Improving GPS time series for geodynamic studies

Accurate and stable time series of geodetic parameters can be used to help in understanding the dynamic Earth and its response to global change. The Global Positioning System, GPS, has proven to be invaluable in modern geodynamic studies. In Fennoscandia the first GPS networks were set up in 1993. These networks form the basis of the national reference frames in the area, but they also provide long and important time series for crustal deformation studies. These time series can be used, for example, to better constrain the ice history of the last ice age and the Earth s structure, via existing glacial isostatic adjustment models. To improve the accuracy and stability of the GPS time series, the possible nuisance parameters and error sources need to be minimized. We have analysed GPS time series to study two phenomena. First, we study the refraction in the neutral atmosphere of the GPS signal, and, second, we study the surface loading of the crust by environmental factors, namely the non-tidal Baltic Sea, atmospheric load and varying continental water reservoirs. We studied the atmospheric effects on the GPS time series by comparing the standard method to slant delays derived from a regional numerical weather model. We have presented a method for correcting the atmospheric delays at the observational level. The results show that both standard atmosphere modelling and the atmospheric delays derived from a numerical weather model by ray-tracing provide a stable solution. The advantage of the latter is that the number of unknowns used in the computation decreases and thus, the computation may become faster and more robust. The computation can also be done with any processing software that allows the atmospheric correction to be turned off. The crustal deformation due to loading was computed by convolving Green s functions with surface load data, that is to say, global hydrology models, global numerical weather models and a local model for the Baltic Sea. The result was that the loading factors can be seen in the GPS coordinate time series. Reducing the computed deformation from the vertical time series of GPS coordinates reduces the scatter of the time series; however, the long term trends are not influenced. We show that global hydrology models and the local sea surface can explain up to 30% of the GPS time series variation. On the other hand atmospheric loading admittance in the GPS time series is low, and different hydrological surface load models could not be validated in the present study. In order to be used for GPS corrections in the future, both atmospheric loading and hydrological models need further analysis and improvements.

Effect of GPS on understanding relationship between mobile map and environment : A field experiment

Objectives: GPS technology enables the visualisation of a map reader s location on a mobile map. Earlier research on the cognitive aspects of map reading identified that searching for map-environment points is an essential element for the process of determining one s location on a mobile map. Map-environment points refer to objects that are visualized on the map and are recognizable in the environment. However, because the GPS usually adds only one point to the map that has a relation to the environment, it does not provide a sufficient amount of information for self-location. The aim of the present thesis was to assess the effect of GPS on the cognitive processes involved in determining one s location on a map. Methods: The effect of GPS on self-location was studied in a field experiment. The subjects were shown a target on a mobile map, and they were asked to point in the direction of the target. In order for the map reader to be able to deduce the direction of the target, he/she has to locate himself/herself on the map. During the pointing tasks, the subjects were asked to think aloud. The data from the experiment were used to analyze the effect of the GPS on the time needed to perform the task. The subjects verbal data was used to assess the effect of the GPS on the number of landmark concepts mentioned during a task (landmark concepts are words referring to objects that can be recognized both on the map and in the environment). Results and conclusions: The results from the experiment indicate that the GPS reduces the time needed to locate oneself on a map. The analysis of the verbal data revealed that the GPS reduces the number of landmark concepts in the protocols. The findings suggest that the GPS guides the subject s search for the map-environment points and narrows the area on the map that must be searched for self-location.

Energy Efficient GPS Acquisition with Sparse-GPS

Following rising demands in positioning with GPS, low-cost receivers are becoming widely available; but their energy demands are still too high. For energy efficient GPS sensing in delay-tolerant applications, the possibility of offloading a few milliseconds of raw signal samples and leveraging the greater processing power of the cloud for obtaining a position fix is being actively investigated. In an attempt to reduce the energy cost of this data offloading operation, we propose Sparse-GPS(1): a new computing framework for GPS acquisition via sparse approximation. Within the framework, GPS signals can be efficiently compressed by random ensembles. The sparse acquisition information, pertaining to the visible satellites that are embedded within these limited measurements, can subsequently be recovered by our proposed representation dictionary. By extensive empirical evaluations, we demonstrate the acquisition quality and energy gains of Sparse-GPS. We show that it is twice as energy efficient than offloading uncompressed data, and has 5-10 times lower energy costs than standalone GPS; with a median positioning accuracy of 40 m.

GPS变形监测平差计算及不确定度分析

全球定位系统（GPS）是一种全天候、高精度的连续定位系统，它以速度快、方法灵活多样、操作简便等优势被广泛应用于工程测量和变形监测中。结合水厂铁矿GPS边坡变形监测实例，对GPS监测网的星历预报、基线向量平差计算、网平差计算、结果及残差不确定度进行了细致分析研究，以验证GPS技术在边坡变形监测中的可靠性和精度。

编队飞行GPS/INS相对导航的分布滤波算法

在对编队飞行GPS/INS相对导航当前的主要滤波算法进行总结和分析的基础上,提出了分布滤波的算法,并建立了GPS/INS相对导航仿真系统,对该算法进行验证。仿真结果表明该算法能够适应大型、紧密编队飞行的需求,在减小计算量、降低通讯数据量、允许编队做大的机动飞行的同时,能得到较高的估计精度。

Estudio de la mejora de la precisión en los receptores GPS

El presente proyecto analiza la tecnología utilizada por los sistemas GNSS, su funcionamiento y composición. Estudia varios sistemas GPS comerciales sus características y protocolos utilizados y diferentes programas, para el análisis, gestión y visualización de los datos asociados. El proyecto se centra en estudiar posibles métodos que mejoran la precisión de posicionamiento obtenida por los receptores GPS y propone, después de las correspondientes pruebas, dos métodos basados en DGPS con los que se han obtenido precisiones de unos pocos centímetros.

Reloj basado en señales GPS con corrección digital para PTP-Master

[ES]este proyecto trata sobre el desarrollo de un core en una FPGA para conseguir, gracias a un módulo GPS, una referencia temporal precisa, necesaria para un equipo PTP master (IEEE-1588), a bajo coste y con calidad Grand Master.

Reloj basado en señales GPS con corrección por tensión para PTP-Master

[ES]El proyecto presentado a continuación muestra la elaboración de un core para ser embebido dentro de las denominadas FPGAs (Field Programmable Gate Array), cuya finalidad es la creación de una referencia temporal, en arquitectura de 64bits, gracias a un módulo GPS (Global Positioning System), lo más cercana posible al orden de las decenas de nano-segundos, para poder ser insertado en un equipo PTP-Master (Precision Time Protocol - Master) (IEEE (Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers) - 1588), a bajo coste y con calidad comparable a la de los dispositivos Grand Master.

Programa de processamento de efemérides de satélites GPS: aplicação em posicionamento de satélites e posicionamento geodésico.

O emprego das técnicas de posicionamento de alta-precisão e de precisão, com recurso ao Sistema de Posicionamento Global, têm se consolidado como solução definitiva para a obtenção das coordenadas de pontos sobre a superfície terrestre, nas mais diversas aplicações, em particular aquelas envolvidas na realização do cadastro em áreas urbanas e construção da base de dados associada aos Sistemas de Informação Geográfica utilizados na gestão territorial. Os receptores GPS armazenam as informações dos satélites inicialmente em formato próprio, porém a maioria dos usuários não usa esse formato para trabalho, e sim o formato RINEX. Sendo este um formato importante ao trabalhar com GPS, os softwares proprietários que geralmente acompanham os receptores e fazem a transformação de seu formato próprio para o RINEX, processam as observáveis de forma exclusiva e fechada, não permitindo alteração de seu código-fonte (o que configura uma caixa preta). Este trabalho visa elaborar e implementar um programa com código-fonte aberto para leitura e manipulação de arquivos de efemérides transmitidas e precisas do Sistema de Posicionamento Global GPS e aplicá-lo ao posicionamento de satélites artificiais, e ainda realizar um estudo do comportamento do mesmo no posicionamento geodésico de pontos na superfície terrestre. Considerando-se que a posição terrestre dos satélites influencia diretamente no cálculo da posição de pontos sobre a superfície, esse estudo verifica que é possível obter coordenadas dos satélites a partir das efemérides transmitidas de forma coerente, e isto é feito utilizando-se o processamento que o programa faz ao manipular corretamente os arquivos RINEX. O programa implementado é capaz de lidar com os arquivos de formato RINEX e SP3, lendo, extraindo e utilizando informações para uma aplicação de posicionamento terrestre de satélites artificiais GPS, podendo ainda realizar outras aplicações como o posicionamento geodésico de pontos adaptando seu código-fonte para outros modelos. Esse programa poderá ser utilizado em benefício dos profissionais que atuam em diversas aplicações que envolvam o posicionamento geodésico por satélites, proporcionando flexibilidade de trabalho, pois o programa terá código-fonte aberto.

A 5.6-mW Power Dissipation CMOS Frequency Synthesizer for L1/L2 Dual-Band GPS Application

This paper presents a wide tuning range CMOS frequency synthesizer for dual-band GPS receiver, which has been fabricated in a standard 0.18-um RF CMOS process. With a high Q on-chip inductor, the wide-band VCO shows a tuning range from 2 to 3.6GHz to cover 2.45GHz and 3.14GHz in case of process corner or temperature variation, with a current consumption varying accordingly from 0.8mA to 0.4mA, from a 1.8V supply voltage. The measurement results show that the whole frequency synthesizer costs a very low power consumption of 5.6mW working at L I band with in-band phase noise less than -82dBc/Hz and out-of-band phase noise about -112 dBc/Hz at 1MHz offset from a 3.142GHz carrier.

一种提高车载单频GPS实时定位精度的方法

民用单频GPS接收机实时定位精度约为 1 0 0m。将民用单频GPS接收机装载到汽车上进行导航工作，如不用差分等方法，则其实时定位精度也只能为 1 0 0m。假设在车上另加测向测距装置，以此为基础，提出一种提高车载单频GPS接收机实时定位精度的算法。