Occupational sitting time and overweight and obesity in Australian workers

Background: One of the major immediate and long-term health issues in modern society is the problem of overweight and obesity. This paper examines the role of the workplace in the problem by studying the association between occupational sitting time and overweight and obesity (body mass index [BMI] >= 25) in a sample of adult Australians in full-time employment. Methods: Data on age, gender, occupation, physical activity, occupational sitting time, and BMI were collected in September 2003 from a sample of 1579 adult men and women in full-time employment at the time of the survey. Logistic regression was used to examine the association between occupational sitting time and overweight and obesity. Results: Mean occupational sitting time was > 3 hours/day, and significantly higher in men (209 minutes) than in women (189 minutes, p =0.026). Univariate analyses showed significant associations between occupational sitting time and BMI of >= 25 in men but not in women. After adjusting for age, occupation, and physical activity, the odds ratio for BMI >= 25 was 1.92 (confidence interval: 1.17-3.17) in men who reported sitting for > 6 hours/day, compared with those who sat for < 45 minutes/day. Conclusions: Occupational sitting time was independently associated with overweight and obesity in men who were in full-time paid work. These results suggest that the workplace may play an important role in the growing problem of overweight and obesity. Further research is needed to clearly understand the association between sitting time at work and over-weight and obesity in women.

The prevalence and impact of overweight and obesity in an Australian obstetric population

Objective: To assess the prevalence and impact of overweight and obesity in an Australian obstetric population. Design, setting and participants: The Mater Mother's Hospital (MMH), South Brisbane, is an urban tertiary referral maternity hospital. We reviewed data for the 18401 women who were booked for antenatal care at the MMH, delivered between January 1998 and December 2002, and had a singleton pregnancy. Of those women, 14 230 had an estimated pre-pregnancy body mass index (BMI) noted in their record; 2978 women with BMI 40 kg/m(2)). Main outcome measures: Prevalence of overweight and obesity in an obstetric population; maternal, peripartum and neonatal outcomes associated with raised BMI. Results: Of the 14230 women, 6443 (45%) were of normal weight, and 4809 (34%) were overweight, obese or morbidly obese. Overweight, obese and morbidly obese women were at increased risk of adverse outcomes (figures represent adjusted odds ratio [AOR] [95% Cl]): hypertensive disorders of pregnancy (overweight 1.74 [1.45-2.15], obese 3.00 [2.40-3.74], morbidly obese 4.87 [3.27-7.24]); gestational diabetes (overweight 1.78 [1.25-2.52], obese 2.95 [2.05-4.25], morbidly obese 7.44 [4.42-12.54]); hospital admission longer than 5 days (overweight 1.36 [1.13-1.63], obese 1.49 [1.21-1.86], morbidly obese 3.18 [2.19-4.61]); and caesarean section (overweight 1.50 [1.36-1.66], obese 2.02 [1.79-2.29], morbidly obese 2.54 [1.94-3.321). Neonates born to obese and morbidly obese women had an increased risk of birth defects (obese 1.58 (1.02-2.46], morbidly obese 3.41 [1.67-6.94]); and hypoglycaemia (obese 2.57 [1.39-4.78], morbidly obese 7.14 [3.04-16.74]). Neonates born to morbidly obese women were at increased risk of admission to intensive care (2.77 [1.81-4.25]); premature delivery (< 34 weeks' gestation) (2.13 [1.13-4.01]); and jaundice (1.44 [1.09-1.89]). Conclusions: Overweight and obesity are common in pregnant women. Increasing BMI is associated with maternal and neonatal outcomes that may increase the costs of obstetric care. To assist in planning health service delivery, we believe that BMI should be routinely recorded on perinatal data collection sheets

Childhood obesity in relation to poor asthma control and exacerbations : A meta-analysis

Peer reviewed

Childhood obesity treatment: integrating mobile health technology into a paediatric obesity service

Background: The management of childhood obesity is challenging. Aims: Thesis, i) reviews the evidence for lifestyle treatment of obesity, ii) explores cardiometabolic burden in childhood obesity, iii) explores whether changes in body composition predicts change in insulin sensitivity (IS), iv) develops and evaluates a lifestyle obesity intervention; v) develops a mobile health application for obesity treatment and vi) tests the application in a clinical trial. Methods: In Study 1, systematic reviews and meta-analyses of the 12‐month effects of lifestyle and mHealth interventions were conducted. In Study 2, the prevalence of cardiometabolic burden was estimated in a consecutive series of 267 children. In Study 3, body composition was estimated with bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA) and dual x-ray absorptiometry (DXA) and linear regression analyses were used to estimate the extent to which each methods predicted change in IS. Study 4 describes the development of the Temple Street W82GO Healthy Lifestyle intervention for clinical obesity in children and a controlled study of treatment effect in 276 children is reported. Study 5 describes the development and testing of the Reactivate Mobile Obesity Application. Study 6 outlines the development and preliminary report from a clinical effectiveness trial of Reactivate. Results: In Study 1, meta--‐analyses BMI SDS changed by -0.16 (-0.24,‐0.07, p<0.01) and -0.03 (-0.13, 0.06, p=0.48). In study 2, cardiometabolic comorbidities were common (e.g. hypertension in 49%) and prevalence increased as obesity level increased. In Study 3, BC changes significantly predicted changes in IS. In Study 4, BMI SDS was significantly reduced in W82GO compared to controls (p<0.001). In Study 5, the Reactivate application had good usability indices and preliminary 6‐month process report data from Study 6, revealed a promising effect for Reactivate. Conclusions: W82GO and Reactivate are promising forms of treatment.

Obesity, Cardiovascular Risk Factors, and Weight Loss in a Population of Adult Mexican Americans

The study of obesity has evolved into one of the most important public health issues in the United States (U.S.), particularly in Hispanic populations. Mexican Americans, the largest Hispanic ethnic subgroup in the U.S., have been significantly impacted by obesity and related cardiovascular diseases. Mexican Americans living in the Lower Rio Grande Valley (the Valley) in the Texas-Mexico border are one of the most disadvantaged and hard-to-reach minority groups. Demographic factors, socioeconomic status, acculturation, and physical activity behavior have been found to be important predictors of health, although research findings are mixed when establishing predictors of obesity in this population. Furthermore, while obesity has long been linked to cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk factors such as hypertension, type 2 diabetes, and dyslipidemia; information on the relationships between obesity and these CVD risk factors have been mostly from non-minority population groups. Overall, research has been mixed in establishing the association between obesity and related CVD risk factors in this population calling attention to the need for further research. Nevertheless, identifying predictors of success for weight loss in this population will be important if health disparities are to be addressed. The overall objective of the findings presented in this dissertation was to attain a more informed profile of obesity and CVD risk factors in this population. In particular, we examined predictors of obesity, measures of obesity and association with cardiovascular disease risk factors in a sample of 975 Mexican Americans participating in a health promotion program in the Valley region. Findings suggest acculturation factors to be one of the most important predictors of obesity in this population. Results also point to the need of identifying other possible risk factors for predicting CVD risk. Finally, initial body mass index is an important predictor of weight loss in this population group. Thus, indicating that this population is not only amenable to change, but that improvements in weight loss are feasible. This finding strengthens the relevance of prevention programs such as Beyond Sabor for Mexican populations at risk, in particular, food bank recipients.

All in the Family? Parental Roles in the Epidemic of Childhood Obesity

Childhood obesity is a serious global health challenge. Families and consumption are at the nexus of the problem, as childhood weight issues depend significantly on family-related influences (genetic predispositions, physical activities, and household food consumption practices). This article focuses on how a family socializes a child toward or away from obesity. It advances a family consumer socialization framework to characterize key elements and processes. Biological predispositions, parent/family inputs, elements of child development, parent-child interactions, and intergenerational transfer are all major contributors to weight status and life course potentials. Time is also a crucial component, here represented in two forms -- linear and cyclical. Drawing on extensive research from other disciplines and related consumer research, five “Foundational Properties” are distilled, representing fundamental tenets underpinning the family’s role in this problem. Each property is then used to chart promising opportunities for consumer researchers and others interested in advancing knowledge on this pressing concern.

Activité physique durant la grossesse: associations avec le poids de naissance et la composition corporelle du nouveau-né

Plusieurs études se sont penchées sur les effets de l’activité physique maternelle sur le poids du nouveau-né, un paramètre reflétant l’environnement intra-utérin associé au risque ultérieur d’obésité et de problèmes métaboliques. Devant les taux alarmants d’obésité infantile à travers le monde, l’identification d’interventions préventives efficaces devient un enjeu majeur dans la lutte contre l’obésité et ses complications. L’activité physique maternelle pourrait être une avenue intéressante, étant donné ses effets bénéfiques sur le gain de poids et le profil métabolique maternels et son potentiel de diminution du poids de naissance de l’enfant. Cependant, la dose optimale d’activité physique et ses effets sur la composition corporelle du nouveau-né sont encore méconnus. Par ailleurs, la majorité des femmes enceintes ne rencontrent pas les recommandations en matière d’activité physique durant la grossesse et les femmes obèses, chez qui les bienfaits de l’activité physique pourraient possiblement avoir le plus grand impact, présentent souvent les niveaux les plus bas. Curieusement, peu d’études ont évalué les effets d’une intervention d’activité physique durant la grossesse dans cette population. Ainsi, avant d’envisager l’activité physique comme une intervention thérapeutique non-pharmacologique durant la grossesse, il importe d’en évaluer la faisabilité et la sécurité et d’en connaître extensivement les effets. Notamment, il s’avère primordial de vérifier s’il est possible d’augmenter en toute sécurité les niveaux d’activité physique durant la grossesse, particulièrement chez les femmes obèses, et de distinguer les effets spécifiques de différents stimuli d’activité physique (variant en type, volume, intensité et moment de la grossesse) sur la croissance fœtale. Dans ce contexte, nous avons dans un premier temps entrepris une revue systématique de la littérature des études observationnelles portant sur l’association entre l’activité physique maternelle et les paramètres de croissance fœtale mesurés à la naissance. Dans un deuxième temps, 2 études de cohortes évaluant l’impact du type, du volume, de l’intensité et du trimestre de pratique de l’activité physique ont été menées afin de complémenter et d’approfondir les résultats de la revue systématique. Finalement, une étude d’intervention randomisée a été réalisée afin d’évaluer s’il est possible d’améliorer les niveaux d’activité physique durant la grossesse chez les femmes enceintes obèses. Nos travaux ont permis d’illustrer l’influence variable que différents stimuli d’activité physique maternelle peuvent avoir sur l’anthropométrie néonatale. La revue systématique a montré qu’un volume moyen d’activité physique est associé à une augmentation du poids de naissance comparativement à un volume plus faible, alors qu’un volume élevé est associé à une diminution du poids de naissance, comparativement à un volume plus faible. Nos données suggèrent également que l’association entre l’activité physique maternelle et le poids de naissance varie en présence de certaines caractéristiques maternelles. Notamment, nous avons montré pour la première fois que l’activité physique vigoureuse pratiquée en début de grossesse était associée à une diminution importante du poids de naissance chez les femmes qui reçoivent un diagnostic de pré-éclampsie en fin de grossesse. L’importance de l’intensité de l’activité physique dans la relation entre l’activité physique maternelle et la croissance fœtale a également été soulignée pour la première fois dans notre étude de cohorte avec mesure de la composition corporelle néonatale. Contrairement à l’activité physique d’intensité modérée, l’activité physique vigoureuse en début de grossesse est associée à une diminution du poids de naissance, principalement en raison d’une adiposité néonatale réduite. Finalement, les résultats de l’essai randomisé ont permis d’établir la faisabilité d’une intervention d’activité physique supervisée visant à augmenter la pratique d’activité physique chez des femmes enceintes obèses et le potentiel d’une telle intervention à favoriser le maintien de la condition physique et une meilleure gestion du gain de poids chez ces femmes. L’ensemble de ces résultats permet de mieux cerner l’impact de l’activité physique maternelle sur la croissance fœtale, en fonction des caractéristiques spécifiques du stimulus d’activité physique mais également de la population étudiée. La faisabilité d’une intervention d’activité physique prénatale dans une population de femmes obèses laisse entrevoir de nouvelles possibilités dans la prévention de l’obésité infantile et de ses complications. L’identification d’une dose optimale d’activité physique favorisant la santé de l’enfant à court et à long terme dans diverses populations de femmes enceintes et l’identification des facteurs permettant une meilleure adhérence aux recommandations qui en découleront constituent des pistes de recherche essentielles à la lutte contre l’obésité.

Association between childhood obesity and oral hygiene status

Objective: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the oral hygiene status in pediatric obese patients. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted from 2011 to 2012, which evaluated 180 Brazilian pediatric patients, 6-14 years old, girls and boys, recruited according to two Body Mass Index (BMI) categories: obese and non-obese (healthy weight). For the evaluation the oral hygiene status, the study used Oral Hygiene Index (OHI) and Gingival Bleeding Index (GBI). Results: According to the total sample, 5/60 obese (8.3%) and 57/120 non-obese (47.5%) had good OHI, while 23/60 obese (38.4%) and 3/120 non-obese (2.5%) were classified in a low level of OHI, with a significance between the groups (p < 0.001), even after sorting by age. According to the classification of GBI, 60/60 obese (100.0%) and 89/120 non-obese (74.2%) had GBI 1 (bleeding gingiva), and 0/60 obese and 31/120 non-obese (25.8%) were classified as GBI 0 (healthy gingiva), with a significance between the groups (p < 0.001), even after sorting by age. Conclusions: This study indicated that OHI and GBI were significantly higher in the obese children group.

Overeating as a clue to weight gain: behavioural and physiological interactions in the control of food intake

It has been estimated that 25-50% of people in most affluent societies are either obese or overweight. These disorders are the result of an imbalance between calorific intake and energy expenditure over a prolonged time period. These types of disorders are among the most common health problems in industrialized societies. Addressing these issues and offering new strategies, this thorough new study draws together contributions from interdisciplinary and international group of specialists, includes recent research on genetic influences, features discussions of epidemiological studies and covers both biological and social aspects of obesity.

Addressing childhood obesity through increased physical activity

Obesity is affecting an increasing proportion of children globally. Despite an appreciation that physical activity is essential for the normal growth and development of children and prevents obesity and obesity-related health problems, too few children are physically active. A concurrent problem is that today’s young people spend more time than previous generations did in sedentary pursuits, including watching television and engaging in screen-based games. Active behavior has been displaced by these inactive recreational choices, which has contributed to reductions in activity-related energy expenditure. Implementation of multifactorial solutions considered to offer the best chance of combating these trends is urgently required to redress the energy imbalance that characterizes obesity. The counterproductive ‘shame and blame’ mentality that apportions responsibility for the childhood obesity problem to sufferers, their parents, teachers or health-care providers needs to be changed. Instead, these groups should offer constant support and encouragement to promote appropriate physical activity in children. Failure to provide activity opportunities will increase the likelihood that the children of today will live less healthy (and possibly shorter)lives than their parents.

Association between feeding style and weight gain in infants aged 2–7 months

Introduction: Feeding on demand supports an infant’s innate capacity to respond to hunger and satiety cues and may promote later self-regulation of intake. Our aim was to examine whether feeding style (on demand vs to schedule) is associated with weight gain in early life. Methods: Participants were first-time mothers of healthy term infants enrolled NOURISH, an RCT evaluating an intervention to promote positive early feeding practices. Baseline assessment occurred when infants were aged 2-7 months. Infants able to be categorised clearly as feeding on demand or to schedule (mothers self report) were included in the logistic regression analysis. The model was adjusted for gender, breastfeeding and maternal age, education, BMI. Weight gain was defined as a positive difference in baseline minus birthweight z-scores (WHO standards) which indicated tracking above weight percentile. Results: Data from 356 infants with a mean age of 4.4 (SD 1.0) months were available. Of these, 197 (55%) were fed on demand, 42 (12%) were fed on schedule. There was no statistical association between feeding style and weight gain [OR=0.72 (95%CI 0.35-1.46), P=0.36]. Formula fed infants were three times more likely to be fed on schedule and formula feeding was independently associated with increased weight gain [OR=2.02 (95%CI 1.11-3.66), P=0.021]. Conclusion: In this preliminary analysis the association between feeding style and weight gain did not reach statistical significance, however , the effect size may be clinically relevant and future analysis will include the full study sample (N=698).