal direction. Prior to construction, laboratory tests were completed on the precast abutment and pier cap elements. The substructure testing was to determine the punching shear strength of the elements. Post-tensioning testing and verification of the precast deck system was performed in the field. The forces in the tendons provided by the contractor were verified and losses due to the post-tensioning operation were measured. The stress (strain) distribution in the deck panels due to the post-tensioning was also measured and analyzed. The entire construction process for this bridge system was documented. Representatives from the Boone County Engineers Office, the prime contractor, precast fabricator, and researchers from Iowa State University provided feedback and suggestions for improving the constructability of this design.

Surface reconstruction from microscopic images in optical lithography.

This paper presents a method to reconstruct 3D surfaces of silicon wafers from 2D images of printed circuits taken with a scanning electron microscope. Our reconstruction method combines the physical model of the optical acquisition system with prior knowledge about the shapes of the patterns in the circuit; the result is a shape-from-shading technique with a shape prior. The reconstruction of the surface is formulated as an optimization problem with an objective functional that combines a data-fidelity term on the microscopic image with two prior terms on the surface. The data term models the acquisition system through the irradiance equation characteristic of the microscope; the first prior is a smoothness penalty on the reconstructed surface, and the second prior constrains the shape of the surface to agree with the expected shape of the pattern in the circuit. In order to account for the variability of the manufacturing process, this second prior includes a deformation field that allows a nonlinear elastic deformation between the expected pattern and the reconstructed surface. As a result, the minimization problem has two unknowns, and the reconstruction method provides two outputs: 1) a reconstructed surface and 2) a deformation field. The reconstructed surface is derived from the shading observed in the image and the prior knowledge about the pattern in the circuit, while the deformation field produces a mapping between the expected shape and the reconstructed surface that provides a measure of deviation between the circuit design models and the real manufacturing process.

Juotosmurtumat lyijyttömässä aaltojuotoksessa

Elektroniikkatuotannossa käytettävien lyijyä sisältävien materiaalien korvaaminen lyijyttömillä vaihtoehdoilla ei ole niin yksinkertaista, miltä se kuulostaa. Vaikka suuri osa materiaaleista muuttuukin, niin muutoksilla ei saa olla negatiivisia vaikutuksia tuotteiden luotettavuuteen. Diplomityössä tutkittiin lyijyttömillä juotteilla esiintyviä juotosmurtumia. Tavoitteena oli saada selville juotosmurtumia aiheuttavia ominaisuuksia materiaaleissa sekä selvittää aaltojuotoksen prosessiparametrien vaikutus murtumien syntymiseen. Tässä työssä tarkasteltiin alieutektisella tina-hopea-kupari (Sn/3.0Ag/0.5Cu)-juotteella varustetulla aaltojuotoslaitteistolla juotettuja testisarjoja. Juotoslaatua verrattiin eutektisella tina-kupari-nikkeli (SN100C)-juotteella juotettuihin piirilevyihin. Tutkimusta varten suunniteltiin testipiirilevy, jossa käytettiin ainoastaan lyijyttömiä komponentteja. Tutkimuksessa käytettiin kahta eri laminaattimateriaalia sekä kahta eri johdinpinnoitetta. Testilevyjä rasitettiin satunnaistärinätestillä sekä sääkaapissa lämpötilasyklillä. Juotosliitosten laatua ja luotettavuutta tutkittiin valo-, röntgen- ja elektronimikroskoopin avulla.

Lujasta rakenneteräksestä tehdyn rakenteen vikasietoisuuden määritys

Tässä työssä tutkittiin Ruukin valmistamista lujista Optim 700 MC Plus sekä Optim 700 QL teräksistä tehtyjen hitsattujen palkkirakenteiden vikasietoisuutta sekä murtumiskäyttäytymistä laboratoriossa suoritettujen täyden mittakaavan kokeiden avulla. Koerakenteet suunniteltiin siten, että rakenteen kylmämuovauksen sekä hitsauksen vaikutukset yhdessä rakenteen geometrian vaikutuksen kanssa heikentävät rakenteen murtumissitkeyttä rakenteeseen tehdyn teräväkärkisen alkusärön tasossa. Suunnitellussa koesarjassa varioidaan testauslämpötilan lisäksi hitsauksen lämmöntuontia sekä koerakenteeseen tehtävän alkusärön kokoa. Tässä työssä tavoitteena oli yleisesti esittää menettely hitsatun säröllisen teräsrakenteen kestävyyden arviointia varten. Optim 700 MC Plus teräksestä tehdyn koerakenteen käyttäytymistä tutkittiin laskennallisesti murtumismekaniikan avulla. Laadittujen FEM - mallien avulla laskettiin rakenteen murtumisparametrien arvot kummallekin tutkittavalle teräkselle. Optim 700 MC Plus materiaalista valmistetuille koerakenteen säröalueen rakennedetaljia vastaavalle koekappaleille suoritettiin murtumissitkeyskokeita. Murtumissitkeyskokeista saatujen tulosten avulla pystyttiin kuvaamaan täyden mittakaavan koerakenteessa olevan särön murtumiskäyttäytymistä mitoitusmenetelmissä. Koerakenteelle laskettiin tässä työssä kriittisen särökoon ja sitä vastaavan kuorman arvot perustuen rakenteen oletettuun hauraaseen, epästabiiliin sitkeään sekä plastiseen murtumiskäyttäytymiseen. Tässä työssä testattiin molemmista tutkittavista materiaaleista valmistetut täyden mittakaavan koerakenteet -40 °C lämpötilassa. Molemmat testatut rakenteet käyttäytyvät mitattujen siirtymätulosten perusteella melko hauraasti. Optim 700 MC Plus materiaalille saatujen laskentatulosten voidaan todeta testatun koekappaleen perusteella soveltuvan hauraasti käyttäytyvän rakenteen mitoitukseen.

Application of the finite element method in cold forging processes

The demand for more efficient manufacturing processes has been increasing in the last few years. The cold forging process is presented as a possible solution, because it allows the production of parts with a good surface finish and with good mechanical properties. Nevertheless, the cold forming sequence design is very empirical and it is based on the designer experience. The computational modeling of each forming process stage by the finite element method can make the sequence design faster and more efficient, decreasing the use of conventional "trial and error" methods. In this study, the application of a commercial general finite element software - ANSYS - has been applied to model a forming operation. Models have been developed to simulate the ring compression test and to simulate a basic forming operation (upsetting) that is applied in most of the cold forging parts sequences. The simulated upsetting operation is one stage of the automotive starter parts manufacturing process. Experiments have been done to obtain the stress-strain material curve, the material flow during the simulated stage, and the required forming force. These experiments provided results used as numerical model input data and as validation of model results. The comparison between experiments and numerical results confirms the developed methodology potential on die filling prediction.

Experimental Analysis of Fracture Processes in Concrete

This paper draws on the basic problems related to the determination of parameters to characterize the structural behavior of concretes using Fracture Mechanics concepts. Experimental procedures and results are discussed.

Simulation and material calibration of ultra high strength steel (UHSS) S960 welded joint under static tensile test utilizing finite element method (FEM)

The aim of this work was to calibrate the material properties including strength and strain values for different material zones of ultra-high strength steel (UHSS) welded joints under monotonic static loading. The UHSS is heat sensitive and softens by heat due to welding, the affected zone is heat affected zone (HAZ). In this regard, cylindrical specimens were cut out from welded joints of Strenx® 960 MC and Strenx® Tube 960 MH, were examined by tensile test. The hardness values of specimens’ cross section were measured. Using correlations between hardness and strength, initial material properties were obtained. The same size specimen with different zones of material same as real specimen were created and defined in finite element method (FEM) software with commercial brand Abaqus 6.14-1. The loading and boundary conditions were defined considering tensile test values. Using initial material properties made of hardness-strength correlations (true stress-strain values) as Abaqus main input, FEM is utilized to simulate the tensile test process. By comparing FEM Abaqus results with measured results of tensile test, initial material properties will be revised and reused as software input to be fully calibrated in such a way that FEM results and tensile test results deviate minimum. Two type of different S960 were used including 960 MC plates, and structural hollow section 960 MH X-joint. The joint is welded by BöhlerTM X96 filler material. In welded joints, typically the following zones appear: Weld (WEL), Heat affected zone (HAZ) coarse grained (HCG) and fine grained (HFG), annealed zone, and base material (BaM). Results showed that: The HAZ zone is softened due to heat input while welding. For all the specimens, the softened zone’s strength is decreased and makes it a weakest zone where fracture happens while loading. Stress concentration of a notched specimen can represent the properties of notched zone. The load-displacement diagram from FEM modeling matches with the experiments by the calibrated material properties by compromising two correlations of hardness and strength.

Mechanical Properties of Short-Isora-Fiber-Reinforced Natural Rubber Composites: Effects of Fiber Length, Orientation, and Loading; Alkali Treatment;and Bonding Agent

A series of short-isora-fiber-reinforced natural rubber composites were prepared by the incorporation of fibers of different lengths (6, 10, and 14 mm) at 15 phr loading and at different concentrations (10, 20, 30, and 40 phr) with a 10 mm fiber length. Mixes were also prepared with 10 mm long fibers treated with a 5% NaOH solution. The vulcanization parameters, processability, and stress-strain properties of these composites were analyzed. Properties such as tensile strength, tear strength, and tensile modulus were found to be at maximum for composites containing longitudinally oriented fibers 10 mm in length. Mixes containing fiber loadings of 30 phr with bonding agent (resorcinol-formaldehyde [RF] resin) showed mechanical properties superior to all other composites. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) studies were carried out to investigate the fiber surface morphology, fiber pullout, and fiber-rubber interface. SEM studies showed that the bonding between the fiber and rubber was improved with treated fibers and with the use of bonding agent.

Performance of Gabion Faced Reinforced Earth Retaining Walls

Gabion faced re.taining walls are essentially semi rigid structures that can generally accommodate large lateral and vertical movements without excessive structural distress. Because of this inherent feature, they offer technical and economical advantage over the conventional concrete gravity retaining walls. Although they can be constructed either as gravity type or reinforced soil type, this work mainly deals with gabion faced reinforced earth walls as they are more suitable to larger heights. The main focus of the present investigation was the development of a viable plane strain two dimensional non linear finite element analysis code which can predict the stress - strain behaviour of gabion faced retaining walls - both gravity type and reinforced soil type. The gabion facing, backfill soil, In - situ soil and foundation soil were modelled using 20 four noded isoparametric quadrilateral elements. The confinement provided by the gabion boxes was converted into an induced apparent cohesion as per the membrane correction theory proposed by Henkel and Gilbert (1952). The mesh reinforcement was modelled using 20 two noded linear truss elements. The interactions between the soil and the mesh reinforcement as well as the facing and backfill were modelled using 20 four noded zero thickness line interface elements (Desai et al., 1974) by incorporating the nonlinear hyperbolic formulation for the tangential shear stiffness. The well known hyperbolic formulation by Ouncan and Chang (1970) was used for modelling the non - linearity of the soil matrix. The failure of soil matrix, gabion facing and the interfaces were modelled using Mohr - Coulomb failure criterion. The construction stages were also modelled.Experimental investigations were conducted on small scale model walls (both in field as well as in laboratory) to suggest an alternative fill material for the gabion faced retaining walls. The same were also used to validate the finite element programme developed as a part of the study. The studies were conducted using different types of gabion fill materials. The variation was achieved by placing coarse aggregate and quarry dust in different proportions as layers one above the other or they were mixed together in the required proportions. The deformation of the wall face was measured and the behaviour of the walls with the variation of fill materials was analysed. It was seen that 25% of the fill material in gabions can be replaced by a soft material (any locally available material) without affecting the deformation behaviour to large extents. In circumstances where deformation can be allowed to some extents, even up to 50% replacement with soft material can be possible.The developed finite element code was validated using experimental test results and other published results. Encouraged by the close comparison between the theory and experiments, an extensive and systematic parametric study was conducted, in order to gain a closer understanding of the behaviour of the system. Geometric parameters as well as material parameters were varied to understand their effect on the behaviour of the walls. The final phase of the study consisted of developing a simplified method for the design of gabion faced retaining walls. The design was based on the limit state method considering both the stability and deformation criteria. The design parameters were selected for the system and converted to dimensionless parameters. Thus the procedure for fixing the dimensions of the wall was simplified by eliminating the conventional trial and error procedure. Handy design charts were developed which would prove as a hands - on - tool to the design engineers at site. Economic studies were also conducted to prove the cost effectiveness of the structures with respect to the conventional RCC gravity walls and cost prediction models and cost breakdown ratios were proposed. The studies as a whole are expected to contribute substantially to understand the actual behaviour of gabion faced retaining wall systems with particular reference to the lateral deformations.

Studies on upwelling and sinking in the seas around india

Of the several physical processes occurring in the sea, vertical motions have special significance because of their marked effects on the oceanic environment. upwelling is the process in the sea whereby subsurface layers move up towards the surface. The reverse process of surface water sinking to subsurface depths is called sinking. Upwelling is a very conspicuous feature along the west coasts of continents and equatorial regions, though upwelling also occurs along certain east coasts of continents and other regions, The Thesis is an outcome of some investigations carried out by the author on upwelling and sinking off the west and east coasts of India. The aim of the study is to find out the actual period and duration of upwelling and sinking, their driving mechanism, various associated features and the factors that affect these processes. It is achieved by analysing the temperature and density fields off the west and east coasts of India, and further conclusions are drawn from the divergence field of surface currents, wind stress and sea level variations.

Rissbildung und Zugtragverhalten von mit Stabstahl und Fasern bewehrtem Ultrahochfesten Beton (UHPC)

Ultrahochfester Beton (UHPC) ist ein sehr gefügedichter zementgebundener Werkstoff, der sich nicht nur durch eine hohe Druckfestigkeit, sondern auch durch einen hohen Widerstand gegen jede Form physikalischen oder chemischen Angriffs auszeichnet. Duktiles Nachbruchverhalten bei Druckversagen wird meist durch die Zugabe dünner kurzer Fasern erreicht. In Kombination mit konventioneller Betonstahl- oder Spannbewehrung ermöglicht UHPC die Ausführung sehr schlanker, weitgespannter Konstruktionen und eröffnet zugleich neue Anwendungsgebiete, wie zum Beispiel die flächenhafte Beschichtung von Brückendecks. Durch das Zusammenwirken kontinuierlicher Bewehrungselemente und diskontinuierlich verteilter kurzer Fasern ergeben sich unter Zugbeanspruchung Unterschiede gegenüber dem bekannten Stahl- und Spannbeton. In der vorliegenden Arbeit wird hierzu ein Modell entwickelt und durch eine umfangreiche Versuchsreihe abgesichert. Ausgangspunkt sind experimentelle und theoretische Untersuchungen zum Verbundverhalten von Stabstählen in einer UHPC-Matrix und zum Einfluss einer Faserzugabe auf das Reiß- und Zugtragverhalten von UHPC. Die Modellbildung für UHPC-Zugelemente mit gemischter Bewehrung aus Stabstahl und Fasern erfolgt auf der Grundlage der Vorgänge am diskreten Riss, die daher sehr ausführlich behandelt werden. Für den elastischen Verformungsbereich der Stabbewehrung (Gebrauchslastbereich) kann damit das Last-Verformungs-Verhalten für kombiniert bewehrte Bauteile mechanisch konsistent unter Berücksichtigung des bei UHPC bedeutsamen hohen Schwindmaßes abgebildet werden. Für die praktische Anwendung wird durch Vereinfachungen ein Näherungsverfahren abgeleitet. Sowohl die theoretischen als auch die experimentellen Untersuchungen bestätigen, dass der faserbewehrte UHPC bei Kombination mit kontinuierlichen Bewehrungselementen selbst kein verfestigendes Verhalten aufweisen muss, um insgesamt verfestigendes Verhalten und damit eine verteilte Rissbildung mit sehr keinen Rissbreiten und Rissabständen zu erzielen. Diese Beobachtungen können mit Hilfe der bisher zur Verfügung stehenden Modelle, die im Wesentlichen eine Superposition isoliert ermittelter Spannungs-Dehnungs-Beziehungen des Faserbetons und des reinen Stahls vorsehen, nicht nachvollzogen werden. Wie die eigenen Untersuchungen zeigen, kann durch ausreichend dimensionierte Stabstahlbewehrung zielgerichtet und ohne unwirtschaftlich hohe Fasergehalte ein gutmütiges Verhalten von UHPC auf Zug erreicht werden. Die sichere Begrenzung der Rissbreiten auf deutlich unter 0,1 mm gewährleistet zugleich die Dauerhaftigkeit auch bei ungünstigen Umgebungsbedingungen. Durch die Minimierung des Material- und Energieeinsatzes und die zu erwartende lange Nutzungsdauer lassen sich so im Sinne der Nachhaltigkeit optimierte Bauteile realisieren.

The impact of deformation strain on the formation of banded clouds in idealized modeling experiments

Experiments are performed using an idealized version of an operational forecast model to determine the impact on banded frontal clouds of the strength of deformational forcing, low-level baroclinicity, and model representation of convection. Line convection is initiated along the front, and slantwise bands extend from the top of the line-convection elements into the cold air. This banding is attributed primarily to M adjustment. The cross-frontal spreading of the cold pool generated by the line convection leads to further triggering of upright convection in the cold air that feeds into these slantwise bands. Secondary low-level bands form later in the simulations; these are attributed to the release of conditional symmetric instability. Enhanced deformation strain leads to earlier onset of convection and more coherent line convection. A stronger cold pool is generated, but its speed is reduced relative to that seen in experiments with weaker deformational strain, because of inhibition by the strain field. Enhanced low-level baroclinicity leads to the generation of more inertial instability by line convection (for a given capping height of convection), and consequently greater strength of the slantwise circulations formed by M adjustment. These conclusions are based on experiments without a convective-parametrization scheme. Experiments using the standard or a modified scheme for this model demonstrate known problems with the use of this scheme at the awkward 4 km grid length used in these simulations. Copyright © 2008 Royal Meteorological Society