A multi-scaled approach for simulating chemical reaction systems

In this paper we give an overview of some very recent work, as well as presenting a new approach, on the stochastic simulation of multi-scaled systems involving chemical reactions. In many biological systems (such as genetic regulation and cellular dynamics) there is a mix between small numbers of key regulatory proteins, and medium and large numbers of molecules. In addition, it is important to be able to follow the trajectories of individual molecules by taking proper account of the randomness inherent in such a system. We describe different types of simulation techniques (including the stochastic simulation algorithm, Poisson Runge–Kutta methods and the balanced Euler method) for treating simulations in the three different reaction regimes: slow, medium and fast. We then review some recent techniques on the treatment of coupled slow and fast reactions for stochastic chemical kinetics and present a new approach which couples the three regimes mentioned above. We then apply this approach to a biologically inspired problem involving the expression and activity of LacZ and LacY proteins in E. coli, and conclude with a discussion on the significance of this work.

Accelerated leap methods for simulating discrete stochastic chemical kinetics

Biologists are increasingly conscious of the critical role that noise plays in cellular functions such as genetic regulation, often in connection with fluctuations in small numbers of key regulatory molecules. This has inspired the development of models that capture this fundamentally discrete and stochastic nature of cellular biology - most notably the Gillespie stochastic simulation algorithm (SSA). The SSA simulates a temporally homogeneous, discrete-state, continuous-time Markov process, and of course the corresponding probabilities and numbers of each molecular species must all remain positive. While accurately serving this purpose, the SSA can be computationally inefficient due to very small time stepping so faster approximations such as the Poisson and Binomial τ-leap methods have been suggested. This work places these leap methods in the context of numerical methods for the solution of stochastic differential equations (SDEs) driven by Poisson noise. This allows analogues of Euler-Maruyuma, Milstein and even higher order methods to be developed through the Itô-Taylor expansions as well as similar derivative-free Runge-Kutta approaches. Numerical results demonstrate that these novel methods compare favourably with existing techniques for simulating biochemical reactions by more accurately capturing crucial properties such as the mean and variance than existing methods.

Flexible strategies for association analysis with genomic phenotypes

Thesis (Ph.D.)--University of Washington, 2016-08

Plant Evolution: What Does It Take To Be an Egg?

The genetic regulation of cell patterning within plant gametophytes remains poorly understood. Now, two new studies in the liverwort Marchantia polymorpha shed light on the conserved function of an RKD transcription factor as a key regulator of egg cell fate in the land plant lineage.

Genetic technologies and the regulation of reproductive decision-making in Australia

This article provides a critical analysis of the current Australian regulatory landscape at the interface between genetics and reproductive decision- making. The authors argue that a comparative analysis with other countries and international law and a contextual examination of the way law regulates concepts such as disease and health, abnormality and normality is necessary before we can develop appropriate policy and legislative responses in this area. Specific genetic testing technologies are considered including prenatal genetic testing, preimplantation genetic diagnosis and inheritable genetic modification. An increasing number of members of the Australian community are using genetic testing technologies when they decide to have a baby. The authors argue that as concepts of disease and health vary among members of the community and the potential to test for traits other than illness increases, a new tension arises between an ethic of individual choice and a role for government in regulating reproductive decision-making.

A genetic variant of MDM4 influences regulation by multiple microRNAs in prostate cancer

The oncogene MDM4, also known as MDMX or HDMX, contributes to cancer susceptibility and progression through its capacity to negatively regulate a range of genes with tumour-suppressive functions. As part of a recent genome-wide association study it was determined that the A-allele of the rs4245739 SNP (A>C), located in the 3'-UTR of MDM4, is associated with an increased risk of prostate cancer. Computational predictions revealed that the rs4245739 SNP is located within a predicted binding site for three microRNAs (miRNAs): miR-191-5p, miR-887 and miR-3669. Herein, we show using reporter gene assays and endogenous MDM4 expression analyses that miR-191-5p and miR-887 have a specific affinity for the rs4245739 SNP C-allele in prostate cancer. These miRNAs do not affect MDM4 mRNA levels, rather they inhibit its translation in C-allele-containing PC3 cells but not in LNCaP cells homozygous for the A-allele. By analysing gene expression datasets from patient cohorts, we found that MDM4 is associated with metastasis and prostate cancer progression and that targeting this gene with miR-191-5p or miR-887 decreases in PC3 cell viability. This study is the first, to our knowledge, to demonstrate regulation of the MDM4 rs4245739 SNP C-allele by two miRNAs in prostate cancer, and thereby to identify a mechanism by which the MDM4 rs4245739 SNP A-allele may be associated with an increased risk for prostate cancer.

Genome-wide association and genetic functional studies identify autism susceptibility candidate 2 gene (AUTS2) in the regulation of alcohol consumption

Alcohol consumption is a moderately heritable trait, but the genetic basis in humans is largely unknown, despite its clinical and societal importance. We report a genome-wide association study meta-analysis of approximately 2.5 million directly genotyped or imputed SNPs with alcohol consumption (gram per day per kilogram body weight) among 12 population-based samples of European ancestry, comprising 26,316 individuals, with replication genotyping in an additional 21,185 individuals. SNP rs6943555 in autism susceptibility candidate 2 gene (AUTS2) was associated with alcohol consumption at genome-wide significance (P = 4 x 10(-8) to P = 4 x 10(-9)). We found a genotype-specific expression of AUTS2 in 96 human prefrontal cortex samples (P = 0.026) and significant (P < 0.017) differences in expression of AUTS2 in whole-brain extracts of mice selected for differences in voluntary alcohol consumption. Down-regulation of an AUTS2 homolog caused reduced alcohol sensitivity in Drosophila (P < 0.001). Our finding of a regulator of alcohol consumption adds knowledge to our understanding of genetic mechanisms influencing alcohol drinking behavior.

A physiological framework to explain genetic and environmental regulation of tillering in sorghum

Tillering determines the plant size of sorghum (Sorghum bicolor) and an understanding of its regulation is important to match genotypes to prevalent growing conditions in target production environments. The aim of this study was to determine the physiological and environmental regulation of variability in tillering among sorghum genotypes, and to develop a framework for this regulation. * Diverse sorghum genotypes were grown in three experiments with contrasting temperature, radiation and plant density to create variation in tillering. Data on phenology, tillering, and leaf and plant size were collected. A carbohydrate supply/demand (S/D) index that incorporated environmental and genotypic parameters was developed to represent the effects of assimilate availability on tillering. Genotypic differences in tillering not explained by this index were defined as propensity to tiller (PTT) and probably represented hormonal effects. * Genotypic variation in tillering was associated with differences in leaf width, stem diameter and PTT. The S/D index captured most of the environmental effects on tillering and PTT most of the genotypic effects. * A framework that captures genetic and environmental regulation of tillering through assimilate availability and PTT was developed, and provides a basis for the development of a model that connects genetic control of tillering to its phenotypic consequences.

trans gene regulation in adaptive evolution: A genetic algorithm model

This is a continuation of earlier studies on the evolution of infinite populations of haploid genotypes within a genetic algorithm framework. We had previously explored the evolutionary consequences of the existence of indeterminate—“plastic”—loci, where a plastic locus had a finite probability in each generation of functioning (being switched “on”) or not functioning (being switched “off”). The relative probabilities of the two outcomes were assigned on a stochastic basis. The present paper examines what happens when the transition probabilities are biased by the presence of regulatory genes. We find that under certain conditions regulatory genes can improve the adaptation of the population and speed up the rate of evolution (on occasion at the cost of lowering the degree of adaptation). Also, the existence of regulatory loci potentiates selection in favour of plasticity. There is a synergistic effect of regulatory genes on plastic alleles: the frequency of such alleles increases when regulatory loci are present. Thus, phenotypic selection alone can be a potentiating factor in a favour of better adaptation.

Genetic and Electrophysiological Correlates of Self-Regulation in Adolescence

Self-regulation is considered a powerful predictor of behavioral and mental health outcomes during adolescence and emerging adulthood. In this dissertation I address some electrophysiological and genetic correlates of this important skill set in a series of four studies. Across all studies event-related potentials (ERPs) were recorded as participants responded to tones presented in attended and unattended channels in an auditory selective attention task. In Study 1, examining these ERPs in relation to parental reports on the Behavior Rating Inventory of Executive Function (BRIEF) revealed that an early frontal positivity (EFP) elicited by to-be-ignored/unattended tones was larger in those with poorer self-regulation. As is traditionally found, N1 amplitudes were more negative for the to-be-attended rather than unattended tones. Additionally, N1 latencies to unattended tones correlated with parent-ratings on the BRIEF, where shorter latencies predicted better self-regulation. In Study 2 I tested a model of the associations between selfregulation scores and allelic variations in monoamine neurotransmitter genes, and their concurrent links to ERP markers of attentional control. Allelic variations in dopaminerelated genes predicted both my ERP markers and self-regulatory variables, and played a moderating role in the association between the two. In Study 3 I examined whether training in Integra Mindfulness Martial Arts, an intervention program which trains elements of self-regulation, would lead to improvement in ERP markers of attentional control and parent-report BRIEF scores in a group of adolescents with self-regulatory difficulties. I found that those in the treatment group amplified their processing of attended relative to unattended stimuli over time, and reduced their levels of problematic behaviour whereas those in the waitlist control group showed little to no change on both of these metrics. In Study 4 I examined potential associations between self-regulation and attentional control in a group of emerging adults. Both event-related spectral perturbations (ERSPs) and intertrial coherence (ITC) in the alpha and theta range predicted individual differences in self-regulation. Across the four studies I was able to conclude that real-world self-regulation is indeed associated with the neural markers of attentional control. Targeted interventions focusing on attentional control may improve self-regulation in those experiencing difficulties in this regard.

Regulation of HMG-CoA reductase, HSL and ACAT expression and activity in testicular cholesterol metabolism in mink and in mouse following experimental genetic deletion

Introduction: L'homéostasie du cholestérol est indispensable à la synthèse de la testostérone dans le tissu interstitiel et la production de gamètes mâles fertiles dans les tubules séminifères. Les facteurs enzymatiques contribuent au maintien de cet équilibre intracellulaire du cholestérol. L'absence d'un ou de plusieurs enzymes telles que la HMG-CoA réductase, la HSL et l'ACAT-1 a été associée à l'infertilité masculine. Toutefois, les facteurs enzymatiques qui contribuent au maintien de l'équilibre intra-tissulaire du cholestérol n'ont pas été étudiés. Cette étude a pour but de tester l'hypothèse que le maintien des taux de cholestérol compatibles avec la spermatogenèse nécessite une coordination de la fonction intracellulaire des enzymes HMG-CoA réductase, ACAT1 et ACAT2 et la HSL. Méthodes: Nous avons analysé l'expression de l’ARNm et de la protéine de ces enzymes dans les fractions enrichies en tubules séminifères (STf) de vison durant le développement postnatal et le cycle reproductif annuel et dans les fractions enrichies en tissu interstitiel (ITf) et de STf durant le développement postnatal chez la souris. Nous avons développé deux nouvelles techniques pour la mesure de l'activité enzymatique de la HMG-CoA réductase et de celle de l'ACAT1 et ACAT2. En outre, l'immunohistochimie a été utilisée pour localiser les enzymes dans le testicule. Enfin, les souris génétiquement déficientes en HSL, en SR-BI et en CD36 ont été utilisées pour élucider la contribution de la HMG-CoA réductase, l'ACAT1 et l'ACAT2 et la HSL à l'homéostasie du cholestérol. Résultats: 1) HMG-CoA réductase: (Vison) La variation du taux d’expression de l’ARNm de la HMG-CoA réductase était corrélée à celle de l'isoforme de 90 kDa de la protéine HMG-CoA réductase durant le développement postnatal et chez l'adulte durant le cycle reproductif saisonnier. L'activité enzymatique de la HMG-CoA réductase augmentait de façon concomitante avec le taux protéinique pour atteindre son niveau le plus élevé à 240 jours (3.6411e-7 mol/min/μg de protéines) au cours du développement et en Février (1.2132e-6 mol/min/μg de protéines) durant le cycle reproductif chez l’adulte. (Souris), Les niveaux d'expression de l'ARNm et l'activité enzymatique de la HMG-CoA réductase étaient maximales à 42 jours. A l'opposé, le taux protéinique diminuait au cours du développement. 2) HSL: (Vison), l'expression de la protéine de 90 kDa de la HSL était élevée à 180- et 240 jours après la naissance, ainsi qu'en Janvier durant le cycle saisonnier chez l'adulte. L'activité enzymatique de la HSL augmentait durant le développement pour atteindre un pic à 270 jours (36,45 nM/min/μg). Chez l'adulte, l'activité enzymatique de la HSL était maximale en Février. (Souris) Le niveau d’expression de l'ARNm de la HSL augmentait significativement à 21-, 28- et 35 jours après la naissance concomitamment avec le taux d'expression protéinique. L'activité enzymatique de la HSL était maximale à 42 jours suivie d'une baisse significative chez l'adulte. 3) ACAT-1 et ACAT-2: Le présent rapport est le premier à identifier l’expression de l'ACAT-1 et de l'ACAT-2 dans les STf de visons et de souris. (Vison) L'activité enzymatique de l'ACAT-2 était maximale à la complétion du développement à 270 jour (1190.00 CPMB/200 μg de protéines) et en janvier (2643 CPMB/200 μg de protéines) chez l'adulte. En revanche, l'activité enzymatique de l'ACAT-1 piquait à 90 jours et en août respectivement durant le développement et chez l'adulte. (Souris) Les niveaux d'expression de l'ARNm et la protéine de l'ACAT-1 diminuait au cours du développement. Le taux de l'ARNm de l'ACAT-2, à l’opposé du taux protéinique, augmentait au cours du développement. L'activité enzymatique de l'ACAT-1 diminuait au cours du développement tandis que celle de l'ACAT-2 augmentait pour atteindre son niveau maximal à 42 jours. 4) Souris HSL-/ -: Le taux d’expression de l'ARNm et l'activité enzymatique de la HMG-CoA réductase diminuaient significativement dans les STf de souris HSL-/- comparés aux souris HSL+/+. Par contre, les taux de l'ARNm et les niveaux des activités enzymatiques de l'ACAT-1 et de l'ACAT-2 étaient significativement plus élevés dans les STf de souris HSL-/- comparés aux souris HSL+/+ 5) Souris SR-BI-/-: L'expression de l'ARNm et l'activité enzymatique de la HMG-CoA réductase et de l'ACAT-1 étaient plus basses dans les STf de souris SR-BI-/- comparées aux souris SR-BI+/+. A l'opposé, le taux d'expression de l'ARNm et l'activité enzymatique de la HSL étaient augmentées chez les souris SR-BI-/- comparées aux souris SR-BI+/+. 6) Souris CD36-/-: L'expression de l'ARNm et l'activité enzymatique de la HMG-CoA réductase et de l'ACAT-2 étaient significativement plus faibles tandis que celles de la HSL et de l'ACAT-1 étaient inchangées dans les STf de souris CD36-/- comparées aux souris CD36+/+. Conclusion: Nos résultats suggèrent que: 1) L'activité enzymatique de la HMG-CoA réductase et de la HSL sont associées à l'activité spermatogénétique et que ces activités ne seraient pas régulées au niveau transcriptionnel. 2) L'ACAT-1 et de l'ACAT-2 sont exprimées dans des cellules différentes au sein des tubules séminifères, suggérant des fonctions distinctes pour ces deux isoformes: l'estérification du cholestérol libre dans les cellules germinales pour l'ACAT-1 et l'efflux du cholestérol en excès dans les cellules de Sertoli au cours de la spermatogenèse pour l'ACAT-2. 3) La suppression génétique de la HSL diminuait la HMG-CoA réductase et augmentait les deux isoformes de l'ACAT, suggérant que ces enzymes jouent un rôle critique dans le métabolisme du cholestérol intratubulaire. 4) La suppression génétique des transporteurs sélectifs de cholestérol SR-BI et CD36 affecte l'expression (ARNm et protéine) et l'activité des enzymes HMG-CoA réductase, HSL, ACAT-1 et ACAT-2, suggérant l'existence d’un effet compensatoire entre facteurs enzymatiques et non-enzymatiques du métabolisme du cholestérol dans les fractions tubulaires. Ensemble, les résultats de notre étude suggèrent que les enzymes impliquées dans la régulation du cholestérol intratubulaire agissent de concert avec les transporteurs sélectifs de cholestérol dans le but de maintenir l'homéostasie du cholestérol intra-tissulaire du testicule.

Symmetry in biology: from genetic code to stochastic gene regulation

Mathematical models, as instruments for understanding the workings of nature, are a traditional tool of physics, but they also play an ever increasing role in biology - in the description of fundamental processes as well as that of complex systems. In this review, the authors discuss two examples of the application of group theoretical methods, which constitute the mathematical discipline for a quantitative description of the idea of symmetry, to genetics. The first one appears, in the form of a pseudo-orthogonal (Lorentz like) symmetry, in the stochastic modelling of what may be regarded as the simplest possible example of a genetic network and, hopefully, a building block for more complicated ones: a single self-interacting or externally regulated gene with only two possible states: ` on` and ` off`. The second is the algebraic approach to the evolution of the genetic code, according to which the current code results from a dynamical symmetry breaking process, starting out from an initial state of complete symmetry and ending in the presently observed final state of low symmetry. In both cases, symmetry plays a decisive role: in the first, it is a characteristic feature of the dynamics of the gene switch and its decay to equilibrium, whereas in the second, it provides the guidelines for the evolution of the coding rules.

Genetic mechanisms of Na+, K+-ATPase regulation in hypertension

The spontaneously hypertensive rat (SHR) is a model of essential hypertension. During the early development of hypertension, the SHR demonstrates increased proximal tubule (PT) Na+ reabsorption. I hypothesized that the increased PT Na+ reabsorption exhibited by the young SHR was due to altered sub-cellular distribution of Na+, K +-ATPase compared to the normotensive Wistar Kyoto (WKY). The hypothesis is supported, herein, by observations of greater Na+, K +-ATPase α 1 abundance in PT plasma membrane and lower abundance in late endosomes of 4wk SHR despite no difference in total PT α 1 abundance. There is a greater amount of Ser-18 unphosphorylated α 1 in the 4wk SHR PT. Total PT Na+, K+-ATPase γ abundance is greater in SHR at 4wk and 16wk but γ abundance in plasma membrane is greater only at 4wk. The phosphatase, calcineurin, was chosen for study because it is involved in the stimulation of Na+, K +-ATPase. No difference in calcineurin coding sequence, expression, or activity was observed in SHR. Gene expression arrays were next used to find candidate genes involved in the regulation of Na+, K +-ATPase. The first candidate analyzed was soluble epoxide hydrolase (sEH). The gene encoding sEH (EPHX2) showed lower expression in SHR. There was also a reduction in sEH protein abundance but there was no correlation between protein abundance and blood pressure in F2 progeny. Two EPHX2 alleles were identified, an ancestral allele and a variant allele containing four polymorphisms. sEH activity was greater in animals carrying the variant allele but the inheritance of the variant allele did not correlate with blood pressure. Gene expression arrays also led to the examination of genes involved in redox balance/Na+, K+-ATPase regulation. A pattern of lower expression of genes involved in reactive radical detoxification in SHR was discerned. Six transcription factor binding sites were identified that occurred more often in these genes. Three transcription factors that bind to the HNF1 site were expressed at lower levels in SHR. This points to the HNF1 transcriptional complex as an important trans-acting regulator of a wide range of genes involved in altered redox balance in SHR. ^