Physical characteristics of extruded cassava starch

Considerando a importância do amido de mandioca para as indústrias brasileiras, este trabalho teve por objetivo avaliar os efeitos de parâmetros de extrusão sobre as características físicas e propriedades de pasta do amido de mandioca extrusado. Foi utilizado o delineamento fatorial do tipo central composto rotacional com três variáveis independentes (2³) e a metodologia de superfície de resposta para avaliar os resultados de índice de expansão, volume específico, índice de absorção de água, índice de solubilidade em água, cor e propriedades de pasta, de acordo com as variações de umidade, temperatura de extrusão e rotação da rosca. A temperatura de extrusão influenciou o índice de expansão, volume específico, índice de absorção de água, todos os parâmetros de cor e a viscosidade inicial, pico e viscosidade final. Já a umidade teve influência sobre o volume específico, parâmetros de cor, viscosidade final e tendência a retrogradação. A rotação da rosca teve efeito no índice de absorção de água, nos componentes de cor bem como viscosidade final e na tendência à retrogradação do amido extrusado. Nas condições operacionais de elevada umidade inicial da matéria-prima, baixa rotação da rosca e temperatura de extrusão no nível intermediário ocorreu menor degradação do amido, o que é desejável em amidos pré-gelatinizados.

Evaluation of an electroless nickel interlayer on the fatigue & corrosion strength of chromium-plated AISI 4340 steel

Despite the fact that chromium electrodeposition results in protection against wear and corrosion, combined with chemical resistance and good lubricity, the reduction in fatigue strength of base metal and environmental requirements causes one to search for possible alternatives. To improve the fatigue and corrosion resistance of AISI 4340 steel, an experimental study has been made for an intermediate electroless nickel layer deposited on base metal. The objective of this study was to analyze the effect of nickel underplate on the fatigue and corrosion strength of hard-chromium-plated AISI 4340 steel. Deposition of the conventional wear-resistant hard chromium plating leads to a decrease in mechanical properties of the base metal, especially the fatigue strength. Rotating bending fatigue tests results indicate better performance for conventional hard chromium plating. Good corrosion resistance in salt fog exposure was obtained for the accelerated hard chromium plating. Experimental data showed higher fatigue and corrosion resistance for samples prepared with accelerated hard chromium plate over electroless nickel plate, when compared with samples without electroless nickel underplate.

On the nucleation of GaP/GaAs and the effect of buried stress fields

We have recently shown that spatial ordering for epitaxially grown InP dots can be obtained using the periodic stress field of compositional modulation on the InGaP buffer layer. The aim of this present work is to study the growth of films of GaP by Chemical Beam Epitaxy (CBE), with in-situ monitoring by Reflection High Energy Electron Diffraction (RHEED), on layers of unstressed and stressed GaAs. Complementary, we have studied the role of a buried InP dot array on GaP nucleation in order to obtain three-dimensional structures. In both cases, the topographical characteristics of the samples were investigated by Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM) in non-contact mode. Thus vertically-coupled quantum dots of different materials have been obtained keeping the in-place spatial ordering originated from the composition modulation. © 2006 Materials Research Society.

Strain relaxation and stress-driven interdiffusion in InAsInGaAsInP nanowires

The authors have investigated strain relaxation in InAsInGaAsInP nanowires (NW's). Transmission electron microscopy images show an additional stress field attributed to compositional modulation in the ternary layer, which disrupts NW formation and drives Ga interdiffusion into InAs, according to grazing incidence x-Ray diffraction under anomalous scattering conditions. The strain profile along the NW, however, is not significantly affected when interdiffusion is considered. Results show that the InAs NW energetic stability is preserved with the introduction of ternary buffer layer in the structure. © 2007 American Institute of Physics.

Fontes de carbono de baixo custo para a produção de xilanase termoestável por aspergillus niger

A strain of the flamentous fungus Aspergillus niger was isolated and shown to possess extracellular xylanolytic activity. These enzymes have biotechnological potential and can be employed in various industries. This fungus produced its highest xylanase activity in a medium made up of 0.1% CaCO3, 0.5% NaCl, 0.1% NH4Cl, 0.5% corn steep liquor and 1% carbon source, at pH 8.0. A low-cost hemicellulose residue (powdered corncob) proved to be an excellent inducer of the A. niger xylanolytic complex. Filtration of the crude culture medium with suspended kaolin was ideal for to clarify the extract and led to partial purifcation of the xylanolytic activity. The apparent molecular mass of the xylanase was about 32.3 kDa. Maximum enzyme activity occurred at pH 5.0 and 55-60oC. Apparent Km was 10.41 ± 0.282 mg/mL and Vmax was 3.32 ± 0.053 U/mg protein, with birchwood xylan as the substrate. Activation energy was 4.55 kcal/mol and half-life of the crude enzyme at 60oC was 30 minutes. Addition of 2% glucose to the culture medium supplemented with xylan repressed xylanase production, but in the presence of xylose the enzyme production was not affected.

Caracterização de filmes finos de YBa2Cu3O7-x e La0.7Ca0.3MnO3 produzidos via síntese química

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)

Influência da temperatura nas respostas aos biocidas diazinon e carbaril em Dilocarcinus pagei Stimpson, 1861

Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq)

Nanoestruturas de GaN crescidas pelas técnicas de epitaxia por magnetron sputtering e epitaxia por feixe molecular

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

Densification and enhancement of the grain boundary conductivity of gadolinium-doped barium cerate by ultra fast flash grain welding

Doped barium cerate is a promising solid electrolyte for intermediate temperature fuel cells as a protonic conductor. However, it is difficult to sinter it to high density at a reasonable temperature. Moreover, it presents a high grain boundary resistivity at intermediate temperatures. Flash grain welding was applied to compacted samples, starting from a temperature of 910 degrees C and applying, for a short time, an ac electric polarization of 40 V, 1000 Hz. At that frequency, the resulting current flows through the grain boundaries promoting a welding via a local Joule heating. A large decrease of the grain boundary resistivity was observed by impedance spectroscopy. Scanning electron microscopy observations of polished and etched surfaces revealed highly sintered regions. Attempts were also made to combine flash grain welding with conventional sintering. (C) 2012 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Structural and textural studies of NiO impregnation in mesoporous ZrO2-CeO2 for catalysis applications.

The synthesis of zirconia-based ordered mesoporous structures for catalytic applications is a research area under development. These systems are also potential candidates as anodes in intermediate temperature solid oxide fuel cells (it-SOFC) due to an enhancement on their surface area [1-4]. The structural features of mesoporous zirconia-ceria materials in combination with oxygen storage/release capacity (OSC) are crucial for various catalytic reactions. The direct use of hydrocarbons as fuel for the SOFC (instead of pure H2), without the necessity of reforming and purification reactors can improve global efficiency of these systems [4]. The X-ray diffraction data showed that ZrO2-x%CeO2 samples with x>50 are formed by a larger fraction of the cubic phase (spatial group Fm3m), while for x<50 the major crystalline structure is the tetragonal phase (spatial group P42/nmc). The crystallite size of the cubic phase increases with increase in ceria content. The tetragonal crystallite size decreases when ceria content increases. After impregnation, the Rietveld analysis showed a NiO content around 60wt.% for all samples. The lattice parameters for the ZrO2 tetragonal phase are lower for higher ZrO2 contents, while for all samples the cubic NiO and CeO2 parameters do not present changes. The calculated densities are higher for higher ceria content, as expected. The crystallite size of NiO are similar (~20nm) for all samples and 55nm for the NiO standard. Nitrogen adsorption experiments revealed a broader particle size distribution for higher CeO2 content. The superficial area values were around 35m2/g for all samples, the average pore diameter and pore volumes were higher when increasing ceria content. After NiO impregnation the particle size distribution was the same for all samples, with two pore sizes, the first around 3nm and a broader peak around 10nm. The superficial area increased to approximately 45m2/g for all samples, and the pore volume was also higher after impregnation and increased when ceria content increased. These results point up that the impregnation of NiO improves the textural characteristics of the pristine material. The complementary TEM/EDS images present a homogeneous coating of NiO particles over the ZrO2-x%CeO2 support, showing that these samples are excellent for catalysis applications. [1] D. Y. Zhao, J. Feng, Q. Huo, N. Melosh, G. H. Fredrickson, B. F. Chmelka, G. D. Stucky, Science 279, 548-552 (1998). [2] C. Yu, Y. Yu, D. Zhao, Chem. Comm. 575-576 (2000). [3] A. Trovarelli, M. Boaro, E. Rocchini, C. de Leitenburg, G. Dolcetti, J. Alloys Compd. 323-324 (2001) 584-591. [4] S. Larrondo, M. A. Vidal, B. Irigoyen, A. F. Craievich, D. G. Lamas, I. O. Fábregas, et al. Catal. Today 107–108 (2005) 53-59.

Spektromikroskopische Analyse von Nukleationsdomänen in epitaktischen Diamantschichten auf Ir,SrTiO 3 und von präsolaren SiC-Meteoritenkörnern

Im Rahmen dieser Arbeit wurden zwei verschiedene Systeme untersucht, deren verbindende Gemeinsamkeit in den verwendeten ortsauflösenden, spektroskopischen Messmethoden der Oberflächenanalytik, wie z.B. abbildendes XPS, Röntgennahkanten-Photoemissionsmikroskopie (XANES-PEEM) und Augerspektroskopie (AES) liegt. Im ersten Teil der Arbeit wurden Diamant-Nukleationsdomänen auf Ir/SrTiO3 untersucht und mit vorherrschenden Modellen aus der Literatur verglichen. Die Nukleationsdomänen, wie sie im Mikrowellen-induzierten CVD Prozess unter Verwendung der BEN Prozedur (bias-enhanced nucleation) entstehen, bilden die „Startschicht“ für ein heteroepitaktisches Wachstum einer hoch orientierten Diamantschicht. Sie entwickeln sich aber unter Bedingungen, unter denen 3D-Diamant abgetragen und weggeätzt wird. Mittels XANES-PEEM Messungen konnte erstmals die lokale Bindungsumgebung des Kohlenstoffs in den Nukleationsdomänen ortsaufgelöst aufgezeigt werden und aus AES Messungen ließ sich die Schichtdicke der Nukleationsdomänen abschätzen. Es zeigte sich, dass die Nukleationsdomänen Bereiche mit etwa 1 nm Dicke darstellen, in denen der Übergang von eine sp2-koordinierte amorphen Kohlenstoff- zu einer Diamantschicht mit hohem sp3 Anteil abläuft. Zur Erklärung des Nukleationsprozesses wurde auf das „Clustermodell“ von Lifshitz et al. zurückgegriffen, welches um einen wesentlichen Aspekt erweitert wurde. Die Stabilität der Nukleationsdomänen gegen die Ätzwirkung des Nukleationsprozesses auf Volumendiamant wird durch eine starke Wechselwirkung zwischen dem Diamant und dem Iridiumsubstrat erklärt, wobei die Dicke von etwa 1 nm als Maß für die Ausdehnung dieses Wechselwirkungsbereichs angesehen wird. Der zweite Teil der Arbeit beschäftigt sich mit der Charakterisierung präsolarer SiC-Körner und darin eingeschlossener Spurenelemente. Neben den Hauptelementen Si und C wurden auch Spinelle wie Chromit (FeCr2O4), Korund (Al2O3) und auch verschiedene Spurenelemente (z. B. Al, Ba und Y) nachgewiesen. Ferner wurden XPS-Linien bei Energien nachgewiesen, welche sich den Seltenen Erden Erbium, Thulium und Dysprosium zuordnen lassen. Aufgrund von Abweichungen zur Literatur bzgl. der ausgeprägten Intensität der XPS-Linien, wurde als alternative Erklärungsmöglichkeit für verschiedene Signale der Nachweis von stark schwefelhaltigen Körnern (z.B. so genannte „Fremdlinge“) mit Aufladungen von mehreren Volt diskutiert. Es zeigt sich, dass abbildendes XPS und XANES-PEEM Methoden zur leistungsfähigen chemischen Charakterisierung von SiC-Körnern und anderer solarer und präsolarer Materie im Größenbereich bis herab zu 100 – 200 nm Durchmesser (z.B. als Grundlage für eine spätere massenspektrometrische Isotopenanalyse)darstellen.

An Architecture for End-User TV Content Enrichment

This paper proposes an extension to the televisionwatching paradigm that permits an end-user to enrich broadcast content. Examples of this enriched content are: virtual edits that allow the order of presentation within the content to be changed or that allow the content to be subsetted; conditional text, graphic or video objects that can be placed to appear within content and triggered by viewer interaction; additional navigation links that can be added to structure how other users view the base content object. The enriched content can be viewed directly within the context of the TV viewing experience. It may also be shared with other users within a distributed peer group. Our architecture is based on a model that allows the original content to remain unaltered, and which respects DRM restrictions on content reuse. The fundamental approach we use is to define an intermediate content enhancement layer that is based on the W3C’s SMIL language. Using a pen-based enhancement interface, end-users can manipulate content that is saved in a home PDR setting. This paper describes our architecture and it provides several examples of how our system handles content enhancement. We also describe a reference implementation for creating and viewing enhancements.

Paleomagnetic of DSDP Leg 91 basalts and sediments

Paleomagnetic studies were carried out on 23 basalt and 74 sediment samples from Leg 91 of the Deep Sea Drilling Project, recovered from a portion of the southwestern Pacific plate (24°S, 166°W) dating back to the Early Cretaceous to perhaps Late Jurassic. The expected geocentric axial dipole inclination at this latitude is -41°. The corrected mean stable inclination of -75° for the basalts indicates a paleolatitude of 63°S for their formation and thus 39° of northward motion during the last 100 m.y. Sediment inclinations steepen rapidly below 13-m depth in the core, suggesting little northward motion of this part of the Pacific plate until about 25 m.y. ago. Examination of the opaque minerals in polished section, as well as the Curie temperatures determined for six basalt samples, reveals no evidence of high- or intermediate-temperature oxidation and thus no reheating of the basement rock since its formation.

Impacts of ocean warming and acidification on the larval development of the barnacle Amphibalanus improvisus

The world's oceans are warming and becoming more acidic. Both stressors, singly or in combination, impact marine species, and ensuing effects might be particularly serious for early life stages. To date most studies have focused on ocean acidification (OA) effects in fully marine environments, while little attention has been devoted to more variable coastal ecosystems, such as the Western Baltic Sea. Since natural spatial and temporal variability of environmental conditions such as salinity, temperature or pCO2 impose more complex stresses upon organisms inhabiting these habitats, species can be expected to be more tolerant to OA (or warming) than fully marine taxa. We present data on the variability of salinity, temperature and pH within the Kiel Fjord and on the responses of the barnacle Amphibalanus improvisus from this habitat to simulated warming and OA during its early development. Nauplii and cyprids were exposed to different temperature (12, 20 and 27°C) and pCO2 (nominally 400, 1250 and 3250 µatm) treatments for 8 and 4 weeks, respectively. Survival, larval duration and settlement success were monitored. Warming affected larval responses more strongly than OA. Increased temperatures favored survival and development of nauplii but decreased survival of cyprids. OA had no effect upon survival of nauplii but enhanced their development at low (12°C) and high (27°C) temperatures. In contrast, at the intermediate temperature (20°C), nauplii were not affected even by 3250 µatm pCO2. None of the treatments significantly affected settlement success of cyprids. These experiments show a remarkable tolerance of A. improvisus larvae to 1250 µatm pCO2, the level of OA predicted for the end of the century.

Sedimentation processes in the Mar del Plata Canyon (Southwest Atlantic) reconstructed from three sediment cores (GeoB13832-2, GeoB13833-2, GeoB13862-1)

The Mar del Plata Canyon is located at the continental margin off northern Argentina in a key intermediate and deep-water oceanographic setting. In this region, strong contour currents shape the continental margin by eroding, transporting and depositing sediments. These currents generate various depositional and erosive features which together are described as a Contourite Depositional System (CDS). The Mar del Plata Canyon intersects the CDS, and does not have any obvious connection to the shelf or to an onshore sediment source. Here we present the sedimentary processes that act in the canyon and show that continuous Holocene sedimentation is related to intermediate-water current activity. The Holocene deposits in the canyon are strongly bioturbated and consist mainly of the terrigenous "sortable silt" fraction (10-63 µm) without primary structures, similarly to drift deposits. We propose that the Mar del Plata Canyon interacts with an intermediate-depth nepheloid layer generated by the northward-flowing Antarctic Intermediate Water (AAIW). This interaction results in rapid and continuous deposition of coarse silt sediments inside the canyon with an average sedimentation rate of 160 cm/kyr during the Holocene. We conclude that the presence of the Mar del Plata Canyon decreases the transport capacity of AAIW, in particular of its deepest portion that is associated with the nepheloid layer, which in turn generates a change in the contourite deposition pattern around the canyon. Since sedimentation processes in the Mar del Plata Canyon indicate a response to changes of AAIW contour-current strength related to Late Glacial/Holocene variability, the sediments deposited within the canyon are a great climate archive for paleoceanographic reconstructions. Moreover, an additional involvement of (hemi) pelagic sediments indicates episodic productivity events in response to changes in upper ocean circulation possibly associated with Holocene changes in intensity of El Niño/Southern Oscillation.