Uses of expertise:Sources, quotes, and voice in the reporting of genetics in the news

Science journalists call upon experts for background and for clarification and comment on scientific findings. This paper examines how science writers choose and use experts, and it focuses on several cases of reporting about genetics and behavior. Our research included two sources of data: interviews with 15 science reporters and three print media samples of coverage of genetics and behavior - alcoholism (between 1980-1995), homosexuality (in 1993 and 1995), and mental illness (between 1970-1995). Science reporters seek relevant and specific experts for nearly every story. Good sources are knowledgeable, are connected to prestigious institutions, are direct and articulate and don't overqualify statements, and they return phone calls. The mean number of experts quoted was 2.8 per story, differing for alcoholism (3.5), homosexuality (2.8), and mental illness (2.6). Researchers and scientists predominated among experts quoted. Quotes were used to provide context, give legitimization, as explication, to provide a kind of balance, and to outline implications. For the homosexuality sample, a significantly greater percentage of activists and advocates were quoted (21 percent compared with 5 percent and 1 percent in other samples, X <0.0001). "Lay" quotes for alcoholism and mental illness were minimal. Except for homosexuality, whose advocates are organized, those "affected" do not have a voice in genetics news stories.

Relationships between Religion and Two Forms of Homonegativity in Europe—A Multilevel Analysis of Effects of Believing, Belonging and Religious Practice

This paper examines relationships between religion and two forms of homonegativity
across 43 European countries using a bivariate response binary logistic multilevel model. The model analyzes effects of religious believing, belonging and practice on two response variables: a) a moral rejection of homosexuality as a practice and b) intolerance toward homosexuals as a group. The findings indicate that both forms of homonegativity are prevalent in Europe. Traditional doctrinal religious believing (belief in a personal God) is positively related to a moral rejection of homosexuality but to a much lesser extent associated with intolerance toward homosexuals as a group. Members of religious denominations are more likely than non-members to reject homosexuality as morally wrong and to reject homosexuals as neighbors. The analysis found significant differences between denominations that are likely context-dependent. Attendance at religious services is positively related to homonegativity in a majority of countries. The findings vary considerably across countries: Religion is more strongly related to homonegativity in Western than in Eastern Europe. In the post-soviet countries homonegativity appears to be largely a secular phenomenon. National contexts of high religiosity, high perceived government corruption, high income inequality and shortcomings in the implementation of gay rights in the countries’ legislations are statistically related to higher levels of both moralistic homonegativity and intolerance toward homosexuals as a group.

Seeking the New Normal? Troubled Spaces of Encountering Visible Differences in Warsaw

In times of globalisation and super-mobility, ideas of normality are in turmoil. In different societies in, across and beyond Europe, we face the challenge of undoing specific notions of normality and creating more inclusive societies with an open culture of learning to live with differences. The scope of
the paper is to introduce some findings on encounters with difference and negotiations of social values in relation to a growing visibility of difference after 1989 in Poland, on the background of a critique of normality/normalisation and normalcy.On the basis of interviews conducted inWarsaw, we investigate how normality/normalisation discourses of visible homosexuality and physical disability are incorporated into individual self-reflections and justifications of prejudices (homophobia and disabilism). More specifically we argue that there are moments of ‘cultural transgressions’ present in everyday practices towards ‘visible’sexual and (dis)ability difference.

Famílias envelhecidas: percursos e diversidade

O conhecimento sobre famílias envelhecidas é ainda escasso. Neste âmbito, a pesquisa tem incidido nos cuidados familiares a idosos dependentes, focando os problemas de saúde, dependência funcional e declínio cognitivo. Esta investigação pretende contribuir para aprofundar o conhecimento sobre as famílias envelhecidas, assumindo uma perspetiva normativa e desenvolvimental, e contemplando a diversidade de contextos de vida e envelhecimento. O capítulo 1 centra casais compostos por pessoas idosas, e tem por objetivos: caracterizar a estrutura, dinâmica e valores do agregado familiar dos casais idosos; evidenciar valores e dinâmica relacional dos casais idosos. A amostra compreende 136 participantes, a quem foi administrado um questionário sobre a fase última do ciclo de vida familiar (Cerveny,1997). A análise de dados efetuou-se com recurso ao programa de análise de dados estatística SPSS 17.1. Os resultados indicam que os casais vivem predominantemente em casal, com uma dinâmica relacional do agregado caracterizada pelo respeito, diálogo e carinho; dinâmica relacional do casal caracterizada por clima afetuoso, amizade e diálogo, e valores assentes no amor, diálogo e convívio familiar. A dinâmica relacional do casal é pautada por atividades de lazer realizadas em conjunto e vida sexual tão boa como antes; os valores dão ao casamento significados de realização pessoal e perpetuação através dos filhos na juventude, e adaptação e descoberta na velhice. O capítulo 2 foca a construção da integridade familiar considerando a diversidade de contextos socioeconómicos (pessoas idosas que viveram em contexto de pobreza ao longo da vida), socioculturais (ex-emigrantes portugueses) e novas formas de famílias (homens homossexuais). Foi aplicada uma entrevista semiestruturada (King & Wynne, 2004) a uma amostra de 12, 20 e 10 pessoas, respetivamente. A análise de dados foi efetuada com base na análise de conteúdo com recurso a juízes independentes baseada na grounded theory, contudo no caso do contexto socioeconómico recorreu-se ao programa de análise de dados qualitativa N-Vivo 7. Os resultados sugerem que a diversidade de contextos analisada coloca desafios à rutura familiar o que pode potenciar o caminho da desconexão e alienação. Contudo, o contexto das significações exerce um papel fundamental na construção da integridade familiar. A redefinição da identidade associada a uma filosofia de vida que enfatize as forças em vez dos fracassos parece determinar a construção da integridade familiar, contudo existem especificidades. Relativamente ao contexto socioeconómico: as pessoas idosas no caminho da integridade revelam um sentido de autovalorização (ter vivido uma vida significativa) apesar da pobreza; as pessoas idosas no caminho da desconexão/alienação alimentam sentimentos de insignificância devido à escassez de recursos económicos. Ainda neste contexto, os valores (princípios de conduta) reinterpretam a identidade ao longo da vida e permitem compreender que a integridade familiar ocorre quando ser pobre é encarado pelas conquistas; a desconexão/alienação emerge quando ser pobre incorpora sentimentos de desvalorização e inferioridade. No contexto sociocultural, as pessoas idosas ex-emigrantes cujo processo de emigração se desenvolveu em família (a família está envolvida no processo de emigração e funciona como um pilar desde a fase de decisão até ao regresso) desenvolveram uma filosofia de vida assente numa atitude ativa e solidária e estão em integridade familiar; as pessoas em desconexão relatam episódios de conflito familiar que marcam a trajetória de emigração, e uma atitude passiva na resolução desses conflitos até à atualidade; as pessoas em alienação familiar, cujo processo de emigração se desenrolou de forma solitária, desenvolvem uma filosofia de vida assente na luta solitária: a sua força e identidade estão em enfrentar tudo sem precisar de ninguém. Relativamente às novas formas de família, a integridade familiar evolui desde a revelação da homossexualidade (em idade jovem) e conclui-se na velhice quando a homossexualidade se torna um legado. A desconexão parece evoluir da luta constante da falha da aceitação da homossexualidade pela família e outras pessoas significativas. O capítulo 3 analisa as trajetórias de vida de homens homossexuais atualmente idosos, para compreender melhor a influência da homossexualidade e os principais eventos. Adotou-se a técnica da linha de acontecimentos de vida (Acquaviva et al., 2007), aplicada a 10 participantes com 60 anos ou mais. Os resultados sugerem que vários eventos de vida influenciam o curso de vida: i) o autoconhecimento da homossexualidade; ii) tentar passar por heterossexual; iii) assumir a homossexualidade (explicita ou implicitamente); iv) sentir limitações e desafios relacionados com o ser idoso e homossexual. O capítulo 4 procurou alargar a perspetiva do envelhecimento considerando uma abordagem transcultural. Assim, realizou-se um estudo numa comunidade indígena (Guarani Mbya, Brasil). Neste estudo analisase o modo de viver e ser idoso nessa comunidade. A amostra compreende 6 participantes a quem foi administrada uma entrevista aberta. Este estudo contemplou ainda a observação com registo etnográfico e realização de um diário de bordo. A análise de conteúdo efetuou-se com apoio do software de dados qualitativa WebQDA 1.4.3. Os resultados sugerem o papel das pessoas idosas na preservação de uma cultura ágrafa, garantindo que as tradições estejam presentes nas gerações atuais através da oralidade. A adoção de lentes normativas no estudo e compreensão das famílias envelhecidas permite compreender as tarefas desenvolvimentais e normativas no fim da vida.

Personatv

Trabalho de projeto apresentado à Escola Superior de Comunicação Social como parte dos requisitos para obtenção de grau de mestre em Jornalismo.

Private versus public : how one gay professor negotiates the boundaries between his personal and professional lives /

This study examined how one university professor negotiated the boundaries between his personal life as a gay man and his professional life as a teacher. Using his sexual orientation as a focal point, the study explored the circumstances and underlying assumptions that influenced this professor's decisions to disclose information of a personal nature. Data collection was solicited from a number of sources: (a) In-depth interviews with the participant, his colleagues, students, and friends; (b) Field observation of the participant teaching over a 3 -day period; and (c) A document review of lesson plans, course outlines, student feedback forms, and the participant's teaching portfolio. The researcher maintained both observation journals and reflective journals during this process. Data analysis using the constant comparative method elicited several themes. The participant engaged in a variety of strategies in disclosing his sexual orientation that included: (a) no disclosure at all, (b) assuming people knew, (c) casually mentioning it in conversation, and (d) deliberately planning to tell someone. The participant also engaged in an ongoing assessment of his environment that included evaluating the level of risk in disclosing his sexual orientation and assessing the listener's ability to receive the information. The participant cited numerous reasons for disclosing his sexual orientation. Further inquiry revealed a number of belief systems that underlined these reasons. These belief systems included beliefs around privacy, authenticity, teaching, manners, professionalism, and homosexuality. The conclusions suggested that the participant utilized a consistent process in both his personal and professional lives to determine what information was kept private and what information was made public. While the process used to determine the degree of disclosure was consistent, the actual disclosures themselves varied widely in nature.

Disrupting heterosexual space? : the implementation of a campus Positive Space Campaign

Drawing on a growing literature on the interconnection of queer theory, sexuality and space, this thesis critically assesses the development, implementation and impact of a campus-based Positive Space Campaign aimed at raising the visibility and number of respectful, supportive, educational and welcoming spaces for lesbian, gay, bi, trans, two-spirited, queer and questioning (LGBTQ) students staff and faculty. The analysis, based on participatory action research (PAR), interrogates the extent to which the Positive Space Campaign challenges heteronormativity on campus. I contend that the Campaign, in its attempt to challenge dominant notions of sex, gender and sexuality, disrupts heterosexual space. Further, as I consider the meanings of 'queer', I consider the extent to which Positive Space Campaigns may be 'queering' space, by contributing to an 'imagined' campus space free of sexual and gender-based discrimination. The case study contributes to queer theory, the literature on sexuality and space, the literature on queer organizing in educational spaces and to broader queer organizing efforts in Canada.

Queer Encounters: exploring experiences of (gender)queers in women's public washroom spaces

This thesis is based on 13 qualitative interviews conducted with 12 individuals whom I refer to as (gender)queers in Winnipeg, Manitoba, and St. Catharines, Ontario. Drawing on queer theory and the literature of sexuality and space, I explore how (gender)queers experience women's public washrooms as gendered and heterosexualized spaces. I examine the degree to which a simultaneous heterosexing and female gendering of women's public washrooms is linked to the marginalization and sometimes violent exclusion of (gender)queers within these particular spaces. I also discuss the ways in which (gender)queers may use a variety of strategies aimed at navigating heterosexualized and gendered public washrooms. Finally, I explore alternatives to conventional washrooms spaces, including the gender-neutral washrooms, multi-stall non-gendered public washrooms, and public washrooms in queer spaces.

Exploring the impact of outgroup membership discoveries on individual outcomes and intergroup relations

Group memberships represent important components of identity, with people holding membership in various groups and categories. The groups that one belongs to are known as ingroups, and the groups that one does not belong to are known as outgroups. Movement between groups can occur, such that an individual becomes a member of a former outgroup. In some cases, this movement between groups can represent a sudden discovery for the self and/or others, especially when one becomes a member of an ambiguous, concealable, or otherwise not readily visible group. The effects of this type of movement, however, are poorly documented. The purpose of this dissertation is to investigate these outgroup membership discoveries, examining the individual intrapsychic, interpersonal, and potential intergroup effects of both self- and other-outgroup membership discoveries. Specifically, discoveries of homosexuality were examined in three studies. In Study 1, hypothetical reactions to self- and other-homosexuality discovery were assessed; in Study 2, the effects of discovering self-homosexuality (vs. self-heterosexuality) were experimentally examined; and in Study 3, the effects of discovering another’s homosexuality earlier relative to later in a developing friendship were experimentally examined. Study 1 revealed that, upon a discovery of self-homosexuality, participants expected negative emotions and a more negative change in feelings toward the self. Upon a discovery of a friend’s homosexuality, participants expected a more negative change in feelings toward the friend, but more a positive change in feelings toward homosexuals. For both hypothetical self- and friend- homosexuality discoveries, more negative expected emotions predicted more negative expected change in feelings toward the target individual (the self or friend), which in turn predicted more negative expected change in feelings toward homosexuals as a group. Further, for self-homosexuality discovery, the association between negative expected emotions and negative expected change in feelings toward the self was stronger among those higher in authoritarianism. Study 2 revealed that, upon discovering one’s own homosexuality (vs. heterosexuality), heterosexual participants experienced more negative emotions, more fear of discrimination, and more negative self-evaluations. The effect of the homosexuality discovery manipulation on negative self-evaluations was mediated by fear of discrimination. Further, those higher in authoritarianism or pre-test prejudice toward homosexuals demonstrated more negative emotions following the manipulation. Study 3 revealed that upon discovering an interaction partner’s homosexuality earlier (vs. later) participants reported a more positive contact experience, a closer bond with the partner, and more positive attitudes toward the partner. Earlier (vs. later) discovery predicted more positive contact experience, which in turn predicted a closer bond with the partner. Closer bond with the partner subsequently predicted more positive evaluations of the partner. Interestingly, the association between bond with partner and more positive attitudes toward the partner was stronger among those higher in authoritarianism or pre-test prejudice toward homosexuals. Overall, results suggest that self-homosexuality discovery results in negative outcomes, whereas discovering another’s homosexuality can result in positive outcomes, especially when homosexuality is discovered earlier (vs. later). Implications of these findings for both actual outgroup membership discoveries and social psychological research are discussed.

Subjective Ambivalence and the Expression of Anti-Gay Bias

Univalent attitudes toward gay people have been widely studied, but no research to date has examined ambivalent (i.e., torn, conflicted) attitudes toward gay people. However, the Justification-Suppression Model (JSM; Crandall & Eshleman, 2003) proposes that ambivalence leads to biased expressions through intrapsychic processes which facilitate biased expression, particularly in contexts presenting strong justifications for expressing prejudice and weak pressures to suppress prejudice. I test these implications in the context of bias toward gay people. In Study 1, the measurement of ambivalence is examined in terms of both subjective ambivalence (i.e., the reported experience of “torn” attitudes) and calculated ambivalence (i.e., mathematical conflict between positive and negative attitude components). I find that higher subjective ambivalence is only associated with more negative attitudes toward gay people (and not positive attitudes toward gay people), and that higher subjective ambivalence predicts less gay rights support even after taking negative and positive attitudes toward gay people into account. Further, higher subjective ambivalence is associated with ideological opposition to gay people and more negative intergroup emotions (e.g., intergroup disgust). These findings suggest it is valuable to examine the unique component of subjective ambivalence separate from univalent negativity. Because calculated ambivalence measures are mathematically dependent upon a univalent negative measure, they cannot be examined separately from negativity. Therefore, subjective ambivalence is the focus of Study 2. The main goals of Study 2 were to determine why and when subjective ambivalence is related to bias. I examined the extent to which the negative relation between subjective ambivalence and opposition to anti-gay bullying can be accounted for by lower intergroup empathy and lower collective guilt, which may facilitate the expression of bias in keeping with the JSM. The relation between subjective ambivalence and anti-gay bullying opposition was examined within four social contexts based on a 2 (high vs. low offensiveness) x 2 (normatively unjustified vs. normatively justified) manipulation. I expected that higher subjective ambivalence would be most strongly related to lower intergroup empathy and collective guilt when there are the strongest justifications for bias expression, and that lower intergroup empathy and collective guilt would lead to less opposition to anti-gay bullying. Higher subjective ambivalence predicted less anti-gay bullying opposition. After accounting for positivity and negativity, the direct effect of subjective ambivalence was no longer significant, yet subjective ambivalence uniquely predicted intergroup empathy, which in turn predicted less anti-gay bullying opposition. These findings provide evidence that subjective ambivalence is largely negative in nature, but also presents evidence for a unique component of subjective ambivalence (separate from univalent attitudes) associated with low intergroup empathy and negativity. In contrast to previous research, I found very little evidence for the context-dependency of subjective ambivalence. Further research on subjective ambivalence, including subjective ambivalence toward other social groups, may expand our understanding of the factors leading to biased expressions.

Procréation assistée et filiation : enjeux et solutions en Suisse et au Québec

En janvier 2007, à 28 ans, Louise Brown est devenue maman. Trente ans, c'est le temps qu'il faut à une génération pour se renouveler. C'est aussi le temps, si bref à l'échelle de l'histoire, pour que les bouleversements induits par la science et les moeurs au ~e siècle modifient profondément le visage de la famille et de son ciment le plus intime, la filiation. Ce travail rend compte de la manière dont le droit appréhende ces changements dans des sociétés occidentales de plus en plus tiraillées entre leurs racines judéo-chrétiennes et leurs aspirations technologiques. Il cherche à comprendre la place du droit dans les nouveaux édifices familiaux et à évaluer la qualité des solutions que celui-ci propose face aux enjeux multiples et complexes de la procréation assistée. Il s'attache pour ce faire à l'examen de deux juridictions partageant un héritage commun à bien des égards, mais suivant des voies normatives différentes : la Suisse et le Québec. À ce titre, il définit des outils conceptuels nécessaires à la compréhension de la notion de filiation; il rend compte de la façon dont le droit a manipulé ces outils en régissant l'établissement de la filiation, la preuve de la filiation et la procréation assistée à proprement parler; et il conclut par une évaluation critique des solutions envisagées dans les deux systèmes étudiés. Il met ainsi en exergue les enjeux de la procréation assistée pour le droit de la filiation et la grande palette de solutions législatives envisageables. Il démontre que deux systèmes de droit peuvent traduire des préoccupations partagées par des dispositions diamétralement opposées. En particulier, l'égalité, la liberté et le bien de l'enfant se concrétisent selon des conceptions distinctes. L'attachement aux institutions se manifeste à des degrés variables. Les innovations scientifiques sont accueillies avec un enthousiasme plus ou moins soutenu. Tous ces facteurs sont les détenninants des familles suisse et québécoise, qui, pour s'être longtemps ressemblées, prennent aujourd'hui des chemins différents...mais pas irrémédiablement irréconciliables.

Genre et pouvoir : relation entre danseurs nus et clientèle féminine et masculine

L’objectif de ce mémoire est de comprendre l’influence du genre sur le rapport de force entre les danseurs nus et leur clientèle féminine et masculine. Depuis les années 1960, les bars de danseuses nues abondent à Montréal. De nombreuses recherches ont été menées à ce sujet, mais très peu concernent directement leurs homologues masculins, les bars de danseurs nus pour hommes et pour femmes. Notre mémoire analyse la relation de pouvoir entre les danseurs nus et leur clientèle féminine et masculine au 281 et au Stock bar. S’appuyant sur la littérature des bars de danseuSEs nuEs, nous étudions les quatre dimensions de la relation de pouvoir : l’influence des lieux sur les interactions, la liaison physique et sexuelle, l’échange marchand ainsi que le lien émotif. Pour répondre à notre question de recherche, nous avons effectué plusieurs séances d’observation non-dévoilée au 281 et au Stock bar. Afin d’analyser les données que nous avons recueillies, nous utilisons les théories de Judith Butler et la sociologie goffmanienne. Le concept de phallus de Butler nous permet de repérer qui domine en « ayant » le phallus et qui est dominé en « étant » le phallus. Nous concluons que les femmes sont, à quelques exceptions près, toujours celles qui « sont » le phallus pour les hommes danseurs et animateurs qui le « possèdent ». La structuration des soirées, établie selon le modèle hétérosexuel binaire prépondérant, rend très difficile pour elles de s’en emparer. En ce qui concerne le rapport entre les hommes danseurs et clients dans un contexte homosexuel, ce sont les danseurs qui « sont » le phallus pour les hommes clients qui l’« ont ». Leur relation est très similaire à celle que nous pouvons observer dans les bars de danseuses nues entre ces dernières et leur clientèle masculine. « Être » le phallus signifie que les danseuSEs nuEs ont le pouvoir de reconnaître ou non le phallus à l’homme client afin qu’il puisse (ou non) matérialiser son pouvoir masculin en subvenant à leurs besoins et en étant désirable à leurs yeux. Dans tous les cas, les danseurs nus font un travail émotionnel différent selon le genre des clientEs, rehaussant le statut social des hommes et diminuant celui des femmes.

Le corps gai et ses représenations : du rejet au miroir

Mémoire numérisé par la Division de la gestion de documents et des archives de l'Université de Montréal

La figure queer du castrat : la subversion de l'ambiguïté sexuelle

Mémoire numérisé par la Division de la gestion de documents et des archives de l'Université de Montréal