Analisi dell' upgrading di un impianto di digestione anaerobica: da biogas a biometano.

L'opera preliminarmente in una accurata analisi della configurazione e delle interrelazioni dei sistemi energetici presenti nello stabilimento produttivo Caviro Enomondo. Successivamente è svolto un approfondimento del quadro normativo relativo all’incentivazione delle fonti energetiche rinnovabili non fotovoltaiche e delle sue recenti evoluzioni, andando ad identificare tutte le possibili vie di sviluppo per impianti di produzione di biogas promosse a livello nazionale e che possono potenzialmente trovare applicazione nell’impianto in esame; questo studio è effettuato con particolare attenzione alla opportunità di effettuare un upgrading di tale impianto per realizzare ad una raffinazione totale o parziale del biogas a biometano. A seguito dell’identificazione della tipologia di prodotto e/o di processo che offre le migliori prospettive per una implementazione industriale e delle caratteristiche chimico-fisiche che questo deve rispecchiare, si prosegue quindi individuando lo schema impiantistico ottimale per adeguare l’attuale sistema di produzione al nuovo target. A seguire, approfondendo lo studio delle varie tecnologie disponibili ad oggi allo stato dell’arte, si identificano quelle maggiormente promettenti, mettendone in evidenza peculiarità positive e negative di ciascuna e giungendo alla identificazione della combinazione ottimale in termini di economicità, capacità produttiva, sicurezza ed impatto ambientale. Una volta individuate le caratteristiche di massima dell’impianto si procede ad un dimensionamento più accurato dello stesso andandone a valutare anche entità dei costi di investimento e di gestione. Attraverso l’instaurazione di contatti con ditte specializzate operanti nel settore industriale di riferimento, si giunge all’individuazione specifica dei modelli dei macchinari ed impianti richiesti. Il progetto si sviluppa successivamente andando a valutare le possibili modalità di utilizzo del prodotto finale che offrono maggiori prospettive di valorizzazione per l’azienda, identificando le varie soluzioni e gli interventi necessari per ciascuna di essa. La parte successiva dell’elaborato consiste in un confronto, in termini di valutazioni economiche, sull’opportunità di ognuna delle soluzioni prospettate, tenendo in considerazione i costi di investimento, di esercizio, i ricavi, e la componente incentivante. Si va infine a concludere il progetto proponendo una road-map per la realizzazione della soluzione che si evidenzia come la più promettente, con crono-programma degli interventi da eseguire, e aspettative di sviluppo a medio-lungo termine dell’investimento.

How Insecurity impacts on school attendance and school drop out among urban slum children in Nairobi

This paper discusses how perceptions of personal security can impact on school enrolment and attendance. It mainly focuses on threats to physical harm, crime, community and domestic violence. These security fears can include insecurity that children suffer from as they go to school, maybe through the use of unsafe routes; insecurity that children feel at school; and the insecurity they suffer from in their homes. Although poverty is an indicator of insecurity, this paper does not focus solely on poverty as it is well covered elsewhere in the literature. The paper relies on qualitative data collected in Korogocho and Viwandani slum areas in Nairobi, Kenya between October and November 2004. The paper analyses data from individual interviews and focus group interviews and focuses on the narrative of slum dwellers on how insecurity impacts on educational attainment. The conclusion in this paper is that insecure neighbourhoods may have a negative impact on schooling. As a result policies that address insecurity in slum neighbourhoods can also improve school attendance and performance.

Cognitive Cities: An Application for Nairobi. Text Message Participation of Slum Inhabitants to Improve Sanitary Facilities

Population growth is always increasing, and thus the concept of smart and cognitive cities is becoming more important. Developed countries are aware of and working towards needed changes in city management. However, emerging countries require the optimization of their own city management. This chapter illustrates, based on a use case, how a city in an emerging country can quickly progress using the concept of smart and cognitive cities. Nairobi, the capital of Kenya, is chosen for the test case. More than half of the population of Nairobi lives in slums with poor sanitation, and many slum inhabitants often share a single toilet, so the proper functioning and reliable maintenance of toilets are crucial. For this purpose, an approach for processing text messages based on cognitive computing (using soft computing methods) is introduced. Slum inhabitants can inform the responsible center via text messages in cases when toilets are not functioning properly. Through cognitive computer systems, the responsible center can fix the problem in a quick and efficient way by sending repair workers to the area. Focusing on the slum of Kibera, an easy-to-handle approach for slum inhabitants is presented, which can make the city more efficient, sustainable and resilient (i.e., cognitive).

A Divergent Path of Industrial Upgrading: Emergence and Evolution of the Mobile Handset Industry in China

Starting from almost null in the late 1990s, China's mobile phone handset industry has grown to account for more than 40 percent of the current world production. While export growth has been overwhelmingly led by multi-national corporations (MNCs), increasingly fierce competition in the domestic market ignited by the advent of local handset makers has induced unique industrial evolution: (1) outgrowth of independent design houses specialized in handset development and (2) emergence of IC fabless ventures that design core ICs for handsets. In the background of this evolutionary industrial growth there are factors such as, the scale and increasing diversity of China's domestic market that advantages local firms vis-a-vis MNCs; modularization of handset and semiconductor technologies; policy interventions that supports local startups. The emergence and evolution of China's handset industry is likely to have international implications as the growth of the global demand for low-cost and multi-function mobile phone handsets is expected to accelerate. Thus, our case suggests that the conventional view of latecomer industrialization and upgrading that emphasizes the key role of international production networks organized by MNCs needs to be modified in order to accommodate China's rise into perspective.

Deprivation of Education in Urban Areas: A Basic Profile of Slum Children in Delhi, India

This paper showed the basic educational status of slum children between 5 and 14 years old. The attendance ratio of slum children is much lower than that of children in Delhi as a whole. Parental perception of education and financing education are the major constraints. Even if children are attending schools, the majority of them are over-aged. There are both demand and supply side reasons for discouraging slum children from attending schooling. As opposed to school-based surveys in previous literature, children in slums are more likely to go to government schools rather than low-fee paying private schools. Some policies are suggested.

Foctors that prevent children from gaining access to schooling : a study of Delhi Slum households

This paper examines the factors that prevent slum children aged 5 to 14 from gaining access to schooling in light of the worsening urban poverty and sizable increase in rural-to-urban migration. Bias against social disadvantage in terms of gender and caste is not clearly manifested in schooling, while migrated children are less likely to attend school. I argue that the lack of preparation for schooling in the pre-schooling ages and school admission procedures are the main obstacles for migrated children. The most important implication for universal elementary education in urban India is raising parental awareness and simplifying the admission procedures.

Is the Vietnamese garment industry at a turning point? : upgrading from the export to the domestic market

Vietnam’s garment industry has been loosely characterized by the duality based on market orientation: export and domestic. Export-oriented garment suppliers were typically SOEs and foreign invested firms, while those producing for the domestic market have been mostly small, private companies. With a booming economy, other industrial sectors have emerged, and the garment industry is no longer the sector most favored by workers. Wage rates have been increasing, and a supplier’s ability to cope with this through successful upgrading has been the key determinant of whether it can further grow and flourish. Those who fail to cope are finding themselves in an increasingly difficult position. This paper looks at both the export- and domestic-oriented garment suppliers, and attempts to highlight how the industry can further develop by examining the bottlenecks that vary depending on the type of supplier. It suggests that in the long run, upgrading and value addition in the domestic market will be the key strategy.

Does trade liberalization boost quality upgrading? : evidence from Indonesian plant-product-level data

In this study, we examine the effects of tariff reduction on firms' quality upgrading by employing an Indonesian plant-product-level panel dataset matched with a plant-level dataset. We explore the effects of lower output and input tariffs separately, by focusing on the apparel industry. By estimating the Berry-type demand function, we derive product-quality indicators based on the Khandelwal (Review of Economic Studies, 2010) methodology, which enables us to isolate quality upgrading from changes in prices. Our findings are as follows. First, a reduction in output tariffs does not affect product quality upgrading. Second, a reduction in input tariffs boosts quality upgrading in general. In particular, this impact is greater for import firms, which is consistent with the fact that the source of the boost is the import of high-quality foreign inputs.

Kibera Slum

Análisis cartográfico detallado de Kibera en Nairobi. En el documento se analiza desde una escala mas territorial de Nairobi como país hasta la escala de la tipología de vivienda existente. Se analizan los diferentes problemas de habitabilidad en Kibera ( causas y consecuencias) para terminar por dar unas posibles soluciones basándose en la obra de Lelé.

The UN General Assembly Vote: Upgrading the Status of Palestine and Its Implications for a Possible Role of the ICC. IES Policy Brief Issue 2013/06 • June 2013

On 29 November 2012, the General Assembly of the United Nations (UN) voted overwhelmingly to accord Palestine ‘Non-Member Observer State’ Status in the UN. In the first part of this Policy Brief, the implications of upgrading the status of Palestine with regard to the possible role of the International Criminal Court (ICC) will be assessed. In April 2012, the Office of the Prosecutor of the ICC declined to accept jurisdiction for acts committed on the territory of Palestine since 1 July 2002, justifying its decision based on the fact that Palestine had, at the time, only the status of an ‘Observer Entity’ at the UN. Subsequently, it will be analysed if the Palestinian pursuit of its cause before the ICC can be considered as an effective lawfare strategy or rather as a poisoned chalice.

An analysis of a slum area in Cleveland /

Authors thesis (Ph.D.) for the Catholic University of America, published in 1934, is on the same subject. cf. Pref.

Summaries of slum clearance and public housing decisions.

Mode of access: Internet.

Upgrading hazardous waste disposal sites : remedial approaches.

Mode of access: Internet.

Development of an upgrading plan for highway safety simulation models. Volume II: executive summary.

Turner-Fairbank Highway Research Center, McLean, Va.

Development of an upgrading plan for highway safety simulation models. Volume I: final report.

Turner-Fairbank Highway Research Center, McLean, Va.