Is Māori food sovereignty affected by adherence, or lack thereof, to Te Tiriti O Waitangi?

Māori food sovereignty was and continues to be severely affected by British colonisation and influence. This situation and its causes, both past and present, will be examined in the context of Māori culture, especially Te Tiriti, a founding document of New Zealand. The general concept of food sovereignty is introduced, and its key principle: having power over one's own food system. A brief history of Māori food systems is necessary as context–their adaptation from Polynesia to New Zealand and later, to European settlement. Te Tiriti and the Treaty of Waitangi are explained: how they were created and why Te Tiriti is authoritative. Then, different aspects of Te Tiriti are linked to various parts of Māori food sovereignty and traditional Māori concepts. Through breaching tuku whenua in Te Tiriti, land issues have arisen: the methods used to confiscate Māori land and the effects this had on traditional food, health and urbanisation are discussed. Culture as taonga is examined: the ways in which losing a food system leads to losing traditions, and how this breaches Te Tiriti. Then the (mostly negative) effects of this shift in food systems on the environment is examined, and how this relates back to taonga as well as the traditional duty of kaitiakitanga and, again, the breaching of Te Tiriti. Lastly, the underlying issue of power is examined in relation to rangatiratanga and overall sovereignty–this is also linked to Te Tiriti.

Múltiples derechos, la misma desprotección: la eficacia simbólica de los derechos de las mujeres indígenas desplazadas en Colombia

Este artículo indaga por las dificultades en la protección de los derechos de las mujeres indígenas desplazadas, en el contexto de la pluralidad jurídica de que son sujetas y de la eficacia simbólica que comportan estos múltiples ordenamientos para ellas. Con base enla observación participante realizada por el autor, se sostiene que las relaciones entre la pluralidad interna y externa de los ordenamientos jurídicos, así como la eficacia simbólica, privilegian los intereses de los hombres y el Estado, y generan la desprotección de las mujeres indígenas desplazadas a través de fenómenos específicos. En la primera parte, se examinanlas dificultades internas y externas de los ordenamientos nacional e internacional y su eficacia simbólica, las cuales no permiten desarrollar los derechos de las mujeres indígenas desplazadasde forma específica y diferenciada. En la segunda parte, se analizan los argumentos locales que, desde el punto de vista de las mujeres indígenas, dificultan las reclamaciones de sus derechos. Finalmente, se observan tres fenómenos específicos de desprotección de las mujeres indígenas desplazadas.

Gobierno y gobernancia de los territorios, sectorialidad y territorialidad de las políticas públicas

El hecho de que, desde la Constitución de 1991, normas y sentencias tiendan en considerar que los ejecutivos locales (alcaldes, gobernadores) deben ser unos agentes regidores que practican el gobierno del territorio y la “descentralización controlada” más que unos actores gobernantes, defensores de la gobernancia de sus territorios, plantea la cuestión de saber por qué y cómo aquéllos pueden combinar este doble rol. La mayor parte de la respuesta se encuentra en el examen simultáneo de la lógica de regulación de las políticas pública (Muller, 1997 y 2002) y de las condiciones de su implementación en el territorio o “despliegue territorial” (Medellín, 2003).La territorialidad de una política pública se refiere, según Muller, a una situación en la cual la lógica dominante de una política pública es una lógica territorial u horizontal (regulación de un territorio geográfico en una dialéctica centro-periferia), mientras la sectorialidad se refiere a una situación en la cual la lógica dominante de una política pública es una lógica sectorial o vertical (regulación de la reproducción de un sector determinado verticalmente en una dialéctica global-sectorial). A cada lógica de regulación de las políticas públicas le corresponde una manera de gobernar un territorio: el gobierno del territorio para la sectorialidad y la gobernancia de los territorios para la territorialidad.Al contrario del caso francés en el cual la construcción del Estado marca el fin de una lógica de territorialidad (la “territorialidad tradicional”), el Estado colombiano es un Estado endémico, un Estado fragmentado confrontado a la lucha por el control territorial y el temor a la fractura de la unidad territorial (Navas, 2003). Su capacidad parcial por cubrir todo el territorio y actuar sobre él (su “territorialidad parcial” según Medellín) afecta su gobernabilidad y el despliegue territorial de las políticas públicas, sometido a negociaciones inciertas, cercanas a la temática de la gobernancia.Por ello, la gobernabilidad en Colombia sólo es posible mediante políticas públicas híbridas, hijas del “matrimonio indisoluble de la sectorialidad y de la territorialidad”, de la “secterritorialidad”, que combina en proporción variable lógica sectorial (o sectorialidad, que implica centralización) y lógica territorial (o territorialidad, que implica descentralización), gracias a un modo de gobierno híbrido, la “gobiernancia” del territorio, ésta es una “dosificación” compleja entre gobier-no y gobernancia. Es, entonces, posible determinar el grado de territorialidad y de sectorialidad de una política pública en un momento dado y clasificar las políticas públicas según su grado de territorialidad y de sectorialidad, es decir, según la importancia relativa de sus lógicas de regulación.Si el periodo que empieza al iniciar los años setenta, y que termina al iniciar los años ochenta es un periodo en el cual domina primordialmente la sectorialidad y se asegura la gobernabilidad recurriendo casi exclusivamente al gobierno del territorio a través del despliegue territorial separado de cada sector, el periodo que va de 1984 a la época actual, caracterizado por la “descentralización controlada”, señala un cambio parcial de lógica de regulación de las políticas públicas a través del recurrir parcial a la lógica de territorialidad como respuesta a alguna crisis de sectorialidad.Como bien lo muestra el análisis y la evaluación de las políticas públicas de vivienda de interés social, ordenamiento y desarrollo del territorio municipal, educación y acueducto y alcantarillado, la gobernabilidad en este secundo periodo está asegurada, entonces, sólo gracias a la gobiernancia en los territorios o combinación entre el gobierno del territorio y la gobernancia de los territorios, es decir, gracias a un modo de gobierno híbrido que les permite a los ejecutivos locales conciliar su inclinación por la gobernancia de sus territorios y sus obligaciones en cuanto al gobierno del territorio y ser, al mismo tiempo, actores gobernantes y agentes regidores.-----Since the 1991 Constitution, most rulings and sentences tend to consider that individuals in charge of the local executive power (mayors, governors) should be some sort of tuling aldermen responsible for their particular territories and their “controlled decentralization” instead of actual governing actors, advocates and defenders of the governance of their territories. This fact raises the questions of why and how they can possibly play this double role. The bulk of the answer to this question can be found by examining both the logic behind public policies (Muller) and the conditions in whixh these are implemented in each territory, or “territorial deployment” (Medellìn).According to Muller, the territoriality of a particular public policy refers to a situation whereby the prevailing logic is territorial or horizontal (regulation of a geographical territory follows a center-periphery scheme), whereas its sectoriality refers to a situation whereby the prevailing logic is sectorial or vertical (regulation of a sector’s reproduction is vertically determined by a global-sectorial scheme). For each regulation logic behind public policies there is a corresponding way of governing a particular territory: governing the territory for the sake of sectoriality, and governing it for the sake of territoriality.As opposed to the French case, whereby the construction of the State signals the purposes of a territorial logic (“traditional territoriality”), the Colombian State is na endemic one, a fragmented State struggling for territorial control and in fear of the fragmentation of territorial unity (Navas). Its limited capacity to cover the whole territory and to act on it (its “limited or partial territoriality”, according to Medellín) affects governability as well as the deployment of public policies, which is frequently subject to uncertain negotiations related to the problem of governance.That es why governability in Colombia is only possible through hybrid public policies, which are in turn the result of the “indissoluble marriage between sectoriality and territoriality”, the result of a sort of “secterritoriality” which combines in various proportions a sectorial logic (or sectoriallity, which implies centralization) and a territorial logic (or territoriallity, which implies decentralization), all due to a hybrid form of governmen, or “governance” of the territory, a complex and variable dosage of both government and governance. Keeping this in mind, it is possible to establish the degree of territoriality and sectoriality of a public policy at a particular time, and to classify public policies according to their degree of territoriality and/or sectoriality, that is, according to the relative importance of the logics behind their regulation.From the early 70s to the early 80s, sectoriality prevailed and governability was guaranteed almost exclusively through the separate territorial deployment of each sector, then, from 1984 to the present, “controlled decentralization” has shown partial changes in the regulation logic behind public policies by resorting, at least in part, to a logic of territoriality in response to some sort of sectorriality crisis.As can be clearly seen after analyzing and evaluatin public policies in matters such as statesubsidized housing, municipal land development and legislation, education, water and sewage services, governability during this second period can only be guaranteed by governance in the territories or by a combination of both, government in the territory and governance in the territories. In other words, governability is possible thanks to a type of hybrid government that allows those in charge of exercising local executive power to reconcile their bias towards the governance of their teritories and their duties vis-àvis the government of the territory, but capable of being, at the same time, governing actors and ruling agents, active modern-day aldermen.

Multitrophic effects of nutrient addition in upland grassland

Although the effects of nutrient enhancement on aquatic systems are well documented, the consequences of nutritional supplements on soil food webs are poorly understood, and results of past research examining bottom-up effects are often conflicting. In addition, many studies have failed to separate the effects of nutrient enrichment and the physical effects of adding organic matter. In this field study, we hypothesised that the addition of nitrogen to soil would result in a trophic cascade, through detritivores (Collembola) to predators (spiders), increasing invertebrate numbers and diversity. Nitrogen and lime were added to plots in an upland grassland in a randomised block design. Populations of Collembola and spiders were sampled by means of pitfall traps and identified to species. Seventeen species of Collembola were identified from the nitrogen plus lime (N + L) and control plots. Species assemblage, diversity, richness, evenness and total number were not affected by nutrient additions. However, there was an increase in the number of Isotomidae juveniles and Parisotoma anglicana trapped in the N + L plots. Of the 44 spider species identified, over 80% were Linyphiidae. An effect on species assemblage from the addition of N + L to the plots was observed on two of the four sampling dates (July 2002 and June 2003). The linyphiid, Oedothorax retusus, was the only species significantly affected by the treatments and was more likely to be trapped in the control plots. The increased number of juvenile Collembola, and change in community composition of spiders, were consequences of the bottom-up effect caused by nutrient inputs. However, despite efforts to eliminate the indirect effects of nutrient inputs, a reduction in soil moisture in the N + L plots cannot be eliminated as a cause of the invertebrate population changes observed. Even so, this experiment was not confounded by the physical effects of habitat structure reported in most previous studies. It provides evidence of moderate bottom-up influences of epigeic soil invertebrate food webs and distinguishes between nutrient addition and plant physical structure effects. It also emphasises the importance Of understanding the effects of soil management practices on soil biodiversity, which is under increasing pressure from land development and food production.

History of the Geelong Regional Commission

This thesis is the first systematic history of the Geelong Regional Commission (GRC), and only the second history of a regional development organisation formed as a result of the growth centres policy of the Commonwealth Labor Government in the first half of the 1970s. In particular, the thesis examines the historical performance of the GRC from the time of its establishment in August 1977 to its abolition in May 1993. The GRC Commissioners were subject to ongoing criticism by some elements of the region's political, business, rural and local government sectors. This criticism focused on the Commissioners' policies on land-use planning, their interventionist stance on industrial land development, major projects and industry protection and their activities in revitalising the Geelong central business district. This thesis examines these criticisms in the light of the Commission's overall performance. This thesis found that, as a statutory authority of the Victorian Government, the GRC was successful over its lifetime, when measured against the requirements of the Geelong Regional Commission Act, the Commission's corporate planning objectives and performance indicators, the corporate performance standards of private enterprise in the late 1990s, and the performance indicator standards of today's regional economic development organisations in the United States of America, parts of the United Kingdom and Australia. With the change of Government in Victoria in October 1992 came a new approach to regional development. The new Government enacted legislation to amalgamate six of the nine local government councils of the Geelong region and returned regional planning responsibilities to the newly formed City of Greater Geelong Council. The new Government also made economic development a major objective of local government. As a result, the raison d'etre for the GRC came to an end and the organisation was abolished.

Jardins periféricos: estudo comparativo de dois loteamentos populares no município de Taboão da Serra

A presente monografia tem por foco de estudo os loteamentos populares que são a forma mais usual de produção produção de habitação para a população-de-baixa renda nas grandes cidades brasileiras. A margem dos programas habitacionais empreendidos por organismos estatais, por demais burocratizados e ínfimos se comparados à demanda que deveriam suprir, os loteamentos periféricos empreendidos por particulares sempre existiram nos arredores das grandes cidades.

Habitus e territorialidade na composição da dinâmica imobiliária em Natal/RN

Many have sought to understand the spatial processes, which originate from land development and real estate dynamics, seeking also to build new categories of analysis to put some light on the less evident aspects of this process. The discussion about production of space has been adopted in this study, but has proved insufficient to explain this complex urban reality. Here, it is analysed the ways that, in Natal, the market fosters the material basis for capital accumulation. The research had as methodological basis, the analysis of discourse, having full interviews with institutional agents as background. It aimed at understanding the complex, material configuration in urban space. It thus investigates the theory of practices of existing (private and public) agents towards the real estate market, using several concepts, like production of space (Lefèbvre and Harvey); habitus (Bourdieu); spatial fix (Harvey); and territoriality (Haesbaert). Evidence shows that there has been a process of ‗naturalization of certain practices in the market that has had implications for the production of an urban space that is both segmented and segregated, giving rise also to complex material configurations, including different forms of heterotopies (Foucault). These spaces result from capital s own creative dynamics and of the reach for social realization for different groups of people making a living under different economic conditions of income.

Direitos de propriedade da terra rural no Brasil: uma proposta institucionalista para ampliar a governança fundiária

O artigo discute, sob uma perspectiva institucionalista, a dimensão do problema fundiário brasileiro expresso pela fragilidade dos direitos de propriedade da terra rural. Além dos condicionantes históricos referidos no texto, o artigo chama a atenção para o papel das instituições de registro e cadastro de imóveis que, por estarem separadas e não integradas, favorecem as práticas de fraude, apossamento e potencializam os conflitos fundiários. O artigo conclui com uma proposta de mudança institucional, baseada no aumento da governança da terra, no recente contexto favorável ao aperfeiçoamento da estrutura de direitos de propriedade da terra.

Caracterização morfométrica da microbacia hidrográfica do Córrego da fazenda glória, Município de Taquaritinga, SP.

The analysis of morphometric characteristics is used to understand the relationship between soil and surface as a result of erosive processes on different structures and lithologies. The objective of this study was to study the morphometric characteristics of Fazenda Gloria watershed from 1983 to 2000, a fourth-order watershed in Taquaritinga Municipality, São Paulo State. The study was based on photointerpretation techniques. Drainage net and the respective watersheds were selected and the morphometric variables were determined. The watersheds consisted of 7 second-order watersheds and 2 third-order watersheds. The morphometric characteristics showed a reduction in the number of segments of first-order rivers and in the length of the drainage net during the study period. These findings could be related to several influences on land development considering occupation and use of land. A different hydrological behavior could also be observed. The analysis of Fazenda Glória Watershed showed that the length of the segment of fourth order river remained constant during the study period.

Direitos de propriedade e usos econômicos da terra:um estudo de caso de assentamentos de reforma agrária no sul do Pará

This article discusses the Brazilian land problem related to property rights of rural land. After emphasizing the importance of land policies in order to define and distribute rural land properties rights, we show how in Brazil the institutions of rural land registering and cadastering as separated processes debilitates the property rights, making them vulnerable to the effective occupying actions. In order to illustrate it, in this article we analyze Data based in a Case Study of conflict and property rights distributions in an important farming and mining region of southern Para state, in Brazil.

Lease Defaults and the Efficient Mitigation of Damages

The traditional law of leases imposed no duty on landlords to mitigate damages in the event of tenant breach, whereas the modern law of leases does. An economic model of leases, in which absentee tenants may or may not intend to breach, shows that the traditional rule promotes tenant investment in the property by discouraging landlord entry. In contrast, the modern rule prevents the property from being left idle by encouraging landlords to enter and re-let abandoned property. The model reflects the historic use of the traditional rule for agricultural leases, where absentee use was valuable, and the emergence of the modern rule for residential leases, where the primary use entails continuous occupation.

Desarrollo territorial y ajuste espacial : La difícil relación entre políticas públicas y planificación 'privada' en el norte de Santa Cruz

La Patagonia austral es un espacio periférico y de poblamiento reciente, con escasa densidad de población, en el cual las actividades económicas, la oferta de servicios y las condiciones para la reproducción de la población se asientan en la valorización de recursos naturales distribuidos desigualmente. estos recursos se encuentran, en la actualidad, crecientemente afectados por la debilidad de las políticas de manejo. en el caso de la minería, se trata de un sector en expansión y, si bien los yacimientos en explotación tienen reservas que no superan los diez años, hay nuevas exploraciones y se prevé la ampliación de la actividad. La línea orientadora que se sigue en el presente artículo es producto de la evolución de actividades de investigación sobre las temáticas de las relaciones entre poderes y territorios, en particular en el campo del ordenamiento y el desarrollo territorial. en primer lugar, se presenta una aproximación al enfoque del desarrollo territorial y de proyecto de territorio en sus relaciones con las políticas públicas y en el marco del actual escenario mundial de disputa por los recursos naturales. en segundo lugar, se describen las estrategias de los grupos dominantes, centrándose en particular en la participación de Pan american energy, y se analiza, asimismo, el papel del estado y de las sociedades regionales en el área de estudio, así como las relaciones que se establecen entre los mismos, trabajando desde distintas escalas. a manera de conclusión, se exponen escenarios posibles de desarrollo territorial resultantes de las alternativas de resolución de las relaciones conflictivas entre los citados actores en el espacio del Golfo San Jorge y el norte de la Provincia de Santa Cruz en particular.