969 resultados para enfermedad periodontal


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For a successful clinical outcome, periodontal regeneration requires the coordinated response of multiple soft and hard tissues (periodontal ligament, gingiva, cementum, and bone) during the wound-healing process. Tissue-engineered constructs for regeneration of the periodontium must be of a complex 3-dimensional shape and adequate size and demonstrate biomechanical stability over time. A critical requirement is the ability to promote the formation of functional periodontal attachment between regenerated alveolar bone, and newly formed cementum on the root surface. This review outlines the current advances in multiphasic scaffold fabrication and how these scaffolds can be combined with cell- and growth factor-based approaches to form tissue-engineered constructs capable of recapitulating the complex temporal and spatial wound-healing events that will lead to predictable periodontal regeneration. This can be achieved through a variety of approaches, with promising strategies characterized by the use of scaffolds that can deliver and stabilize cells capable of cementogenesis onto the root surface, provide biomechanical cues that encourage perpendicular alignment of periodontal fibers to the root surface, and provide osteogenic cues and appropriate space to facilitate bone regeneration. Progress on the development of multiphasic constructs for periodontal tissue engineering is in the early stages of development, and these constructs need to be tested in large animal models and, ultimately, human clinical trials.

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The principal aim of this study was to examine diseases characterized by inflammatory injury, especially human arthritides and periodontitis, with specific interest to final effector enzymes of tissue destruction and address the possible future tools to prevent permanent tissue loss. We used biochemical and immunological methods applied to synovial tissue samples, samples of synovial fluid, and samples of peripheral blood. In Study IV, we used established clinical inflammatory injury indicator probing pocket depth and used it to derive a new clinical measure of systemic burden, periodontal inflammatory burden index. In study I, we showed a difference in the effector enzymes of peripheral blood leukocytes and leukocytes from inflamed synovial fluid of rheumatoid arthritis and reactive arthritis patients. The effector enzyme activities were higher in synovial fluid than in peripheral blood. In study II, we showed the presence of collagenase-3 in rheumatoid synovial tissue samples, relative resistance of the enzyme to inhibition in vitro and developed an electrophoretic method for detection of collagenase-3 in presence of collagenase-1. In study III, we carried out an open label study of doxycycline treatment of 12 RA patients. During the treatment period, we observed an improvement in several of the biochemical and psychosocial variables used to assess the status of the patients. In study IV, we showed a clearly lower level of periodontal inflammatory injury in chronic periodontitis patients referred for periodontal treatment. In this cross-sectional pilot study, we showed lower levels of inflammatory injury in periodontitis patients using statin than in those not receiving statin treatment. The difference was of same magnitude in patients using simvastatin or atorvastatin. The weighted index of inflammatory burden, PIBI, which emphasizes the burden imposed by the deepest pathological pockets on the system showed values consistent with a wider scale to ease future studies on the inflammatory burden associated with periodontitis.

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Periodontal Disease affects the supporting structures of the teeth and is initiated by a microbial biofilm called dental plaque. Severity ranges from superficial inflammation of the gingiva (gingivitis) to extensive destruction of connective tissue and bone leading to tooth loss (periodontitis). In periodontitis the destruction of tissue is caused by a cascade of microbial and host factors together with proteolytic enzymes. Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) are known to be central mediators of the pathologic destruction in periodontitis. Initially plaque bacteria provide pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) which are sensed by Toll-like receptors (TLRs), and initiate intracellular signaling cascades leading to host inflammation. Our aim was to characterize TNF-α (tumor necrosis factor-alpha) and its type I and II receptors in periodontal tissues, as well as, the effects of TNF-α, IL-1β (interleukin-1beta) and IL-17 on the production and/or activation of MMP-3, MMP-8 and MMP-9. Furthermore we mapped the TLRs in periodontal tissues and assessed how some of the PAMPs binding to the key TLRs found in periodontal tissues affect production of TNF-α and IL-1β by gingival epithelial cells with or without combination of IL-17. TNF-α and its receptors were detected in pericoronitis. Furthermore, increased expression of interleukin-1β and vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 was found as a biological indicator of TNF-α ligand-receptor interaction. MMP-3, -8, and 9 were investigated in periodontitis affected human gingival crevicular fluid and gingival fibroblasts produced pro-MMP-3. Following that, the effect of IL-17 was studied on MMP and pro-inflammatory cytokine production. IL-17 was increased in periodontitis and up-regulated IL-1β, TNF-α, MMP-1 and MMP-3. We continued by demonstrating TLRs in gingival tissues, in which significant differences between patients with periodontitis and healthy controls were found. Finally, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays were performed to show that the gingival cells response to inflammatory responses in a TLR-dependent manner. Briefly, this thesis demonstrates that TLRs are present in periodontal tissues and present differences in periodontitis compared to healthy controls. The cells of gingival tissues respond to inflammatory process in a TLR-dependent manner by producing pro-inflammatory cytokines. During the destruction of periodontal tissues, the release (IL-1β and TNF-α) and co-operation with other pro-inflammatory cytokines (IL-17), which in turn increase the inflammation and thus be more harmful to the host with the increased presence of MMPs (MMP-1, MMP-3, MMP-8, MMP-9) in diseased over healthy sites.

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Matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) -8, collagenase-2, is a key mediator of irreversible tissue destruction in chronic periodontitis and detectable in gingival crevicular fluid (GCF). MMP-8 mostly originates from neutrophil leukocytes, the first line of defence cells which exist abundantly in GCF, especially in inflammation. MMP-8 is capable of degrading almost all extra-cellular matrix and basement membrane components and is especially efficient against type I collagen. Thus the expression of MMP-8 in GCF could be valuable in monitoring the activity of periodontitis and possibly offers a diagnostic means to predict progression of periodontitis. In this study the value of MMP-8 detection from GCF in monitoring of periodontal health and disease was evaluated with special reference to its ability to differentiate periodontal health and different disease states of the periodontium and to recognise the progression of periodontitis, i.e. active sites. For chair-side detection of MMP-8 from the GCF or peri-implant sulcus fluid (PISF) samples, a dip-stick test based on immunochromatography involving two monoclonal antibodies was developed. The immunoassay for the detection of MMP-8 from GCF was found to be more suitable for monitoring of periodontitis than detection of GCF elastase concentration or activity. Periodontally healthy subjects and individuals suffering of gingivitis or of periodontitis could be differentiated by means of GCF MMP-8 levels and dipstick testing when the positive threshold value of the MMP-8 chair-side test was set at 1000 µg/l. MMP-8 dipstick test results from periodontally healthy and from subjects with gingivitis were mainly negative while periodontitis patients sites with deep pockets ( 5 mm) and which were bleeding on probing were most often test positive. Periodontitis patients GCF MMP-8 levels decreased with hygiene phase periodontal treatment (scaling and root planing, SRP) and even reduced during the three month maintenance phase. A decrease in GCF MMP-8 levels could be monitored with the MMP-8 test. Agreement between the test stick and the quantitative assay was very good (κ = 0.81) and the test provided a baseline sensitivity of 0.83 and specificity of 0.96. During the 12-month longitudinal maintenance phase, periodontitis patients progressing sites (sites with an increase in attachment loss ≥ 2 mm during the maintenance phase) had elevated GCF MMP-8 levels compared with stable sites. General mean MMP-8 concentrations in smokers (S) sites were lower than in non-smokers (NS) sites but in progressing S and NS sites concentrations were at an equal level. Sites with exceptionally and repeatedly elevated MMP-8 concentrations during the maintenance phase were clustered in smoking patients with poor response to SRP (refractory patients). These sites especially were identified by the MMP-8 test. Subgingival plaque samples from periodontitis patients deep periodontal pockets were examined by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) to find out if periodontal lesions may serve as a niche for Chlamydia pneumoniae. Findings were compared with the clinical periodontal parameters and GCF MMP-8 levels to determine the correlation with periodontal status. Traces of C. pneumoniae were identified from one periodontitis patient s pooled subgingival plaque sample by means of PCR. After periodontal treatment (SRP) the sample was negative for C. pneumoniae. Clinical parameters or biomarkers (MMP-8) of the patient with the positive C. pneumoniae finding did not differ from other study patients. In this study it was concluded that MMP-8 concentrations in GCF of sites from periodontally healthy individuals, subjects with gingivitis or with periodontitis are at different levels. The cut-off value of the developed MMP-8 test is at an optimal level to differentiate between these conditions and can possibly be utilised in identification of individuals at the risk of the transition of gingivitis to periodontitis. In periodontitis patients, repeatedly elevated GCF MMP-8 concentrations may indicate sites at risk of progression of periodontitis as well as patients with poor response to conventional periodontal treatment (SRP). This can be monitored by MMP-8 testing. Despite the lower mean GCF MMP-8 concentrations in smokers, a fraction of smokers sites expressed very high MMP-8 concentrations together with enhanced periodontal activity and could be identified with MMP-8 specific chair-side test. Deep periodontal lesions may be niches for non-periodontopathogenic micro-organisms with systemic effects like C. pneumoniae and possibly play a role in the transmission from one subject to another.

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Periodontal inflammation can inhibit cell differentiation of periodontal ligament cells (PDLCs), resulting in decreased bone/cementum regeneration ability. The Wnt signaling pathway, including canonical Wnt/β-catenin signaling and noncanonical Wnt/Ca2+ signaling, plays essential roles in cell proliferation and differentiation during tooth development. However, little is still known whether noncanonical Wnt/Ca2+ signaling cascade could regulate cementogenic/osteogenic differentiation capability of PDLCs within an inflammatory environment. Therefore, in this study, human PDLCs (hPDLCs) and their cementogenic differentiation potential were investigated in the presence of cytokines. The data demonstrated that both cytokines interleukin-6 (IL-6) and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) inhibited cell proliferation, relative alkaline phosphatase activity, bone/cementum-related gene/protein expression, and canonical Wnt pathway-related gene/protein expression in hPDLCs. Interestingly, both cytokines upregulated the noncanonical Wnt/Ca2+ signaling-related gene and protein expression in hPDLCs. When the Wnt/Ca2+ pathway was blocked by Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II inhibitor KN93, even in the presence of IL-6 and TNF-α, cementogenesis could be stimulated in hPDLCs. Our data indicate that the Wnt/Ca2+ pathway plays an inhibitory role on PDLC cementogenic differentiation in inflammatory microenvironments. Therefore, targeting the Wnt/Ca2+ pathway may provide a novel therapeutic approach to improve periodontal regeneration for periodontal diseases.

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Thirty percent of 70-year-old women have osteoporosis; after age of 80 its prevalence is up to 70%. Postmenopausal women with osteoporosis seem to be at an increased risk for cardiovascular events, and deterioration of oral health, as shown by attachment loss of teeth, which is proportional to the severity of osteoporosis. Osteoporosis can be treated with many different medication, e.g. estrogen and alendronate. We randomized 90 elderly osteoporotic women (65-80 years of age) to receive hormone therapy (HT)(2mg E2+NETA), 10mg alendronate, and their combination for two years and compared their effects on bone mineral density (BMD) and turnover, two surrogate markers of the risk of cardiovascular diseases, C-reactive protein (CRP) and E-selectin, as well as oral health. The effect of HT on health-related quality of life (HRQoL) was studied in the population-based cohort of 1663 postmenopausal women (mean age 68 yr) (585 estrogen users and 1078 non-users). BMD was measured with dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) at 0, 12 and 24 months. Urinary N-telopeptide (NTX) of type I collagen, a marker of bone resorption, and serum aminoterminal propeptide of human type I procollagen (PINP), a marker of bone formation, were measured every six months of treatment. Serum CRP and E-selectin, were measured at 0, 6, and 12 months. Dental, and periodontal conditions, and gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-8 levels were studied to evaluate the oral health status and for the mouth symptoms a structured questionnaire was used. The HRQoL was measured with 15D questionnaire. Lumbar spine BMD increased similarly in all treatment groups (6.8-8.4% and 9.1-11.2%). Only HT increased femoral neck BMD at both 12 (4.9%) and 24 months (5.8%), at the latter time point the HT group differed significantly from the other groups. HT reduced bone marker levels of NTX and PINP significantly less than other two groups.Oral HT significantly increased serum CRP level by 76.5% at 6 and by 47.1% (NS) at 12 months, and decreased serum E-selectin level by 24.3% and 30.0%. Alendronate had no effect on these surrogate markers. Alendronate caused a decrease in the resting salivary flow rate and tended to increase GCF MMP-8 levels. Otherwise, there was no effect on the parameters of oral health. HT improved the HRQoL of elderly women significantly on the dimensions of usual activities, vitality and sexual activity, but the overall improvement in HRQoL was neither statistically significant nor clinically important. In conclusion, bisphosphonates might be the first option to start the treatment of postmenopausal osteoporosis in the old age.

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ABSTRACT Bakhshandeh, Soheila. Periodontal and dental health and oral self-care among adults with diabetes mellitus. Department of Oral Public Health, Institute of Dentistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland. 2011. 49 pp. ISBN 978-952-10-7193-5(paperback). The aim of the present study was to assess oral health and treatment needs among Iranian adults with diabetes according to socio-demographic status, oral hygiene, diabetes related factors, and to investigate the relation between these determinants and oral health. Moreover, the effect of an educational oral health promotion intervention on their oral health and periodontal treatment needs was studied. The target population comprised adults with diabetes in Tehran, Iran. 299 dentate patients with diabetes, who were regular attendants to a diabetic clinic, were selected as the study subjects. Data collection was performed through a clinical dental examination and self-administered structured questionnaire. The questionnaire covered information of the subject s social background, medical history, oral health behaviour and smoking. The clinical dental examinations covered the registration of caries experience (DMFT), community periodontal index (CPI) and plaque index (PI). The intervention provided the adults with diabetes dental health education through a booklet. Reduction in periodontal treatment needs one year after the baseline examination was used as the main outcome. A high prevalence of periodontal pockets among the study population was found; 52% of the participants had periodontal pockets with a pocket depth of 4 to 5 mm and 35% had periodontal pockets with pocket depth of 6 mm or more. The mean of the DMFT index was 12.9 (SD=6.1), being dominated by filled teeth (mean 6.5) and missing teeth (mean 5.0). Oral self-care among adults with diabetes was inadequate and poor oral hygiene was observed in more than 80% of the subjects. The educational oral health promotion decreased periodontal treatment needs more in the study groups than in the control group. The poor periodontal health, poor oral hygiene and insufficient oral self-care observed in this study call for oral health promotion among adult with diabetes. An educational intervention showed that it is possible to promote oral health behaviour and to reduce periodontal treatment needs among adults with diabetes. The simplicity of the model used in this study allows it to be integrated to diabetes programmes in particular in countries with a developing health care system.

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Debido a su gran poder de difusión y considerando que no hay programa de erradicación o control de la estomatitis vesicular, aunque los humanos también la puede contraer, se llevo a cabo el presente estudio, con el objetivo de conocer la prevalencia de la Estomatitis Vesicular en el territorio nacional en el año 2008, así como los departamentos de mayor prevalencia, sexo, especie, serotipo de mayor concurrencia y regiones anatómicas afectadas, los datos colectados se obtuvieron de las base de datos del MAGFOR de Enfermedades Vesiculares que lleva la oficina del Convenio Bilateral Antiaftosa (CAB), se utilizo la información de los casos atendidos en el año 2008, se llevó un análisis estadístico descriptivo, elaborando distribuciones de frecuencia, para las variables; prevalencia, especie animal, región anatómica, cepa y sexo concluyendo que de una población total de 71592 animales susceptible, 1813 animales salieron afectados con una prevalencia de 3%, siendo Estelí el departamento mayor afectado con 7% y la RAAN la menor con 0%, manifestándose con mayor frecuencia en los llamados veranillos, los cuales son periodos secos durante la época lluviosa haciendo que hallan mayor agrietamiento en la pesuñas permitiéndole entrada a la penetración del virus provocando mayor afectación en la región podal con 76.7%, el serotipo New jersey esta afectando en un 97.36% . y el Indiana con 2.64%.

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Resumen: Los conceptos de dolor, enfermedad y enfermedad terminal exceden plenamente el ámbito meramente biológico y solo pueden abordarse acabadamente desde una perspectiva hilemorfista de persona humana. El enfoque integral de estos conceptos permite descubrir un significado antropológico de los mismos. Su comprensión adecuada constituye un imperativo moral en el cuidado del paciente terminal. En este sentido, es posible rescatar el valor de los cuidados paliativos como una modalidad de atención integral del paciente. En este contexto surge el proyecto de la Casa de la Bondad Salta, que pertenece a la Fundación Manos Abiertas. La Casa de la Bondad tiene como objetivo implementar cuidados paliativos a enfermos terminales. Se parte de la necesidad de realizar un abordaje integral del enfermo desde un enfoque transdisciplinar.

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Resumen: El efecto marco de riesgo constituye un ejemplo de irracionalidad en la toma de decisiones. Se trata de las variaciones en las respuestas inducidas por el marco positivo o negativo en el que una tarea es presentada. El problema de la enfermedad de Asia, Tversky y Kahneman (1981), es una de las tareas diseñadas para evaluar este fenómeno. En el presente estudio se resumen los resultados de investigaciones previas respecto de este efecto y su relación con una serie de factores. Luego se exponen los resultados obtenidos en una muestra de 163 estudiantes universitarios argentinos. Estos resultados indican tanto en hombres como en mujeres, el efecto marco surge únicamente cuando la tarea es presentada negativamente: bajo esta condición los participantes tienden a elegir la opción riesgosa.

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Resumen: El encuentro de salud se da entre un ser humano doliente, que busca ayuda, y otro con capacidad técnica, que está en disposición de prestársela. La calidad de la comunicación influye en el paciente afectando la mejor comprensión de los problemas, en la adherencia terapéutica y en los resultados. Finalmente, es una herramienta básica para expresar en la práctica asistencial la información global al paciente, adaptando los conocimientos sanitarios a las características y contexto de cada uno. En la relación asistencial es tanto o más importante que lo que se dice el modo y la ocasión en que se dice. Sólo de esta forma el profesional de la salud estará preparado para comunicar una verdad global.

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La Tuberculosis es una enfermedad cuya presencia ha sido constante en la historia de la humanidad. Como toda enfermedad infectocontagiosa no respeta fronteras, ni edades, ni sexos, ni razas, ni tampoco clases sociales. La tuberculosis que actualmente padecemos no es nueva; representa el final de una onda epidémica secular que alcanzó su máxima incidencia en Europa entre 1780 y 1880. Cien años marcados por el desplazamiento masivo de campesinos a las ciudades en busca de trabajo en las fábricas. Históricamente la epidemiología de la tuberculosis ha demostrado la existencia de un declive natural. Dicho declive se inició ya, incluso antes del descubrimiento de su agente causal, debido a la mejoría de las condiciones socio-económicas de la población. La aparición de la quimioterapia específica aceleró su ritmo de descenso anual. Hasta la aparición del SIDA, ningún otro factor ha modificado substancialmente su natural declinar. Tan importante son las condiciones socioeconómicas y sociopolíticas de la población en la expresión epidemiológica de ésta y otras muchas enfermedades, que en 1910, cuando no existían remedios para la tuberculosis, Holanda alcanzó el llamado punto de ruptura. Dicho punto es aquel en que se considera que la tuberculosis camina hacia su erradicación espontánea. Corresponde al momento en que cada enfermo bacilífero no puede infectar al número suficiente de personas para que se origine otro nuevo enfermo bacilífero. Evidentemente el SIDA ha supuesto una inyección de gasolina en la llama de la enfermedad tuberculosa que ha desbaratado los programas de prevención y control puestos en marcha en 1982 en nuestra Comunidad Autónoma. Como decía Napoleón Bonaparte, las batallas se ganan con organización y dinero. La batalla del SIDA aún continúa y con más ahínco en nuestro País Vasco donde esta enfermedad es especialmente prevalente. Afortunadamente los nuevos tratamientos han convertido una enfermedad mortal de necesidad en una enfermedad crónica con una mejora substancial en las expectativas de vida. Sin embargo, la gran secuela de la coinfección SIDA/Tuberculosis ha sido la aparición de multirresistencias a los fármacos por tratamientos incorrectos o falta de adherencia del paciente a los mismos. Parece que el devenir de la tuberculosis, al margen de los factores políticos, culturales y económicos, ligados a la globalización y al desarrollo sostenible dentro de un modelo neoliberal; de los movimientos de masas: inmigrantes y refugiados; del racismo; de las desigualdades de género; de la diferente accesibilidad, cobertura y eficacia en los Sistemas Públicos de Salud, etc., al margen de todo esto, la tuberculosis va a quedar condicionada a cuatro factores de índole biomédica: a) A la evolución de las multirresistencias. b) A la subordinación con la coinfección VIH. c) Al establecimiento de los denominados "nichos ecológicos", en donde la enfermedad alcanzará su máxima progresión (mayores de 65 años, sobre todo los de bajo nivel económico; inmigrantes procedentes de zonas de endemia elevada; personal sanitario y trabajadores expuestos; colectivos con adicción a drogas por vía parenteral (ADVP); alcohólicos; personas con padecimientos crónicos; pacientes en tratamientos prolongados con corticoides e inmunosupresores). En estos nichos ecológicos es donde hay que mantener un elevado índice de sospecha y establecer las estrategias adecuadas para la detección precoz de la enfermedad. d) Al éxito que se obtenga con la nueva vacuna terapéutica contra la TB creada por Joan Pere Cardona. La epidemiología de la tuberculosis estará próximamente ligada a la biología molecular y a la genética. En efecto, ya no bastará con identificar al bacilo de Koch en un paciente. Será imprescindible saber qué cepas están actuando en una determinada colectividad, así como su grado de sensibilidad frente a los tuberculostáticos. Acabó el siglo XX, hemos iniciado la segunda década del siglo XXI y la pelota aún sigue en el tejado. Estamos ante un problema de primera magnitud que hace mucho tiempo que dejó de seducir a los románticos. Como señala Bignall, comparando a la tuberculosis con lo que en su día supuso la viruela como problema de Salud Pública: La viruela se erradicó porque no sólo se disponía de una vacuna eficaz, sino además porque no requería habilidad en las relaciones humanas. Sin embargo, en la tuberculosis, la lucha ya no es contra el bacilo sino contra la mentalidad y las miserias humanas; por ello será larga, muy larga. Por todo esto y visto lo previamente descrito concluimos: 1. En la década 1993 a 2002 se diagnosticaron 847 casos de tuberculosis, 548 varones y 299 mujeres; 364 con SIDA y 483 sin demostración de VIH. 2. Si agrupamos las características medias de todos los casos recogidos, definiríamos al paciente tipo como a un varón con serología VIH negativa, una edad de 46,6 años y una afección tuberculosa de localización extrapulmonar, atendida en el Servicio de Enfermedades Infecciosas del Hospital. 3. Si el paciente tuberculoso que escogiéramos tuviera 31 años, la edad con más casos acumulados de la serie, al igual que los de 30 y 32 años, lo más frecuente que observaríamos, sería un paciente varón con SIDA y adicción a drogas por vía parenteral. 4. Aunque el sexo predominante es el varón entre los enfermos de tuberculosis, este predominio se atenúa al prescindir de los pacientes que asociaron SIDA. 5. El principal factor de riesgo para contraer el VIH en los tísicos con SIDA fue la ADVP. 6. El número de casos totales anuales viene descendiendo desde 1991, fundamentalmente a expensas del declive entre los casos que asociaron SIDA. 7. Es necesario disminuir el tiempo de demora 2 consistente en el número de días que transcurren desde que el paciente manifiesta sus primeros síntomas hasta que éste recibe el tratamiento. Puesto que el tiempo de demora 1 (que va desde que el paciente es visto en el hospital hasta que se instaura el tratamiento) cumple con los objetivos marcados en el Programa de control y prevención del Gobierno Vasco, deducimos que la Atención Primaria tiene la máxima importancia en acelerar este acortamiento del tiempo de demora disminuyendo así el periodo de riesgo de transmisión de la enfermedad. 8. La tuberculosis es una enfermedad que tiende a su natural declinar pero haciéndolo muy lentamente. Actualmente, la encontramos en zonas periféricas de la ciudad donde el VIH hace estragos en pacientes jóvenes con estilos de vida nada saludables. A estas zonas deprimidas se las denominan "nichos ecológicos". 9. La lucha contra esta enfermedad deberá ser enfocada hacia estos "nichos ecológicos". La condición necesaria para que consigamos acelerar la eliminación de la enfermedad consistirá en que diagnostiquemos y tratemos los casos afectados junto a la búsqueda de sus contactos. Pero en la tuberculosis, esto no es suficiente. Estamos luchando frente a un bacilo que se aprovecha de los más débiles, los inmunodeprimidos, edades extremas de la vida, drogodependientes, alcohólicos, zonas deprimidas económica y socialmente, que podemos delimitar en un plano y concentrar en él las medidas de control pertinentes. No olvidemos que estamos frente a un bacilo que se enclaustra en una caverna, que infecta a la tercera parte de la humanidad y espera. La tuberculosis desaparecerá en la medida en que la sociedad prospere.