Water sorption thermodynamic properties applied to persimmon skin and pulp

Moisture equilibrium data of persimmon skin and pulp were determined using the static gravimetric method. Adsorption and desorption isotherms were obtained in the range of 20-70°C, to water activities (a w) from 0.02 to 0.85. The application of the GAB model to the experimental results, using direct nonlinear regression analysis, provided a good agreement between experimental and calculated values. The net isosteric heat of sorption was estimated from equilibrium sorption data, using the Clausius-Clapeyron equation. Isosteric heats of sorption were found to increase with increasing temperature and could be well adjusted by an exponential relationship. The enthalpy-entropy compensation theory was applied to sorption isotherms and plots of ΔH versus ΔS for skin and pulp provided the isokinetic temperatures, indicating an enthalpy controlled sorption process. © 2000 Elsevier Science B.V.

Fractional polynomial response surface models

Second-order polynomial models have been used extensively to approximate the relationship between a response variable and several continuous factors. However, sometimes polynomial models do not adequately describe the important features of the response surface. This article describes the use of fractional polynomial models. It is shown how the models can be fitted, an appropriate model selected, and inference conducted. Polynomial and fractional polynomial models are fitted to two published datasets, illustrating that sometimes the fractional polynomial can give as good a fit to the data and much more plausible behavior between the design points than the polynomial model. © 2005 American Statistical Association and the International Biometric Society.

Estimation of spontaneous blinking main sequence in normal subjects and patients with Graves' upper eyelid retraction

Purpose. We quantified the main sequence of spontaneous blinks in normal subjects and Graves' disease patients with upper eyelid retraction using a nonlinear and two linear models, and examined the variability of the main sequence estimated with standard linear regression for 10-minute periods of time. Methods. A total of 20 normal subjects and 12 patients had their spontaneous blinking measured with the magnetic search coil technique when watching a video during one hour. The main sequence was estimated with a power-law function, and with standard and trough the origin linear regressions. Repeated measurements ANOVA was used to test the mean sequence stability of 10-minute bins measured with standard linear regression. Results. In 95% of the sample the correlation coefficients of the main sequence ranged from 0.60 to 0.94. Homoscedasticity of the peak velocity was not verified in 20% of the subjects and 25% of the patients. The power-law function provided the best main sequence fitting for subjects and patients. The mean sequence of 10-minute bins measured with standard linear regression did not differ from the one-hour period value. For the entire period of observation and the slope obtained by standard linear regression, the main sequence of the patients was reduced significantly compared to the normal subjects. Conclusions. Standard linear regression is a valid and stable approximation for estimating the main sequence of spontaneous blinking. However, the basic assumptions of the linear regression model should be examined on an individual basis. The maximum velocity of large blinks is slower in Graves' disease patients than in normal subjects. © 2013 The Association for Research in Vision and Ophthalmology, Inc.

Períodos de interferência de uma comunidade infestante na cultura do milho em primeira e segunda safras

Pós-graduação em Agronomia (Agricultura) - FCA

Modelos duplo sigmoidais para o crescimento de frutos do cafeeiro

Coffee is one of the main products of Brazilian agriculture, the country is currently the largest producer and exporter. Knowing the growth pattern of a fruit can assist in the development of culture indicating for example, the times of increased fruit weight and its optimum harvest, essential to improve the management and quality of coffee. Some authors indicate that the growth curve of the coffee fruit has a double sigmoid shape. However, it consists of just a visual observation without exploring the use of regression models. The aims of this study were: i) determine if the growth pattern of the coffee fruit is really double sigmoidal; ii) to propose a new approach in weighted importance re-sampling to estimate the parameters of regression models and select the most suitable double sigmoidal model to describe the growth of coffee fruits; iii) to study the spatial distribution effect of the crop in the growth curve of coffee fruits. In the first article the aim was determine if the growth pattern of the coffee fruit is really double sigmoidal. The models double Gompertz and double Logistic showed significantly superior fit to models of simple sigmoid confirming that the standard of coffee fruits growth is really double sigmoidal. In the second article we propose to consider an approximation of the likelihood as the candidate distribution of the weighted importance resampling, aiming to facilitate the process of obtaining samples of marginal distributions of each parameter. This technique was effective since it provided parameters with practical interpretation and low computational effort, therefore, it can be used to estimate parameters of double sigmoidal growth curves. The nonlinear model double Logistic was the most appropriate to describe the growth curve of coffee fruits. In the third article aimed to verify the influence of different planting alignments and sun exposure faces in the fruits growth curve. A difference between the growth rates in the two stages of fruit development was identified, regardless the side. Although it has been proven differences in productivity and quality of coffee, there was no difference between the growth curves in the different planting alignments herein studied.

Efeito de borda em um fragmento de floresta estacional semidecidual no interior do Estado de São Paulo

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

Ajustes de curvas de crescimento e estimativas da variabilidade genética de peso corporal de avestruzes (Struthio camelus)

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

Comportamento higroscópico do açaí e cupuaçu em pó

Neste trabalho, isotermas de adsorção e dessorção do açaí (Euterpe oleracea Mart.) e do cupuaçu (Theobroma grandiflorum Schum.) em pó foram determinadas experimentalmente com o auxílio de higrômetro AQUAlab3TE da Decagon nas temperaturas de 15, 25 e 35 °C. As curvas obtidas apresentaram um comportamento do tipo III, característico de materiais ricos em carboidratos. Os dados experimentais de adsorção e dessorção dos produtos foram ajustados, por análise de regressão não-linear, usando o aplicativo STATISTICA para Windows 5.1B, aos modelos matemáticos de Handerson, Oswin, GAB e BET-modificado. Os modelos de Oswin e GAB foram os que melhor se ajustaram aos dados experimentais de sorção de umidade para o açaí e cupuaçu em pó, respectivamente. Determinou-se ainda a monocamada para os dois produtos e o calor de dessorção para o açaí em pó.

Aplicação de modelos matemáticos bi e tri-paramétricos na predição de isotermas de adsorção de umidade do guaraná (Paullinia cupana) em pó

Doze modelos matemáticos (seis bi-paramétricos e seis tri-paramétricos), amplamente utilizados na predição de isotermas, foram estudados, com o objetivo de predizer isotermas de adsorção de umidade do guaraná (Paullinia cupana) em pó, obtido em "sprey dryer". As isotermas de adsorção de umidade do produto à 15° C, 25° C e 35° C, foram ajustadas por análise de regressão não-linear, usando o aplicativo STATGRAPHICS 5.1. Entre os modelos testados os que apresentaram melhores resultados nos ajustes foram as equações tri-paramétricas de GAB, BET modificada e Anderson, e as equações bi-paramétricas de Handerson e Oswin.

HYGROSCOPIC PROPERTIES OF ORANGE PULP AND PEEL

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

Parâmetros de erosividade da chuva e da enxurrada correlacionados com perdas de solo e erodibilidade de um Latossolo Roxo de Dourados (MS)

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

Removal of Pb2+ from aqueous solutions using two Brazilian rocks containing zeolites

The removal of Pb2+ from aqueous solution by two Brazilian rocks that contain zeolites-amygdaloidal dacite (ZD) and sandstone (ZS)-was examined by batch experiments. ZD contains mordenite and ZS, stilbite. The effects of contact time, concentration of metal in solution and capacity of Na+ to recover the adsorbed metals were evaluated at room temperature (20A degrees C). The sorption equilibrium was reached in the 30 min of agitation time. Both materials removed 100% of Pb2+ from solutions at concentrations up to 50 mg/L, and at concentrations larger than 100 mg/L of Pb2+, the adsorption capacity of sandstone was more efficient than that of amygdaloidal dacite due to the larger quantities and the type of zeolites (stilbite) in the cement of this rock. All adsorbed Pb2+ was easily replaced by Na+ in both samples. The analysis of the adsorption models using nonlinear regression revealed that the Sips and the Freundlich isotherms provided the best fit for the ZS and ZD experimental data, respectively, indicating the heterogeneous adsorption surfaces of these zeolites.

In vitro action of antiparasitic drugs, especially artesunate, against Toxoplasma gondii

Introduction: Toxoplasmosis is usually a benign infection, except in the event of ocular, central nervous system (CNS), or congenital disease and particularly when the patient is immunocompromised. Treatment consists of drugs that frequently cause adverse effects; thus, newer, more effective drugs are needed. In this study, the possible activity of artesunate, a drug successfully being used for the treatment of malaria, on Toxoplasma gondii growth in cell culture is evaluated and compared with the action of drugs that are already being used against this parasite. Methods: LLC-MK2 cells were cultivated in RPMI medium, kept in disposable plastic bottles, and incubated at 36 degrees C with 5% CO2. Tachyzoites of the RH strain were used. The following drugs were tested: artesunate, cotrimoxazole, pentamidine, pyrimethamine, quinine, and trimethoprim. The effects of these drugs on tachyzoites and LLC-MK2 cells were analyzed using nonlinear regression analysis with Prism 3.0 software. Results: Artesunate showed a mean tachyzoite inhibitory concentration (IC50) of 0.075 mu M and an LLC MK2 toxicity of 2.003 mu M. Pyrimethamine was effective at an IC50 of 0.482 mu M and a toxicity of 11.178 mu M. Trimethoprim alone was effective against the in vitro parasite. Cotrimoxazole also was effective against the parasite but at higher concentrations than those observed for artesunate and pyrimethamine. Pentamidine and quinine had no inhibitory effect over tachyzoites. Conclusions: Artesunate is proven in vitro to be a useful alternative for the treatment of toxoplasmosis, implying a subsequent in vivo effect and suggesting the mechanism of this drug against the parasite.

Influence diagnostics in Gaussian spatial linear models

Spatial linear models have been applied in numerous fields such as agriculture, geoscience and environmental sciences, among many others. Spatial dependence structure modelling, using a geostatistical approach, is an indispensable tool to estimate the parameters that define this structure. However, this estimation may be greatly affected by the presence of atypical observations in the sampled data. The purpose of this paper is to use diagnostic techniques to assess the sensitivity of the maximum-likelihood estimators, covariance functions and linear predictor to small perturbations in the data and/or the spatial linear model assumptions. The methodology is illustrated with two real data sets. The results allowed us to conclude that the presence of atypical values in the sample data have a strong influence on thematic maps, changing the spatial dependence structure.

Numerical analysis of control surface effects on AUV

Computational fluid dynamics, CFD, is becoming an essential tool in the prediction of the hydrodynamic efforts and flow characteristics of underwater vehicles for manoeuvring studies. However, when applied to the manoeuvrability of autonomous underwater vehicles, AUVs, most studies have focused on the de- termination of static coefficients without considering the effects of the vehicle control surface deflection. This paper analyses the hydrodynamic efforts generated on an AUV considering the combined effects of the control surface deflection and the angle of attack using CFD software based on the Reynolds-averaged Navier–Stokes formulations. The CFD simulations are also independently conducted for the AUV bare hull and control surface to better identify their individual and interference efforts and to validate the simulations by comparing the experimental results obtained in a towing tank. Several simulations of the bare hull case were conducted to select the k –ω SST turbulent model with the viscosity approach that best predicts its hydrodynamic efforts. Mesh sensitivity analyses were conducted for all simulations. For the flow around the control surfaces, the CFD results were analysed according to two different methodologies, standard and nonlinear. The nonlinear regression methodology provides better results than the standard methodology does for predicting the stall at the control surface. The flow simulations have shown that the occurrence of the control surface stall depends on a linear relationship between the angle of attack and the control surface deflection. This type of information can be used in designing the vehicle’s autopilot system.