边坡动力响应分析及应用研究

As a marginal subject, dynamic responses of slopes is not only an important problem of engineering geology (Geotechnical problem), but also of other subjects such as seismology, geophysics, seismic engineering and engineering seismic and so on. Owning to the gulf between different subjects, it is arduous to study dynamic responses of slopes and the study is far from ripeness. Studying on the dynamic responses of slopes is very important in theories as well as practices. Supported by hundreds of bibliographies, this paper systemically details the development process of this subject, introduces main means to analyze this subject, and then gives brief remarks to each means respectively. Engineering geology qualitative analysis is the base of slopes dynamic responses study. Because of complexity of geological conditions, engineering geology qualitative analysis is very important in slopes stability study, especially to rock slopes with complex engineering geology conditions. Based on research fruits of forerunners, this paper summarizes factors influencing slopes dynamic stability into five aspects as geology background, stratums, rock mass structure, and topography as well as hydrogeology condition. Based on rock mass structure controlling theory, engineering geology model of the slope is grouped into two typical classes, one is model with obvious controlling discontinuities, which includes horizontal bedded slope, bedding slope, anti-dip slope, slide as well as slope with base rock and weathered crust; the other is model without obvious controlling discontinuities, which includes homogeneous soil slope, joint rock mass slope. Study on slope failure mechanism under dynamic force, the paper concludes that there are two effects will appear in slope during strong earthquake, one is earthquake inertia force, the other is ultra pore pressure buildup. The two effects lead to failure of the slope. To different types of slope failure, the intensity of two effects acting on the slope is different too. To plastic flow failure, pore pressure buildup is dominant; to falling rock failure and toppling failure, earthquake inertia force is dominant in general. This paper briefly introduces the principle of Lagrangian element method. Through a lot of numerical simulations with FLAC3D, the paper comprehensively studies dynamic responses of slopes, and finds that: if the slope is low, displacement, velocity and acceleration are linear enlarging with elevation increasing in vertical direction; if the slope is high enough, displacement, velocity and acceleration are not linear with elevation any more, on the other hand, they fluctuate with certain rhythm. At the same time, the rhythm appears in the horizontal direction in the certain area near surface of the slope. The distribution form of isoline of displacement, velocity and acceleration in the section of the slope is remarkably affected by the slope angle. In the certain area near the slope surface, isoline of displacement, velocity and acceleration is parallel to the surface of the slope, in the mean time, the strike direction of the extreraum area is parallel to the surface of the slope too. Beyond this area, the isoline direction and the strike direction of the extremum area turn to horizontal with invariable distance. But the rhythm appearing or not has nothing to with the slope angle. The paper defines the high slope effect and the low slope effect of slopes dynamic responses, discusses the threshold height H^t of the dynamic high slope effect, and finds that AW is proportional to square root of the dynamic elastic moduli El P , at the same time, it is proportional to period Tof the dynamic input. Thus, the discriminant of H^t is achieved. The discriminant can tell us that to a slope, if its height is larger than one fifth of the wavelength, its response regular will be the dynamic high slope effect; on the other hand, its response regular will be the dynamic low slope effect. Based on these, the discriminant of different slopes taking on same response under the same dynamic input is put forward in this paper. At the same time, the paper studies distribution law of the rhythm extremum point of displacement, velocity and acceleration, and finds that there exists relationship of N = int among the slope height H, the number of the rhythm extremum VHlhro) point N and ffthre- Furthermore, the paper points out that if N^l, the response of the slope will be dynamic high slope effect; \fNloading effect of gravity and tectonic stress. At the same time, the failure model of the slope under dynamic input is attained. Based on these, the stability is comprehensively studied for section IV-IV with numerical simulation method as well as method putting forward in chapter 5. At last, the paper concludes that under dynamic input, the section will slide along fault f9, some deep fractures and fault/5 with certain permanent displacement, and this must be taken into consideration in the engineering.

复杂断块油藏形成机制及剩余油预测

The central uplift in the Huimin depression is famous for its large amounts of faults and small-scale fault-block area, and it is the famed typical complicated fault-block group oil & gas field in the whole world. After many years of rolling exploration and exploitation, many complex oil &gas field have been discovered in the central uplift, and won the splendent fruit. With the gradual deepening and development of the rolling exploitation, the exploration faces more and more difficulties. Therefore, it is important to reveal the forming mechanism and distributing rule of the complex fault-block reservoir, and to realize the forecast of the complex fault-block reservoir, sequentially, expedite the exploration step. This article applies the new multi-subject theory, method and technique such as structure geometry, kinematics, dynamics, structural stress field, fluid potential field, well logging record and constrained inversion of seismic records, coherence analysis, the seal mold and seal history of oil-bounded fault etc, and try to reveal the forming mechanism and distributing law of the complex fault-block reservoir, in result, implements the forecast of the fault-block reservoir and the remaining oil distributing. In order to do so, this article synthetically carries out structural estimate, reservoir estimate, fault sealing history estimate, oil-bearing properties estimate and residual. This article also synthetically researches, describes and forecast the complex fault-block in Huimin depression by use of the techniques, e.g. seismetic data post-stack processing technique, multi-component demarcating technique, elaborate description technique for the fault-block structure, technique of layer forecasting, fault sealing analysis technique, comprehensive estimate technique of fault-block, comprehensive analysis and estimate technique of remaining oil etc. The activities of the faults varies dramatically in the Huimin depression, and most of the second-class and the third-class faults are contemporaneous faults, which control the macroscopical distribution of the reservoir in the Huimin depression. The fourth-class faults cause the complication between the oil & gas among the fault-blocks. The multi-period strong activities of the Linyi fracture resulted in the vertical migration of large amount of oil & gas along with the faults. This is the main reason for the long vertical distribution properties near the Linyi fracture in the Huimin depression. The sealing ability of the fault is controlled by the property,size and direction of the main stress, the contact relationship of the both sides of the fault, the shale polluting factor, and the configuration relationship between the fault move period and the migration period of oil & gas. The article suggest four fault-sealing modes in the research zone for the first time, which establishes the foundation for the further forecast of the complex fault-block reservoir. Numerical simulation of the structural stress field reveals the distribution law and the evolvement progress of the three-period stress field from the end of the Dongying period to the Guantao period to nowadays. This article puts forward that the Linyi and Shanghe regions are the low value of the maximum main stress data. This is combined with the fault sealing history estimate, then multi-forming-reservoir in the central uplift is put forward. In the Shanghe oilfield, the article establishes six reservoir geological modes and three remaining oil distributing modes(the plane, the inside layer and the interlayer), then puts forward six increase production measure to enhance the remaining oil recovery ratio. Inducting the exploitation of oilfield, it wins notable economic effects and social effects.

高含水油藏复合驱剩油分布研究-以羊三木油田馆陶组油藏复合驱为例

Based on the study of the combined flooding test block of Guantao formation in Third faulted block of Yangsanmu oil field, this paper carries out the integration of reservoir precise characterization for very high water cut reservoir, establishes precise 3D geologic model for high water cut development period and states the changing law of the reservoir architecture dtiring development by combined flooding. Then, by subdivided the thick oil reservoir, the study of remaining oil saturation monitoring in fiber glass cased well and tracer monitoring is developed. According the study of multiple constrained combined flooding reservoir numerical simulation, remaining oil distribution are predicted, the methods architecture of predicting remaining oil distribution are established for fluvial facies reservoir at late development stage, develops plan is designed and adjustment associating technologies for enhancing oil recovery. On these base, related measures for tapping the potential are given, it is verified and optimized through the field former test and the good economic effect is achieved . The major achievements of this paper are as follows. The changing law of the reservoir architecture and it's property parameters is revealed, The result indicates that the temperature-pressure of the injecting material and the interaction effect of the injecting material and reservoir petrography are the main factors of the dynamic changes of the reservoir architecture. The quantitative reservoir geologic model, which is tallied with dynamic reservoir parameters of the study area, is established. Subdivided the thick oil reservoir is very important for the study of the remaining oil distribution within the thick oil reservoir. Subdivided the thick oil reservoir technology, which consists of six technologies as follow: micro-cyclic divided, flow unit method, architectural element method, high resolution log technology, high resolution-process technology for normal logging data and using the production data is presented. 3. It is established dynamic monitoring system of remaining oil saturation quantitative research which are inner and interlayer remaining oil saturation from time-lapse logging in fiber glass cased well, inter-well remaining oil saturation from the technology of isotopic tracer monitoring technology, and 4d remaining oil saturation distribution from combined flooding numerical modeling integrated by production datao The forming mechanism of remaining oil for polymer flooding and alkali/polymer combined flooding is clarified, and the plane and vertical distribution law of remaining oil after combined flooding is revealed. Predicting methods and technologies for the combined flooding reservoir of fluvial facies is developed. Combined flooding has been achieved good displacement result in the pilot of Third fault block in Yangsanmu oil field, and accumulated types of important parameters and optimum plans, this technology of combined flooding is expected to increase recovery ratio by 4.77%.

珠江口盆地流花11-1油田储层非均质性及流体分布规律研究

In order to discover the distribution law of the remaining oil, the paper focuses on the quantitative characterization of the reservoir heterogeneity and the distribution law of the fluid barrier and interbed, based on fine geological study of the reservoir in Liuhuall-1 oil field. The refined quantitative reservoir geological model has been established by means of the study of core analysis, logging evaluation on vertical well and parallel well, and seismic interpretation and prediction. Utilizing a comprehensive technology combining dynamic data with static data, the distribution characteristics, formation condition and controlling factors of remaining oil in Liuhuall-1 oil field have been illustrated. The study plays an important role in the enrichment regions of the remaining oil and gives scientific direction for the next development of the remaining oil. Several achievements have been obtained as follows: l.On the basis of the study of reservoir division and correlation,eight lithohorizons (layer A, B_1, B_2, B_3, C, D, E, and F) from the top to the bottom of the reservoir are discriminated. The reef facies is subdivided into reef-core facies, fore-reef facies and backreef facies. These three subfacies are further subdivided into five microfacies: coral algal limestone, coralgal micrite, coral algal clastic limestone, bioclastic limestone and foraminiferal limestone. In order to illustrate the distribution law of remaining oil in high watercut period, the stratigraphic structure model and sedimentary model are reconstructed. 2.1n order to research intra-layer, inter-layer and plane reservoir heterogeneity, a new method to characterize reservoir heterogeneity by using IRH (Index of Reservoir Heterogeneity) is introduced. The result indicates that reservoir heterogeneity is medium in layer B_1 and B_3, hard in layer A, B_2, C, E, poor in layer D. 3.Based on the study of the distribution law of fluid barrier and interbed, the effect of fluid battier and interbed on fluid seepage is revealed. Fluid barrier and interbed is abundant in layer A, which control the distribution of crude oil in reservoir. Fluid barrier and interbed is abundant relatively in layer B_2,C and E, which control the spill movement of the bottom water. Layer B_1, B_3 and D tend to be waterflooded due to fluid barrier and interbed is poor. 4.Based on the analysis of reservoir heterogeneity, fluid barrier and interbed and the distribution of bottom water, four contributing regions are discovered. The main lies on the north of well LH11-1A. Two minors lie on the east of well LH11-1-3 and between well LH11-1-3 and well LH11-1-5. The last one lies in layer E in which the interbed is discontinuous. 5.The parameters of reservoir and fluid are obtained recurring to core analysis, logging evaluation on vertical well and parallel well, and seismic interpretation and prediction. Theses parameters provide data for the quantitative characterization of the reservoir heterogeneity and the distribution law of the fluid barrier and interbed. 6.1n the paper, an integrated method about the distribution prediction of remaining oil is put forward on basis of refined reservoir geological model and reservoir numerical simulation. The precision in history match and prediction of remaining oil is improved greatly. The integrated study embodies latest trend in this research field. 7.It is shown that the enrichment of the remaining oil with high watercut in Liuhua 11-1 oil field is influenced by reservoir heterogeneity, fluid barrier and interbed, sealing property of fault, driving manner of bottom water and exploitation manner of parallel well. 8.Using microfacies, IRH, reservoir structure, effective thickness, physical property of reservoir, distribution of fluid barrier and interbed, the analysis of oil and water movement and production data, twelve new sidetracked holes are proposed and demonstrated. The result is favorable to instruct oil field development and have gotten a good effect.

文33块沙二下段油藏动态模型及剩余油预测

By applying synthetically multi-subject theories, methods and technology, such as petroleum geology, sedimentology, seep mechanics, geochemistry, geophysics and so on; and by making full use of computer; combining quantity and quality, macroscopic and microscopic, intensive static and active description, comprehensive studying and physical modeling, 3 dimension and 4 dimension description; the paper took Wen-33 block of Zhongyuan oil field as an example; and studied reservoir macroscopic and microscopic parameter changing rule and evolve mechanics in different water-blood stage. The reservoir dynamic model and remaining-oil distribution mode was established, and several results were achieved as follows: (1) Three types of parameter gaining, optimizing and whole data body of Wen33th reservoir were established. Strata framework, structure framework, reservoir types and distribution of Wen33th reservoir were discussed. Reservoir genesis types, space distribution law and evolve rule of Wen33th reservoir were explained. 4D dynamic model of macroscopic parameter of reservoir flow dynamic geologic function of Wen33th reservoir was established. The macroscopic remaining-oil distribution and control factor was revealed. The models of the microscopic matrix field, pore-throat network field, fluid field, clay mineral field of Wen-33 block were established. The characters, changing rules and controlled factors in different water stage were revealed. The evolve rule and mechanics of petroleum fluid field in Wen-33 block reservoir were revealed. Macroscopic and microscopic remaining oil distribution mode of Wen-33 block were established. Seven types, namely 12 shapes of dynamic model of microscopic remaining oil were discussed, and the distribution of mover remaining oil was predicted. Emulation model: mathematical model and prediction model of Wen-33 block were established. The changing mechanics of reservoir parameter and distribution of remaining-oil were predicted. Firstly, the paper putting forward that the dynamic geologic function of petroleum development is the factor of controlling remaining-oil, which is the main factor leading to matrix field, network field, clay mineral field, fluid field, physic and chemical field, stress field and fluid field forming and evolving. (10) A set of theories, methods and technologies of investigating, describing, characterizing and predicting complex fault-block petroleum were developed.

油藏数值模拟中的网格粗化和细化技术研究

The grid is a foundation of reservoir description and reservoir simulation. The scale of grid size is vital influence for the precision of reservoir simulation the gridding of reservoir parameters require reasonable interpolation method with computing quickly and accurately. The improved distant weighted interpolation method has many properties, such as logical data points selection, exact interpolation, less calculation and simply programming, and its application can improve the precision of reservoir description and reservoir simulation. The Fractal geologic statistics describes scientifically the distribution law of various geological properties in reservoir. The Fractal interpolation method is applied in grid interpolation of reservoir parameters, and the result more accorded with the geological property and configuration of reservoir, and improved the rationality and quality of interpolation calculation. Incorporating the improved distant weighted interpolation method with Fractal interpolation method during mathematical model of grid-upscaling and grid-downscaling, the softwares of GROUGH(grid-upscaling) and GFINE (grid-downscaling) were developed aiming at the questions of grid-upscaling and grid-downscaling in reservoir description and reservoir simulation. The softwares of GROUGH and GFINE initial applied in the research of fined and large-scale reservoir simulation. It obtained fined distribution of remaining oil applying grid-upscaling and grid-downscaling technique in fined reservoir simulation of Es21-2 Shengtuo oilfield, and provided strongly and scientific basis for integral and comprehensive adjustment. It's a giant tertiary oil recovery pilot area in the alkaline/surfactant/polymer flooding pilot area of west district of Gudao oilfield, and first realized fined reservoir simulation of chemical flooding using grid-upscaling and grid-downscaling technique. It has wide applied foreground and significant research value aiming at the technique of grid-upscaling and grid-downscaling in reservoir description and reservoir simulation.

Strength model for end cover separation failure in RC beams strengthened with near-surface mounted (NSM) FRP strips

As an alternative to externally bonded FRP reinforcement, near-surface mounted (NSM) FRP reinforcement can be used to effectively improve the flexural performance of RC beams. In such FRP strengthened RC beams, end cover separation failure is one of the common failure modes. This failuremode involves the detachment of the NSM FRP reinforcement together with the concrete cover along the level of the tension steel reinforcement. This paper presents a new strength model for end cover separation failure in RC beams strengthened in flexure with NSM FRP strips (i.e. rectangular FRP bars with asectional height-to-thickness ratio not less than 5), which was formulated on the basis of extensive numerical results from a parametric study undertaken using an efficient finite element approach. The proposed strength model consists of an approximate equation for the debonding strain of the FRP reinforcement at the critical cracked section and a conventional section analysis to relate this debondingstrain to the moment acting on the same section (i.e. the debonding strain). Once the debonding strain is known, the load level at end cover separation of an FRP-strengthened RC beam can be easily determined for a given load distribution. Predictions from the proposed strength model are compared with those of two existing strength models of the same type and available test results, which shows that the proposed strength model is in close agreement with test results and is far more accurate than the existing strength models.

Projecto e concepção de instalação frigorífica a NH3, para uma unidade de congelação de frangos em contínuo, na Venezuela

Trabalho Final de Mestrado para obtenção do grau de Mestre em Engenharia Mecânica

Influência do alinhamento do pé nos Ajustes Posturais Antecipatórios em crianças com Paralisia Cerebral

Introdução: A dificuldade na organização dos ajustes posturais antecipatórios (APAs) é frequentemente associada ao défice de controlo postural (CP) em crianças/jovens com um quadro motor de hemiplegia espástica, resultante de paralisia cerebral. As alterações biomecânicas da tibiotársica e do pé são características comummente observadas nestas crianças/jovens e influenciam o CP na sua globalidade. Objectivo(s): descrever o comportamento dos APAs associados ao início da marcha, face à modificação do alinhamento do pé em crianças/jovens com hemiplegia espástica, após 12 semanas de intervenção, segundo o Conceito Bobath-TND e aplicação de uma Ligadura Funcional (LF). Métodos: Foram avaliadas quatro crianças/jovens num momento inicial (M0) e após 12 semanas de intervenção e de aplicação de uma LF (M1). Recorrendo à eletromiografia de superfície, registaram-se os timings de activação dos músculos tibial anterior, solear, recto abdominal e erector da espinha (bilateralmente). O início do movimento foi calculado a partir da alteração do sinal obtido através da plataforma de pressões. Recorreu-se à aplicação da TMFM-88 para avaliar a função motora global e à aplicação da CIF-CJ para classificar a funcionalidade mediante as actividades e a participação. Procedeu-se ao registo de imagem para facilitar a observação/avaliação das componentes de movimento das crianças/jovens em estudo. Resultados: Após o período de intervenção, verificou-se uma modificação nos valores dos timings de ativação dos músculos em análise, que se aproximaram da janela temporal definida como APAs, bem como na distribuição de carga na base de suporte, nos scores da TMFM-88 e nos qualificadores das “Actividades e Participação”, sugestivos de uma melhor organização dos mecanismos de controlo postural. Conclusão: As crianças/jovens em estudo evidenciaram, após uma intervenção de fisioterapia baseada no Conceito Bobath- TND e aplicação de uma LF, uma evolução favorável tanto ao nível do CP da tibiotársica e do pé, apresentando timings de ativação muscular temporalmente mais ajustados à tarefa, com repercussões positivas nas actividades e participação.

Avaliação do desempenho de uma cortina de estacas espaçadas, atirantada, em areia

It is presented the analysis of a retaining wall designed for the basement of a residential building, located in Natal/RN, which consists in a spaced pile wall, anchored by tiebacks, in sand. This structure was instrumented in order to measure the wall s horizontal movements and the load distribution throughout the anchor fixed length. The horizontal movements were measured with an inclinometer, and the loads in the anchors were measured with strain gages, installed in three places throughout the anchor fixed length. Measurements for displacement were done right after the implementation of each stage of the building and right after the conclusion of the building, and the measurements for loads in the anchors were done during the performance test, at the moment of the locking off and, also, right after the conclusion of the building. From the data of displacement were obtained velocity and acceleration data of wall. It was found that the time elapsed on braced installation was decisive in the magnitude of the displacements. The maximum horizontal displacement of wall ranged between 0,18 and 0,66% of the final depth of excavation. The loads in the anchors strongly reduced to approximately half the anchor fixed length, followed an exponential distribution. Furthermore, it was found that there was a loss of load in the anchors over time, reaching 50% loss in one of them

Função de distribuição generalizada aplicada à velocidade de rotação estelar

In the present work we use a Tsallis maximum entropy distribution law to fit the observations of projected rotational velocity measurements of stars in the Pleiades open cluster. This new distribution funtion which generalizes the Ma.xwel1-Boltzmann one is derived from the non-extensivity of the Boltzmann-Gibbs entropy. We also present a oomparison between results from the generalized distribution and the Ma.xwellia.n law, and show that the generalized distribution fits more closely the observational data. In addition, we present a oomparison between the q values of the generalized distribution determined for the V sin i distribution of the main sequence stars (Pleiades) and ones found for the observed distribution of evolved stars (subgiants). We then observe a correlation between the q values and the star evolution stage for a certain range of stel1ar mass

Fault location in underground systems using artificial neural networks and PSCAD/EMTDC

The need for high reliability and environmental concerns are making the underground networks the most appropriate choice of energy distribution. However, like any other system, underground distribution systems are not free of failures. In this context, this work presents an approach to study underground systems using computational tools by integrating the software PSCAD/EMTDC with artificial neural networks to assist fault location in power distribution systems. Targeted benefits include greater accuracy and reduced repair time. The results presented here shows the feasibility of the proposed approach. © 2012 IEEE.

Multilayer perceptron neural networks training through charged system search and its Application for non-technical losses detection

The non-technical loss is not a problem with trivial solution or regional character and its minimization represents the guarantee of investments in product quality and maintenance of power systems, introduced by a competitive environment after the period of privatization in the national scene. In this paper, we show how to improve the training phase of a neural network-based classifier using a recently proposed meta-heuristic technique called Charged System Search, which is based on the interactions between electrically charged particles. The experiments were carried out in the context of non-technical loss in power distribution systems in a dataset obtained from a Brazilian electrical power company, and have demonstrated the robustness of the proposed technique against with several others nature-inspired optimization techniques for training neural networks. Thus, it is possible to improve some applications on Smart Grids. © 2013 IEEE.

Advanced network reconfiguration system applied to CEMIG-D system

In the network reconfiguration context, the challenge nowadays is to improve the system in order to get intelligent systems that are able to monitor the network and produce refined information to support the operator decisions in real time, this because the network is wide, ramified and in some places difficult to access. The objective of this paper is to present the first results of the network reconfiguration algorithm that has been developed to CEMIG-D. The algorithm's main idea is to provide a new network configuration, after an event (fault or study case), based on an initial condition and aiming to minimize the affected load, considering the restrictions of load flow equations, maximum capacity of the lines as well as equipments and substations, voltage limits and system radial operation. Initial tests were made considering real data from the system, provided by CEMIG-D and it reveals very promising results. © 2013 IEEE.

BCS: A Binary Cuckoo Search algorithm for feature selection

Feature selection has been actively pursued in the last years, since to find the most discriminative set of features can enhance the recognition rates and also to make feature extraction faster. In this paper, the propose a new feature selection called Binary Cuckoo Search, which is based on the behavior of cuckoo birds. The experiments were carried out in the context of theft detection in power distribution systems in two datasets obtained from a Brazilian electrical power company, and have demonstrated the robustness of the proposed technique against with several others nature-inspired optimization techniques. © 2013 IEEE.