Conceptualisation et emploi du passé composé et de l'imparfait en français langue étrangère (L3) au Sri Lanka : l'impact du singhalais langue maternelle (L1) et de l'anglais langue seconde (L2)

Résumé: Notre étude chevauche deux domaines de recherche quasi indissociables : ceux de la linguistique et de la didactique des langues. Comme l'indique le sujet, elle examine la conceptualisation et l'emploi de deux notions aspecto-temporelles du français (le passé composé et l'imparfait), sous l'impact des connaissances grammaticales déjà acquises sur deux autres langues : le singhalais et l'anglais. Notre recherche relève des domaines de la psycholinguistique, de la linguistique acquisitionnelle et de la linguistique comparative. Toutefois, dans le cadre de cette étude, nous examinons ces notions grammaticales françaises et leurs équivalents présumés dans les deux autres langues comme étant des concepts relevant des langues à statuts sociaux spécifiques [à savoir, langue maternelle (L1), langue seconde (L2) et langue étrangère (L3)], dans un contexte particulier d'enseignement/apprentissage et d'acquisition de langue [à savoir, le contexte d'enseignement/apprentissage et d'acquisition du français langue étrangère (FLE) au Sri Lanka]. En ce sens, notre étude est également liée aux domaines de la sociolinguistique et de la didactique des langues, notamment, étrangères. Ce qui pourrait probablement distinguer cette recherche des autres, c'est qu'elle aborde certaines questions linguistiques et didactiques peu étudiées jusqu'ici. Entre autres, l'influence de deux langues sur l'enseignement/apprentissage d'une L3, l'enseignement/apprentissage des langues dans des contextes exolingues et le rôle des transferts dans la conceptualisation des notions grammaticales. Pourtant, lorsque nous avons choisi le contexte d'apprentissage du FLE au Sri Lanka comme terrain de recherche, nous avons également visé d'autres objectifs : examiner les systèmes verbaux de trois langues dont l'imbrication n'a pas encore été objet d'étude ; examiner le système verbal aspecto-temporel peu explicité du singhalais à la lumière des descriptions linguistiques occidentales ; vérifier certains préjugés concernant les liens de proximité et de distance entre les trois langues choisies et étudier les causes de ces préjugés. Notre corpus provient de plusieurs classes de FLE au Sri Lanka. Le public observé était constitué d'adolescents ou d'adultes bilingues ayant le singhalais en L1 et l'anglais en L2. Les cours choisis se distinguaient les uns des autres par plusieurs critères, mais travaillaient tous sur les notions du passé composé et de l'imparfait. A la conclusion de notre étude, nous avons constaté qu'un nombre important de nos hypothèses initiales se sont avérées véridiques. A titre d'exemples, les transferts entre les langues premières et la langue cible sont récurrents et non négligeables chez l'écrasante majorité des apprenants exolingues observés, et parfois, même chez leurs enseignants; si ces apprenants recourent à ces langues pour étayer leur apprentissage, ni leurs enseignants ni leurs manuels provenant de l'étranger ne les guident dans ce travail; les transferts ayant l'anglais pour origine l'emportent considérablement sur ceux provenant du singhalais. De même, suite à l'analyse contrastive des trois systèmes verbaux aspecto-temporels et à l'analyse du corpus, nous avons également eu un résultat imprévu : contrairement à une représentation répandue chez les apprenants singhalais, il existe des points convergents entre leur L1 et le français ; du moins, au niveau de l'emploi de certains temps du passé. Un fait dont on était jusqu'ici ignorants mais dont on peut sûrement profiter dans les cours de FLE au Sri Lanka. Suite à ces observations et à la fin de notre thèse, nous avons fait quelques recommandations didactiques afin d'améliorer les conditions d'enseignement/apprentissage des langues étrangères, au Sri Lanka et ailleurs. Abstract: Our research is related to the fields of both linguistics and didactics, two research areas which are almost inseparable. As the title shows, the thesis examines the issue of conceptualizing and using of two grammatical (aspectual and temporal) concepts of the French language (le passé composé and l'imparfait), under the influence of previously acquired grammatical knowledge of two other languages: Sinhalese and English. Thus, our research is linked to the domains of psycholinguistics, acquisitional linguistics and comparative linguistics. However, within the framework of this study, we will consider the above-mentioned two French grammatical concepts and their presumed equivalents in the other two languages as concepts belonging to three languages with specific social status [i.e. first language (L1), second language (L2) and foreign language (L3)], taught/learnt/acquired in a particular language teaching/learning context [the context of teaching/learning of French as a foreign language (FFL) in Sri Lanka]. In that sense, our study is also associated with the fields of sociolinguistics and language teaching, especially foreign language teaching. What could probably make this study outstanding is that it studies certain linguistic and didactic issues which have not yet been studied. For example, it examines, among other issues, the following: the influence of two languages (i.e. mother tongue -L1 & second language -L2) on the teaching/learning process of a third language (i.e. foreign language- L3); foreign language teaching and learning in an exolingual context (where the target language is not spoken outside the classroom); the role of language transfers in the process of grammatical notion conceptualization. However, in selecting the FFL teaching/learning context in Sri Lanka as our field of research, we had further objectives in mind : i.e. 1) studying the verb systems of three languages whose combination has never been studied before ; 2) studying the aspectual-temporal formation of the Sinhalese verb system (which is hardly taught explicitly) in the light of the linguistic descriptions of dominant European languages; 3) verifying certain preconceived ideas regarding the proximity and the distance between the three chosen languages, and 4) studying the causes for these preconceptions. Our corpus is obtained from a number of FFL classes in Sri Lanka. The observed student groups consisted of bilingual adolescents and adults whose first language (L1) was Sinhalese and the second language (L2) was English. The observed classes differed in many ways but in each of those classes, a common factor was that the students had been learning some aspect of the two grammatical concepts, le passé composé and l'imparfait. Having completed our study, we now see that a considerable number of our initial hypotheses are proven correct. For example, in the exolingual French language teaching/learning context in Sri Lanka where we carried out our research, language transfers between the first and target languages were recurrent and numerous in the work of the greater majority of the observed language learners, and even their teachers; these transfers were so frequent that they could hardly be ignored during the teaching/learning process ; although learners turned to their first languages to facilitate the learning process of a new language, neither their teachers, nor their text books helped them in this task; the transfers originating from English were far too numerous than those originating from Sinhalese; however, contrary to the popular belief among many Sinhalese learners of French, the contrastive analysis of the three aspectual-temporal verb systems and the study of our corpus helped us in proving that there are common linguistic features between the Sinhalese and the French languages ; at least, when it comes to using some of their past tenses. This is a fact which had been ignored up to now but which could probably be used to improve French teaching/learning in Sri Lanka. Taking all observations into account, we made some pedagogical recommendations in the concluding part of our thesis with the view of improving foreign language teaching/learning in Sri Lanka, and elsewhere.

La introducción del delito de "atti persecutori" en el Código penal italiano: La tipificación del stalking en Italia

El presente estudio expone la regulación del nuevo delito de "atti persecutori" introducido en el Código Penal italiano. El Decreto Legge 11/2009, de 23 de febrero, convalidado por el Parlamento italiano mediante la Ley 28/2009, ha incluido un nuevo art. 612 bis al CP italiano. Con la inclusión de dicho delito entre los que protegen la libertad del individuo Italia se incorpora a la corriente político-criminal que propugna la criminalización del stalking. La incriminación de dichas conductas de acoso constituye una orientación iniciada en Estados Unidos a principios de los 90, que ha colonizado otros países del Common Law y que finalmente ha llegado a la Europa continental. En este trabajo se analizan básicamente los elementos del tipo del nuevo delito italiano. Sin embargo, no se deja de atender ni a la previa conceptuación de este fenómeno ni a otras medidas protectoras de la víctima del stalking que se incorporan al ordenamiento italiano mediante la presente Ley.

El modelo político italiano. Un laboratorio: de la tercera vía a la globalización

Italia, uno de los laboratorios socio-políticos de la postguerra, vive hoy una profunda crisis de sistema. La quiebra del Estado social clientelar, el declive de la democracia de los partidos y el fin del sistema de economía mixta han puesto en cuestión el modelo de Estado y de sociedad construido por los partidos populares surgidos de la resistencia. La crisis de este laboratorio se ha visto agravada por la desaparición de la escena política de las denominadas dos iglesias de Italia, el partido católico y el comunista, los cuales estructuraron durantes años la identidad de los italianos e impulsaron la modernización económica. En un contexto de metamorfosis social y política ha irrumpido un movimiento nacionalpopulista, que ha tomado forma política en actores políticos ajenos a los principios constituyentes de 1948, como el partido xénofo y segregacionista de la Lega Norte y la alianza política Forza Italia. La actual dialéctica del proceso de modernización capitalista, globalización económico-financiera verus comunitarismos étnicos-regionales, ha afectado de lleno a la sociedad italiana. El objetivo de este libro no es otro que el de aportar algo de luz a la crisis de este laboratorio, caracterizado por la dialéctica que se estableció entre la defensa de una tercera vía socio-política por parte de uno de los partidos comunistas más importantes de la postguerra y el proceso de modernización capitalista, el cual tiene sus últimas manifestaciones en la quiebra del Estado social y en la globalización económica.

Il canone del Novecento letterario italiano in Spagna

The essay offers a thorough analysis on the issue of the reception of XXth Century Italian Literature in Spain. The age af the avant-garde and the late Fifties are signalled as the decisive moments in the affirmation of such influence, whereas the Sixties mark the beginning of a declining phase, which had different outcomes in poetry and in narrative. In defining this complex trajectory, a wide range of cultural indicators have been used (such as: translations; anthologies; militant criticism; the influence upon individual writers or rather upon relevant reading communities etc.), and the limitations imposed by the specific cultural and epistemological expectations, considered in their well determined historical context, have also been observed.

Vespignani, Giorgio, Iппoδρoμoς. Il circo di Costantinopoli nuova Roma dalla realtà alla storiografia, Fondazione Centro Italiano di Studi sull"Alto Medioevo, Spoleto, 2010, 303 páginas. ISBN: 978 88-7988-197-5

"El Circo Máximo es su templo, su hogar, su asamblea y la esperanza de todos sus deseos" (AmmiAnvs mArc., Res gest., XXVIII, 4, 29: eisque templum et habitaculum et contio et cupitorum spes omnis Circus est maximus). De este modo describió el historiador Amiano Marcelino, hacia el 382/397, la pasión que la plebe de Roma sentía hacia los espectáculos, especialmente hacia los ludi circenses. Se trata de una afición que se fue incrementando a lo largo de toda la historia del Imperio Romano, hasta el extremo que a mediados del siglo iv, según el calendario de Filócalo (CIL, I2, 1, p. 256-278), se alcanzaron los 177 días de juegos anuales. Y evidentemente tal apasionamiento no fue exclusivo de la ciudad de Roma, sino que se vivió de un modo común en todo el Imperio, sobre todo en las ciudades más grandes, entre las que destacó de una manera especial la capital de Oriente, Constantinopla, la nueva Roma fundada por Constantino I.

Effects of manipulating Task Complexity on self-repairs during L2 oral production

This paper analyses the effects of manipulating the cognitive complexity of L2 oral tasks on language production. It specifically focuses on self-repairs, which are taken as a measure of accuracy since they denote both attention to form and an attempt at being accurate. By means of a repeated measures de- sign, 42 lower-intermediate students were asked to perform three different tasks types (a narrative, and instruction-giving task, and a decision-making task) for which two degrees of cognitive complexity were established. The narrative task was manipulated along +/− Here-and-Now, an instruction-giving task ma- nipulated along +/− elements, and the decision-making task which is manipu- lated along +/− reasoning demands. Repeated measures ANOVAs are used for the calculation of differences between degrees of complexity and among task types. One-way ANOVA are used to detect potential differences between low- proficiency and high-proficiency participants. Results show an overall effect of Task Complexity on self-repairs behavior across task types, with different be- haviors existing among the three task types. No differences are found between the self-repair behavior between low and high proficiency groups. Results are discussed in the light of theories of cognition and L2 performance (Robin- son 2001a, 2001b, 2003, 2005, 2007), L1 and L2 language production models (Levelt 1989, 1993; Kormos 2000, 2006), and attention during L2 performance (Skehan 1998; Robinson, 2002).

Idiomien ja kollokaatioiden oppimisjärjestys suomen kielessä (L2)

Summary

Serlianas durante el Renacimiento italiano y español: del triunfo de la religión católica al lenguaje imperial

This article presents a panoramic view of the development of the so-called serliana or Serlian motif throughout the Italian Renaissance, focusing on the most relevant examples in the architecture of that period. The use of this motif during the Early Renaissance was pioneered by Filippo Brunelleschi in religious buildings. As its employment become widespread in a range of different settings, architects frequently incorporated local building traditions. It was only during the last twenty years of the Quattrocento that Giuliano da Sangallo and Leonardo da Vinci adopted the Serlian arch in residential architecture designed for the ruling elites. Thanks to Bramante and other artists such as Raphael, Baldassare Peruzzi, Antonio da Sangallo the Younger and Giulio Romano, the motif was extraordinarily popular during the High Renaissance period. Ever-increasingly complex and monumental compositions eased the adaptation of the serliana to both exterior and interior spaces, and in works such as the design by Galeazzo Alessi in Genoa, the imperial connotation of the motif is clear. This process illustrates the progressive transfer from the religious to the courtly sphere, and, at the same time, the permeability between the sacred and the profane. During the sixteenth century, Spain too was at the European avant-garde, due to its contacts with Italy and the latest fashions, such as the employment of the serliana in residential architecture, were followed in the fortified palace at La Calahorra, the Vich palace in Valencia, or the palace of Charles V in Granada, as part of a complex iconography of power. Throughout the sixteenth century, the serliana featured in that specifically-Spanish typology, the monumental altarpiece or retablo, as well as in monumental tombs. Italy was certainly the leading force in the process and had an indisputable influence on Spanish art, but the latter would develop its own original solutions in the sixteenth century, which matched the innovative character of Italian creations.

L'Ús del mètode verbotonal per a la correcció fonètica: estudi de cas d'un parlant de català com a L2 amb problemes de pronúncia de les laterals palatals

Aquest treball pretén ser l’estudi i la correcció fonètica d’un parlant de castellà com a primera llengua que té la llengua catalana coma segona llengua i presenta un problema a l’hora de pronunciar les laterals palatals. Per tant, és l’estudi d’un cas molt concret. Per a fer aquest estudi s’ha seguit el mètode verbotonal de correcció fonètica, ja que també es pretén comprovar la funcionalitat d’aquest mètode i els resultats possibles

La colaboración social en el procedimiento de recaudación tributaria italiano: el ejercicio privado de las funciones públicas de recaudación tributaria italiana

Es objeto del presente estudio un análisis de los sistemas de colaboración social en el procedimiento de recaudación tributaria italiano, legislados en el ordenamiento jurídico italiano a partir de la construcción del reino de Italia. En primer lugar se estudia el 'Modello essattoriale' (1872-1987). Se analizan antecedentes, finalidades, competencias y sistema de acceso de tales agentes recaudadores. En jurídica, la doctrina de la Corte Costituzionale en la materia, las causas del fracaso del modelo, así como un estudio estadístico sobre la recaudación real segundo lugar está el 'Modello concessionale' (1988/89-2005). Amén del régimen jurídico de este modelo de recaudación se analizan cuestiones como la naturaleza obtenida a través de este sistema. El tercer modelo es el 'Modello misto', público/privado. Consiste en la creación de una sociedad anónima encargada de la recaudación tributaria. Inicialmente se llamó 'Riscossione s.p.a.' para pasar un año más tarde a llamarse 'Equitalia s.p.a' (2005-hasta hoy). Igualmente se analiza su régimen jurídico.